Devonian; Early land plants; Factor analysis; Plant macrofossil; Plant radiation; Terrestrialization; Oceanography; Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics; Earth-Surface Processes; Paleontology
Abstract :
[en] Data from a new comprehensive macrofossil-based compilation of early plant genera are analyzed via a Q-mode factor analysis. This compilation ranges from the Silurian to the earliest Carboniferous and illustrates the key vegetation changes that took place during the configuration of early terrestrial ecosystems. Results reveal that four factors can be used to explain more than 90% of the variance in the data. These factors are interpreted as the major phases of the early land plant evolution: a first Eotracheophytic flora (Silurian-Lochkovian) dominated by basal eutracheophytes and rhyniophytoids, an early Eophytic Flora (Early Devonian) dominated by zosterophylls, a transitional late Eophytic Flora (Middle Devonian-earliest Carboniferous) dominated by lycopsids and cladoxylopsids, and finally, the earliest phase of the Palaeophytic Flora (Late Devonian-earliest Carboniferous) dominated by the first seed plants. These floras present different but complementary diversity patterns, which help us to understand the overall trajectory of changes in plant diversity. Results further show how the maximum peaks of diversity appear linked to the rise of each new flora but, interestingly, these diversifications are not associated with any exponential declines of the previously dominant one. This new four-phase diversification model reflects the early steps of Earth's greening.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Capel, E.; Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, Lille, France
Cleal, C.J.; Department of Natural Sciences, National Museum Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Gerrienne, Philippe ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Evolution and diversity dynamics lab
Servais, T.; CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, Lille, France
Cascales-Miñana, B.; CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, Lille, France
Language :
English
Title :
A factor analysis approach to modelling the early diversification of terrestrial vegetation
Publication date :
15 March 2021
Journal title :
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
ISSN :
0031-0182
eISSN :
1872-616X
Publisher :
Elsevier B.V.
Volume :
566
Pages :
110170
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Funders :
ULille - Université de Lille Région Hauts-de-France MESR - France. Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche
Funding text :
The authors thank the Région Hauts-de-France, the Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche (CPER Climibio), and the Doctoral School for Materials, Radiation and Environmental Sciences of the University of Lille (Ecole Doctorale SMRE) for financial support. This is also a contribution to National Museum Wales research programme NS25: Plant diversity through 450 million years of Earth history.
Algeo, T.J., Scheckler, S.E., Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 353 (1998), 113–130.
Banks, H.P., Floral assemblages in the Siluro-Devonian. Dilcher, D.L., Taylor, T.N., (eds.) Biostratigraphy of Fossil Plants: Successional and Palaeoecological Analyses Dowden, 1980, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA, 1–24.
Barrett, J.A., Plant Diversity in the Early Devonian–Stratigraphic and Geographic Patterns. 2016, Humboldt State University, Arcata, 856.
Beerling, D.J., The Emerald Planet: How Plants Changed Earth's History. 2007, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 288.
Bickner, M.A., Tomescu, A.M., Structurally complex, yet anatomically plesiomorphic: permineralized plants from the Emsian of Gaspé (Québec, Canada) expand the diversity of early Devonian euphyllophytes. IAWA J. 40 (2019), 421–445.
Bottjer, D.J., Jablonski, D., Paleoenvironmental patterns in the evolution of post-Paleozoic benthic marine invertebrates. Palaios 3 (1988), 540–560.
Cascales-Miñana, B., Apparent changes in the Ordovician-Mississippian plant diversity. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 227 (2016), 19–27.
Cascales-Miñana, B., Gerrienne, P., Teruelia diezii gen. Et sp. nov.: an early polysporangiophyte from the lower Devonian of the Iberian Peninsula. Palaeontology 60 (2017), 199–212.
Cascales-Miñana, B., Steemans, P., Servais, T., Lepot, K., Gerrienne, P., An alternative model for the earliest evolution of vascular plants. Lethaia 52 (2019), 445–453.
Cascales-Miñana, B., Gerrienne, P., Sirjacq, B., Steemans, P., On the hydraulic conductance of three woody Devonian plants. IAWA J. 40 (2019), 446–465.
Champreux, A., Meyer-Berthaud, B., Decombeix, A., Keraphyton gen. Nov., a new late Devonian fern-like plant from Australia. PeerJ, 8, 2020, e9321.
Cleal, C.J., Cascales-Miñana, B., Composition and dynamics of the great Phanerozoic Evolutionary Floras. Lethaia 47 (2014), 469–484.
Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L., Fan, J.-X., The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36 (2013), 199–204 (updated).
Crane, P.R., Herendeen, P., Friis, E.M., Fossils and plant phylogeny. Am. J. Bot. 91 (2004), 1683–1699.
Decombeix, A.-L., Meyer-Berthaud, B., Galtier, J., Transitional changes in arborescent lignophytes at the Devonian-carboniferous boundary. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 168 (2011), 547–557.
Decombeix, A.-L., Boura, A., Tomescu, A.M.F., Plant hydraulic architecture through time: lessons and questions on the evolution of vascular systems. IAWA J. 40 (2019), 387–420.
Edwards, D., Davies, M.S., Interpretations of early land plant radiations: ‘Facile adaptationist guesswork’ or reasoned speculation?. Taylor, P.D., Larwood, G.P., (eds.) Major Evolutionary Radiations, 1990, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 351–376.
Edwards, D., Selden, P.A., The development of early terrestrial ecosystems. Bot. J. Scot. 46 (1992), 337–366.
Erwin, D.H., Carboniferous-Triassic gastropod diversity patterns and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Paleobiology 16 (1990), 187–203.
Figueirido, B., Janis, C.M., Pérez-Claros, J.A., De Renzi, M., Palmqvist, P., Cenozoic climate change influences mammalian evolutionary dynamics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109 (2012), 722–727.
Flessa, K.W., Imbrie, J., Evolutionary pulsations: Evidence from Phanerozoic diversity patterns. Tarling, D.H., Runcorn, S.K., (eds.) Implications of Continental Drift to the Earth Sciences, vol. 1, 1975, Academic Press, London, 247–285.
Gensel, P.G., Early Devonian Woody Plants and Implications for the early Evolution of Vascular Cambia. Harper, C., Cuneo, R., Rothwell, G.W., (eds.) Krings, M, 2018, Academic Press, Transformative Paleobotany, 21–33.
Gensel, P.G., Berry, C.M., Early lycophyte evolution. Am. Fern J. 91 (2001), 74–98.
Gerrienne, P., Dilcher, D.L., Bergamaschi, S., Milagres, I., Pereira, E., Rodrigues, M.A.C., An exceptional specimen of the early land plant Cooksonia paranensis, and a hypothesis on the life cycle of the earliest eutracheophytes. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 142 (2006), 123–130.
Gerrienne, P., Servais, T., Vecoli, M., Plant evolution and terrestrialization during Palaeozoic times—the phylogenetic context. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 227 (2016), 4–18.
Gerrienne, P., Cascales-Miñana, B., Prestianni, C., Steemans, P., Cheng-Sen, L., 2018. Lilingostrobus chaloneri gen. Et sp. nov., a late Devonian woody lycopsid from Hunan, China. PLOS ONE, 13, e0198287.
Giesen, P., Berry, C.M., Reconstruction and growth of the early tree Calamophyton (Pseudosporochnales, Cladoxylopsida) based on exceptionally complete specimens from Lindlar, Germany (Mid-Devonian): organic connection of Calamophyton branches and Duisbergia Trunks. Int. J. Plant Sci. 174 (2013), 665–686.
Gothan, W., Paläbotanik. Korschelt, E., Linck, G., Schaum, K., Simon, H.T., Verworn, M., Teichmann, W., (eds.) Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften, 1912, Fischer, Jena, 408–460.
Gray, J., Major Paleozoic land plant evolutionary bioevents. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 104 (1993), 153–169.
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T., Ryan, P.D., PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electron. 4 (2001), 1–9.
Hao, S.G., Xue, J.Z., The Early Devonian Posongchong Flora of Yunnan. 2013, Science Press, Beijing, 366.
Huang, P., Liu, L., Liu, L., Qin, M., Wang, D.M., Xue, J.X., A New Plant with Novel Leaves from the Upper Devonian of Zhejiang Province, China. 2020, Palaeoworld (In Press).
Janvier, P., Terrestrialization: the early emergence of the concept. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 339 (2010), 5–9.
Kaiser, H.F., The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika 23 (1958), 187–200.
Kenrick, P., Crane, P.R., The origin and early evolution of plants on land. Nature 389 (1997), 33–39.
Kenrick, P., Wellman, C.H., Schneider, H., Edgecombe, G.D., A timeline for terrestrialization: consequences for the carbon cycle in the Palaeozoic. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 367 (2012), 519–536.
Knoll, A.H., Niklas, K.J., Gensel, P.G., Tiffney, B.H., Character diversification and patterns of evolution in early vascular plants. Paleobiology 10 (1984), 34–47.
Kotyk, M.E., Basinger, J.F., Gensel, P.G., De Freitas, T.A., Morphologically complex plant macrofossils from the late Silurian of Arctic Canada. Am. J. Bot. 89 (2002), 1004–1013.
Morris, J.L., Leake, J.R., Stein, W.E., Berry, C.M., Marshall, J.E.A., Wellman, C.H., Milton, J.A., Hillier, S., Mannolini, F., Quirk, J., Beerling, D.J., Investigating Devonian trees as geo-engineers of past climates: linking palaeosols to palaeobotany and experimental geobiology. Palaeontology 58 (2015), 787–801.
Meyer-Berthaud, B., Decombeix, A.L., A tree without leaves. Nature 446 (2007), 861–862.
Meyer-Berthaud, B., Schuckler, S.E., Wendt, J., Archaeopteris is the earliest known modern tree. Nature 398 (1999), 700–701.
Meyer-Berthaud, B., Scheckler, S.E., Bousquet, J.L., The development of Archaeopteris: new evolutionary characters from the structural analysis of an early Famennian trunk from Southeast Morocco. Am. J. Bot. 87 (2000), 456–468.
Meyer-Berthaud, B., Soria, A., Decombeix, A.L., The land plant cover in the Devonian: a reassessment of the evolution of the tree habit. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 339 (2010), 59–70.
Mintz, J.S., Driese, S.G., White, J.D., Environmental and ecological variability of Middle Devonian (Givetian) forests in Appalachian basin paleosols, New York, United States. Palaios 25 (2010), 85–86.
Momont, N., Gerrienne, P., Prestianni, C., Brabantophyton, a new genus with stenokolealean affinities from a Middle to earliest Upper Devonian locality from Belgium. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 227 (2016), 77–96.
Morris, J.L., Edwards, D., Richardson, J.B., The Advantages and Frustrations of a Plant Lagerstätte as Illustrated by a New Taxon from the lower Devonian of the Welsh Borderland, UK. Krings, M., Harper, C., Cuneo, R., Rothwell, G.W., (eds.) Transformative Paleobotany, 2018, Academic Press, 49–67.
Niklas, K.J., Tiffney, B.H., Knoll, A.H., Patterns in vascular land plant diversification. Nature 303 (1983), 614–616.
Niklas, K.J., Tiffney, B.H., Knoll, A.H., Patterns in vascular land plant diversification: Analysis at the species level. Valentine, J.W., (eds.) Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macroevolution, 1985, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 97–128.
Orlova, O.A., Zavialova, N., Snigirevsky, S., Jurina, A., Lidskaya, A., Kossoviella timanica Petrosjan emend. From the Upper Devonian of North Timan: morphology and spore ultrastructure. Earth Env. Sci. T. R. Soc. Edinb. 108 (2019), 335–372.
Prestianni, C., Gerrienne, P., Early seed plant radiation. An ecological hypothesis. Vecoli, L., Clément, G., Meyer-Berthaud, B., (eds.) The Terrestrialization Process: Modelling Complex Interactions at the Biosphere-Geosphere Interface Geol. Soc. Lond. Sp. Publ, vol. 339, 2010, 71–80.
Prestianni, C., Gess, R.W., Rinistachya hilleri gen. Et sp. nov. (Sphenophyllales), from the Upper Devonian of South Africa. Org. Divers. Evol. 19 (2018), 1–11.
Qie, W., Algeo, T.J., Luo, G., Herrmann, A., Global events of the late paleozoic (early Devonian to Middle Permian): a review. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 531, 2019, 109259.
Raymond, A., Metz, C., Laurussian land-plant diversity during the Silurian and Devonian: mass extinction, sampling bias, or both?. Paleobiology 21 (1995), 74–91.
Salamon, M.A., Gerrienne, P., Steemans, P., Gorzelak, P., Filipiak, P., Le Hérissé, A., Paris, F., Cascales-Miñana, B., Brachaniec, T., Misz-Kennan, M., Niedziwiedzki, R., Trela, W., Putative late Ordovician land plants from Poland. New Phytol. 218 (2018), 1305–1309.
Sallan, L.C., Coates, M.I., End-Devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107 (2010), 10131–10135.
Sepkoski, J.J., A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record. Paleobiology 7 (1981), 36–53.
Servais, T., Cascales-Miñana, B., Cleal, C.J., Gerrienne, P., Harper, D.A.T., Neumann, M., Revisiting the Great Ordovician diversification of land plants: recent data and perspectives. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 534, 2019, 109280.
Steemans, P., Petus, E., Breuer, P., Mauller-Mendlowicz, Gerrienne P., Palaeozoic innovations in the micro- and megafossil plant record: From the earliest plant spores to the earliest seeds. Talent, J., (eds.) Extinction Intervals and Biogeographic Perturbations through Time, 2012, Springer, Berlin, 437–477.
Stein, W.E., Mannolini, F., Hernick, L.V., Landing, E., Berry, C.M., Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa. Nature 446 (2007), 904–907.
Stein, W.E., Berry, C.M., Hernick, L.V., Mannolini, F., Surprisingly complex community discovered in the mid-Devonian fossil forest at Gilboa. Nature 483 (2012), 78–81.
Stein, W.E., Berry, C.M., Morris, J.L., Hernick, L.V., Mannolini, F., Ver Straeten, C., Landing, E., Marshall, J.E.A., Wellman, C.H., Beerling, D.J., Leake, J.R., Mid-devonian Archaeopteris roots signal revolutionary change in earliest fossil forests. Curr. Biol. 30 (2020), 421–431.
Strullu-Derrien, C., Kenrick, P., Badel, E., Cochard, H., Tafforeau, P., An overview of the hydraulic systems in early land plants. IAWA J. 34 (2013), 333–351.
Toledo, S., Bippus, A.C., Tomescu, A.M., Buried deep beyond the veil of extinction: Euphyllophyte relationships at the base of the spermatophyte clade. Am. J. Bot. 105 (2018), 1264–1285.
Tomescu, A.M.F., Megaphylls, microphylls and the evolution of leaf development. Trends Plant Sci. 14 (2009), 5–12.
Wang, D.M., Liu, L., A new late Devonian genus with seed plant affinities. BMC Evol. Biol., 15, 2015, 28.
Wang, D.M., Qin, M., Liu, L., Liu, L., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Huang, P., Xue, J.Z., Zhang, S., Meng, M., The most extensive devonian fossil forest with small lycopsid trees bearing the earliest stigmarian roots. Curr. Biol. 29 (2019), 2604–2615.
Wellman, C.H., Steemans, P., Vecoli, M., Palaeophytogeography of Ordovician-Silurian land plants. Harper, D.A.T., Servais, T., (eds.) Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography, 2013, Geological Society Memoirs, London, 461–476.
Wilson, J.P., Modeling 400 million years of plant hydraulics. Paleont. Soc. Papers 19 (2013), 175–194.
Wilson, J.P., Hydraulics of Psilophyton and evolutionary trends in plant water transport after terrestrialization. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 227 (2016), 65–76.
Xiong, C., Wang, D.M., Wang, Q., Benton, M.J., Xue, J., Meng, M., Zhao, Q., Zhang, J., Diversity dynamics of silurian–early carboniferous land plants in South China. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e75706.
Xue, J.Z., Huang, P., Ruta, M., Benton, M.J., Hao, S.G., Xiong, C.H., Wang, D.M., Cascales-Miñana, B., Wang, Q., Liu, L., Stepwise evolution of Paleozoic tracheophytes from South China: contrasting leaf disparity and taxic diversity. Earth Sci. Rev. 148 (2015), 77–93.
Xue, J.Z., Deng, Z.Z., Huang, P., Huang, K.J., Benton, M.J., Cui, Y., Wang, D.M., Liu, J.B., Shen, B., Basinger, J.F., Hao, S.G., Belowground rhizomes in paleosols: the hidden half of an early Devonian vascular plant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 113 (2016), 9451–9456.
Xue, J.Z., Huang, P., Wang, D.M., Xiong, C., Liu, L., Basinger, J.F., Silurian-Devonian terrestrial revolution in South China: taxonomy, diversity, and character evolution of vascular plants in a paleogeographically isolated, low-latitude region. Earth-Sci. Rev. 180 (2018), 92–125.
