Plastic ingestion by Arctic fauna: A review

[en] The distribution of marine plastic litter is unequal around the world, some areas being more polluted. Given that the Arctic is not a highly populated area, very low levels of plastics are expected. However, the Arctic is not significantly less polluted than populated areas further south. Plastic has already been found in most compartments of the Arctic Ocean and climate change will likely exacerbate that issue due to sea ice melting and increasing maritime activities. The Arctic fauna is, and will be, increasingly exposed to the plastic pollution threat in the coming years and decades. The objective of this review is providing a summary of existing data, as well as perspectives and important knowledge gaps regarding plastic ingestion by Arctic fauna. Among other knowledge gaps, we highlighted the need for a species for biomonitoring of plastic pollution in the Arctic, i.e. the northern fulmar and/or the polar cod, for more data in fauna from the Russian and European Arctic and for experimental studies on impacts of plastic ingestion on Arctic species.

Precision for document type :

Review article

Disciplines :

Environmental sciences & ecology

Author, co-author :

Collard, France ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de chimie (sciences) > Chimie analytique inorganique ; Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

Ask, Amalie; Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

Language :

English

Title :

Plastic ingestion by Arctic fauna: A review

Publication date :

10 September 2021

Journal title :

Science of the Total Environment

ISSN :

0048-9697

eISSN :

1879-1026

Publisher :

Elsevier B.V.

Volume :

786

Pages :

147462

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S004896972102533X?httpAccept=text/xml

Funders :

Norsk Polarinstitutt

Funding text :

The authors want to thank the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions. We also thank the Norwegian Polar Institute for financial support.

Available on ORBi :

since 20 October 2022

Statistics

Number of views

21 (3 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

50 (1 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Ambrosini, R., Azzoni, R.S., Pittino, F., Diolaiuti, G., Franzetti, A., Parolini, M., First evidence of microplastic contamination in the supraglacial debris of an alpine glacier. Environ. Pollut. 253 (2019), 297–301, 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.005.
Amélineau, F., Bonnet, D., Heitz, O., Mortreux, V., Harding, A.M.A., Karnovsky, N., Walkusz, W., Fort, J., Grémillet, D., Microplastic pollution in the Greenland Sea: background levels and selective contamination of planktivorous diving seabirds. Environ. Pollut. 219 (2016), 1131–1139, 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2016.09.017.
Andrady, A.L., Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62 (2011), 1596–1605, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030.
Anthony, R.M., Barten, N.L., Seiser, P.E., Foods of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) during winter and spring in Western Alaska. J. Mammal. 81 (2000), 820–828, 10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0820:FOAFAL>2.3.CO;2.
Ask, A., Cusa, M., Danielsen, J., Wing Gabrielsen, G., Strand, J., Plastic characterization in northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis). TemaNord. Nordic Council of Ministers, 2020, 10.6027/temanord2020-537.
Avery-Gomm, S., Provencher, J.F., Liboiron, M., Poon, F.E., Smith, P.A., Plastic pollution in the Labrador Sea: an assessment using the seabird northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis as a biological monitoring species. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127 (2018), 817–822, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.001.
Baak, J.E., Linnebjerg, J.F., Barry, T., Gavrilo, M.V., Mallory, M.L., Price, C., Provencher, J.F., Plastic ingestion by seabirds in the circumpolar Arctic: a review. Environ. Rev. 28 (2020), 506–516, 10.1139/er-2020-0029.
Baak, J.E., Provencher, J.F., Mallory, M.L., Plastic ingestion by four seabird species in the Canadian Arctic: comparisons across species and time. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 158, 2020, 111386, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111386.
Baccolo, G., Di Mauro, B., Massabò, D., Clemenza, M., Nastasi, M., Delmonte, B., Prata, M., Prati, P., Previtali, E., Maggi, V., Cryoconite as a temporary sink for anthropogenic species stored in glaciers. Sci. Rep., 7, 2017, 9623, 10.1038/s41598-017-10220-5.
Barrows, A.P.W., Cathey, S.E., Petersen, C.W., Marine environment microfiber contamination: global patterns and the diversity of microparticle origins. Environ. Pollut. 237 (2018), 275–284, 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2018.02.062.
Beach, R.J., Newby, T.C., Larson, R.O., Pedersen, M., Juris, J., Entanglement of an Aleutian reindeer in a Japanese fish net. Murrelet, 57, 1976, 66.
Berge, J., Johnsen, G., Nilsen, F., Gulliksen, B., Slagstad, D., Ocean temperature oscillations enable reappearance of blue mussels Mytilus edulis in Svalbard after a 1000 year absence. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 303 (2005), 167–175, 10.3354/meps303167.
Bergmann, M., Klages, M., Increase of litter at the Arctic deep-sea observatory HAUSGARTEN. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 64 (2012), 2734–2741.
Bergmann, M., Wirzberger, V., Krumpen, T., Lorenz, C., Primpke, S., Tekman, M.B., Gerdts, G., High quantities of microplastic in Arctic Deep-Sea sediments from the HAUSGARTEN observatory. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51 (2017), 11000–11010, 10.1021/acs.est.7b03331.
Bessa, F., Barría, P., Neto, J.M., Frias, J.P.G.L., Otero, V., Sobral, P., Marques, J.C., Occurrence of microplastics in commercial fish from a natural estuarine environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 128 (2018), 575–584, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.044.
Bond, A.L., Provencher, J.F., Elliot, R.D., Ryan, P.C., Rowe, S., Jones, I.L., Robertson, G.J., Wilhelm, S.I., Ingestion of plastic marine debris by common and thick-billed Murres in the northwestern Atlantic from 1985 to 2012. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 77 (2013), 192–195, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.005.
Borgogno, F., Demarte, M., Ivaldi, R., 2019. Macroplastics massive observations over 81°N high North18 expedition records on July 2018, poster., in: Arctic Frontiers 2019. Tromsø.
Bourdages, M.P.T., Provencher, J.F., Sudlovenick, E., Ferguson, S.H., Young, B.G., Pelletier, N., Murphy, M.J.J., D'Addario, A., Vermaire, J.C., No plastics detected in seal (Phocidae) stomachs harvested in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 150, 2020, 110772, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110772.
Bourdages, M.P.T., Provencher, J.F., Baak, J.E., Mallory, M.L., Vermaire, J.C., Breeding seabirds as vectors of microplastics from sea to land: evidence from colonies in Arctic Canada. Sci. Total Environ., 2021, 142808, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142808.
Bråte, I.L.N., Eidsvoll, D.P., Steindal, C.C., Thomas, K.V., Plastic ingestion by Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the Norwegian coast. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 112 (2016), 105–110, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.034.
Bråte, I.L.N., Hurley, R.R., Iversen, K., Beyer, J., Thomas, K.V., Steindal, C.C., Green, N., Olsen, M., Lusher, A.L., Mytilus spp. as sentinels for monitoring microplastic pollution in Norwegian coastal waters: a qualitative and quantitative study. Environ. Pollut. 243 (2018), 383–393, 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.077.
Bråte, I.L., Hurley, R., Lusher, A., Buenaventura, N., Halsband, C., Green, N., 2020. Microplastics in marine bivalves from the Nordic environment.
Browne, M.A., Crump, P., Niven, S.J., Teuten, E., Tonkin, A., Galloway, T., Thompson, R., Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (2011), 9175–9179, 10.1021/es201811s.
Carr, S.A., Sources and dispersive modes of micro-fibers in the environment. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 13 (2017), 466–469, 10.1002/ieam.1916.
Collard, F., Gilbert, B., Eppe, G., Roos, L., Compère, P., Das, K., Parmentier, E., Morphology of the filtration apparatus of three planktivorous fishes and relation with ingested anthropogenic particles. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 116 (2017), 182–191, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.067.
Collard, F., Gasperi, J., Gabrielsen, G.W., Tassin, B., Plastic particle ingestion by wild freshwater fish: a critical review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53 (2019), 12974–12988, 10.1021/acs.est.9b03083.
Collard, F., Husum, K., Eppe, G., Malherbe, C., Hallanger, I.G., Divine, D.V., Gabrielsen, G.W., Anthropogenic particles in sediment from an Arctic fjord. Sci. Total Environ., 772, 2021, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145575.
Cox, K.D., Covernton, G.A., Davies, H.L., Dower, J.F., Juanes, F., Dudas, S.E., Human consumption of microplastics. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53 (2019), 7068–7074, 10.1021/acs.est.9b01517.
Cózar, A., Echevarría, F., González-Gordillo, J.I., Irigoien, X., Ubeda, B., Hernández-León, S., Palma, A.T., Navarro, S., García-de-Lomas, J., Ruiz, A., Fernández-de-Puelles, M.L., Duarte, C.M., Plastic debris in the open ocean. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 111 (2014), 10239–10244, 10.1073/pnas.1314705111.
Cózar, A., Martí, E., Duarte, C.M., García-de-Lomas, J., van Sebille, E., Ballatore, T.J., Eguíluz, V.M., González-Gordillo, J.I., Pedrotti, M.L., Echevarría, F., Troublè, R., Irigoien, X., The Arctic Ocean as a dead end for floating plastics in the North Atlantic branch of the thermohaline circulation. Sci. Adv., 3, 2017.
Culp, J.M., Lento, J., Goedkoop, W., Power, M., Rautio, M., Christoffersen, K.S., Guðbergsson, G., Lau, D., Liljaniemi, P., Sandøy, S., Svoboda, M., Developing a circumpolar monitoring framework for Arctic freshwater biodiversity. Biodiversity 13 (2012), 215–227, 10.1080/14888386.2012.717526.
Day, R.H., Ingestion of plastic pollutants by marine birds. Shomura, R.S., Yoshida, H.O., (eds.) Proc. of the Workshop Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, 26–29 November 1984. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOAA-TM-NMFSSWFC- 54, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1985.
Dehaut, A., Cassone, A.-L., Frère, L., Hermabessiere, L., Himber, C., Rinnert, E., Rivière, G., Lambert, C., Soudant, P., Huvet, A., Duflos, G., Paul-Pont, I., Microplastics in seafood: benchmark protocol for their extraction and characterization. Environ. Pollut. 215 (2016), 223–233, 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.018.
Derocles, S.A.P., Bohan, D.A., Dumbrell, A.J., Kitson, J.J.N., Massol, F., Pauvert, C., Plantegenest, M., Vacher, C., Evans, D.M., 2018. Biomonitoring for the 21st Century: Integrating Next-Generation Sequencing Into Ecological Network Analysis. pp. 1–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2017.12.001.
Donohue, M.J., Masura, J., Gelatt, T., Ream, R., Baker, J.D., Faulhaber, K., Lerner, D.T., Evaluating exposure of northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus, to microplastic pollution through fecal analysis. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 138 (2019), 213–221, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.036.
Dris, R., Gasperi, J., Saad, M., Mirande, C., Tassin, B., Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: a source of microplastics in the environment?. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 104 (2016), 290–293, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.006.
English, M.D., Robertson, G.J., Avery-Gomm, S., Pirie-Hay, D., Roul, S., Ryan, P.C., Wilhelm, S.I., Mallory, M.L., Plastic and metal ingestion in three species of coastal waterfowl wintering in Atlantic Canada. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 98 (2015), 349–353, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.063.
Eriksen, M., Borgogno, F., Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Anderson, E., Box, C., Trenholm, N., Mitigation strategies to reverse the rising trend of plastics in Polar Regions. Environ. Int., 139, 2020, 105704, 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105704.
Falk-Andersson, J., Strietman, W.J., Larsen, R.B., Gabrielsen, G.W., Collard, F., Leemans, E., Schadeberg, A., Johannessen, E.R., 2019. Svalbard Beach Litter Deep Dive.
Fang, C., Zheng, R., Zhang, Y., Hong, F., Mu, J., Chen, M., Song, P., Lin, L., Lin, H., Le, F., Bo, J., Microplastic contamination in benthic organisms from the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Chemosphere 209 (2018), 298–306, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.101.
Fang, C., Zheng, R., Hong, F., Jiang, Y., Chen, J., Lin, H., Lin, L., Lei, R., Bailey, C., Bo, J., Microplastics in three typical benthic species from the Arctic: occurrence, characteristics, sources, and environmental implications. Environ. Res., 192, 2021, 110326, 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110326.
Fife, D.T., Robertson, G.J., Shutler, D., Braune, B.M., Mallory, M.L., Trace elements and ingested plastic debris in wintering dovekies (Alle alle). Mar. Pollut. Bull., 2015, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.029.
Finley, K.J., Natural history and conservation of the Greenland Whale, or Bowhead, in the Northwest Atlantic. Arctic 54 (2001), 55–76.
van Franeker, J.A., Plastic ingestion in the North Atlantic fulmar. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 16 (1985), 367–369.
van Franeker, J.A., Law, K.L., Seabirds, gyres and global trends in plastic pollution. Environ. Pollut. 203 (2015), 89–96, 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.034.
van Franeker, J.A., Blaize, C., Danielsen, J., Fairclough, K., Gollan, J., Guse, N., Hansen, P.-L., Heubeck, M., Jensen, J.-K., Le Guillou, G., Olsen, B., Olsen, K.-O., Pedersen, J., Stienen, E.W.M., Turner, D.M., Monitoring plastic ingestion by the northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis in the North Sea. Environ. Pollut. 159 (2011), 2609–2615, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.008.
Franzellitti, S., Canesi, L., Auguste, M., Wathsala, R.H.G.R., Fabbri, E., Microplastic exposure and effects in aquatic organisms: a physiological perspective. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 68 (2019), 37–51, 10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.009.
von Friesen, L.W., Granberg, M.E., Pavlova, O., Magnusson, K., Hassellöv, M., Gabrielsen, G.W., Summer sea ice melt and wastewater are important local sources of microlitter to Svalbard waters. Environ. Int., 139, 2020, 105511, 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105511.
Fuhrmann, M., Pedersen, T., Nilssen, E., Trophic niche of the invasive red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus in a benthic food web. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 565 (2017), 113–129, 10.3354/meps12023.
Galgani, F., Hanke, G., Werner, S., Oosterbaan, L., Nilsson, P., Fleet, D., Kinsey, S., Thompson, R.C., van Franeker, J., Vlachogianna, T., Scoullos, M., Veiga, J.M., Palatinus, A., Matiddi, M., Maes, T., Korpinen, S., Budziak, A., Leslie, H., Gago, J., Liebezeit, G., 2013. Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas.
Garrott, R.A., Eberhardt, L.E., Hanson, W.C., Summer food habits of juvenile Arctic foxes in Northern Alaska. J. Wildl. Manag., 47, 1983, 540, 10.2307/3808533.
Gatidou, G., Arvaniti, O.S., Stasinakis, A.S., Review on the occurrence and fate of microplastics in sewage treatment plants. J. Hazard. Mater. 367 (2019), 504–512, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.081.
Gebruk, A., Zalota, A., Mokievsky, V., Spiridonov, V., Henry, L., Shabalin, N., 2019. Stomach content of the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio and other benthic decapods in the Pechora Sea (SE Barents Sea), in: Proceedings of the UK Arctic Science Conference.
GESAMP, 2019. Guidelines for the monitoring and assessment of plastic litter and microplastics in the ocean.
Geyer, R., Jambeck, J.R., Law, K.L., Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci. Adv., 3, 2017, e1700782, 10.1126/sciadv.1700782.
Gormezano, L.J., Rockwell, R.F., What to eat now? Shifts in polar bear diet during the ice-free season in western Hudson Bay. Ecol. Evol. 3 (2013), 3509–3523, 10.1002/ece3.740.
Granberg, M., von Friesen, L.W., Bach, L., Collard, F., Strand, J., Gabrielsen, G.W., 2019. Anthropogenic microlitter in wastewater and marine samples from Ny-Ålesund, Barentsburg and Signehamna, Svalbard. Stockholm.
Granberg, M., von Friesen, L.W., Ask, A., Collard, F., Magnusson, K., Eriksson Wiklund, A.K., Murphy, F., Strand, J., Gabrielsen, G.W., Bach, L., 2020. Microlitter in arctic marine benthic food chains and potential effects on sediment dwelling fauna.
Grøsvik, B.E., Prokhorova, T., Eriksen, E., Krivosheya, P., Horneland, P.A., Prozorkevich, D., Assessment of marine litter in the Barents Sea, a part of the joint Norwegian–Russian ecosystem survey. Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 2018, 10.3389/fmars.2018.00072.
Haelters, J., Kerckhof, F., Doom, M., Evans, P.G.H., Van den Neucker, T., Jauniaux, T., New extralimital record of a narwhal (Monodon monoceros) in Europe. Aquat. Mamm. 44 (2018), 39–50, 10.1578/AM.44.1.2018.39.
Hallanger, I.G., Gabrielsen, G.W., 2018. Plastic in the European Arctic. Tromsø.
Halsband, C., Herzke, D., Plastic litter in the European Arctic: what do we know? Emerg. Contam. 5 (2019), 308–318, 10.1016/j.emcon.2019.11.001.
Hamilton, B.M., Bourdages, M.P.T., Geoffroy, C., Vermaire, J.C., Mallory, M.L., Rochman, C.M., Provencher, J.F., Microplastics around an Arctic seabird colony: particle community composition varies across environmental matrices. Sci. Total Environ., 773, 2021, 145536, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145536.
Hammer, S., Nager, R.G., Johnson, P.C.D., Furness, R.W., Provencher, J.F., Plastic debris in great skua (Stercorarius skua) pellets corresponds to seabird prey species. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 103 (2016), 206–210, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.018.
Hänninen, J., Weckström, M., Pawłowska, J., Szymańska, N., Uurasjärvi, E., Zajaczkowski, M., Hartikainen, S., Vuorinen, I., Plastic debris composition and concentration in the Arctic Ocean, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 165, 2021, 112150, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112150.
Hermsen, E., Mintenig, S.M., Besseling, E., Koelmans, A.A., Quality criteria for the analysis of microplastic in biota samples: a critical review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52 (2018), 10230–10240, 10.1021/acs.est.8b01611.
Herzke, D., Anker-Nilssen, T., Nøst, T.H., Götsch, A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Langset, M., Fangel, K., Koelmans, A.A., Negligible impact of ingested microplastics on tissue concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in northern fulmars off coastal Norway. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (2016), 1924–1933, 10.1021/acs.est.5b04663.
Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C., Thiel, M., Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (2012), 3060–3075.
Hop, H., Gjøsæter, H., Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and capelin (Mallotus villosus) as key species in marine food webs of the Arctic and the Barents Sea. Mar. Biol. Res. 9 (2013), 878–894, 10.1080/17451000.2013.775458.
Horton, A.A., Jürgens, M.D., Lahive, E., van Bodegom, P.M., Vijver, M.G., The influence of exposure and physiology on microplastic ingestion by the freshwater fish Rutilus rutilus (roach) in the River Thames, UK. Environ. Pollut. 236 (2018), 188–194, 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2018.01.044.
Iannilli, V., Pasquali, V., Setini, A., Corami, F., First evidence of microplastics ingestion in benthic amphipods from Svalbard. Environ. Res., 179, 2019, 108811, 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108811.
ICES, 2015. OSPAR Request on Development of a Common Monitoring Protocol for Plastic Particles in Fish Stomachs and Selected Shellfish on the Basis of Existing Fish Disease Surveys, ICES Special Request Advice.
Imhof, H.K., Schmid, J., Niessner, R., Ivleva, N.P., Laforsch, C., A novel, highly efficient method for the separation and quantification of plastic particles in sediments of aquatic environments. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 10 (2012), 524–537, 10.4319/lom.2012.10.524.
Iversen, M., Aars, J., Haug, T., Alsos, I.G., Lydersen, C., Bachmann, L., Kovacs, K.M., The diet of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard, Norway, inferred from scat analysis. Polar Biol. 36 (2013), 561–571, 10.1007/s00300-012-1284-2.
Jamieson, A.J., Brooks, L.S.R., Reid, W.D.K., Piertney, S.B., Narayanaswamy, B.E., Linley, T.D., Microplastics and synthetic particles ingested by deep-sea amphipods in six of the deepest marine ecosystems on Earth. R. Soc. Open Sci., 6, 2019, 180667, 10.1098/rsos.180667.
Kanhai, L.D.K., Johansson, C., Frias, J.P.G.L., Gardfeldt, K., Thompson, R.C., O'Connor, I., Deep sea sediments of the Arctic Central Basin: a potential sink for microplastics. Deep-Sea Res. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap., 2019, 10.1016/j.dsr.2019.03.003.
Kanhai, L.D.K., Gardfeldt, K., Krumpen, T., Thompson, R.C., O'Connor, I., Microplastics in sea ice and seawater beneath ice floes from the Arctic Ocean. Sci. Rep., 10, 2020, 5004, 10.1038/s41598-020-61948-6.
Kapel, C.M.O., Diet of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in Greenland. Arctic 52 (1999), 289–293.
Karami, A., Golieskardi, A., Choo, C.K., Romano, N., Ho, Y. Bin, Salamatinia, B., A high-performance protocol for extraction of microplastics in fish. Sci. Total Environ. 578 (2017), 485–494, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.213.
Knutsen, H., Cyvin, J.B., Totland, C., Lilleeng, Ø., Wade, E.J., Castro, V., Pettersen, A., Laugesen, J., Møskeland, T., Arp, H.P.H., Microplastic accumulation by tube-dwelling, suspension feeding polychaetes from the sediment surface: a case study from the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Mar. Environ. Res., 161, 2020, 105073, 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105073.
Kühn, S., van Franeker, J.A., Plastic ingestion by the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) in Iceland. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 64 (2012), 1252–1254.
Kühn, S., Bravo Rebolledo, E.L., Van Franeker, J.A., Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., Klages, M., (eds.) Deleterious effects of litter on marine life, 2015, Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Berlin, 447, 10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_4.
Kühn, S., van Werven, B., van Oyen, A., Meijboom, A., Bravo Rebolledo, E.L., van Franeker, J.A., The use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution as a suitable approach to isolate plastics ingested by marine organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 115 (2017), 86–90, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.034.
Kühn, S., Schaafsma, F.L., van Werven, B., Flores, H., Bergmann, M., Egelkraut-Holtus, M., Tekman, M.B., van Franeker, J.A., Plastic ingestion by juvenile polar cod (Boreogadus saida). The Arctic Ocean. Polar Biol, 2018, 10.1007/s00300-018-2283-8.
Kühn, S., van Oyen, A., Bravo Rebolledo, E.L., Ask, A.V., van Franeker, J.A., Polymer types ingested by northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) and southern hemisphere relatives. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28 (2021), 1643–1655, 10.1007/s11356-020-10540-6.
Laidre, K., Heide-Jørgensen, M., Life in the lead: extreme densities of narwhals Monodon monoceros in the offshore pack ice. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 423 (2011), 269–278, 10.3354/meps08941.
Lambertsen, R.H., Kohn, B.A., Unusual multisystemic pathology in a sperm whale bull. J. Wildl. Dis. 23 (1987), 510–514, 10.7589/0090-3558-23.3.510.
Lammers, R.B., Shiklomanov, A.I., Vörösmarty, C.J., Fekete, B.M., Peterson, B.J., Assessment of contemporary Arctic river runoff based on observational discharge records. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 106 (2001), 3321–3334, 10.1029/2000JD900444.
Lebreton, L., Andrady, A., Future scenarios of global plastic waste generation and disposal. Palgrave Commun., 5, 2019, 6, 10.1057/s41599-018-0212-7.
Lebreton, L.C.M., van der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J.-W., Slat, B., Andrady, A., Reisser, J., River plastic emissions to the world's oceans. Nat. Commun., 8, 2017, 15611, 10.1038/ncomms15611.
Leclerc, L.-M.E., Lydersen, C., Haug, T., Bachmann, L., Fisk, A.T., Kovacs, K.M., A missing piece in the Arctic food web puzzle? Stomach contents of Greenland sharks sampled in Svalbard, Norway. Polar Biol. 35 (2012), 1197–1208, 10.1007/s00300-012-1166-7.
Lei, L., Wu, S., Lu, S., Liu, M., Song, Y., Fu, Z., Shi, H., Raley-Susman, K.M., He, D., Microplastic particles cause intestinal damage and other adverse effects in zebrafish Danio rerio and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci. Total Environ. 619–620 (2018), 1–8, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.103.
Liboiron, M., Liboiron, F., Wells, E., Richárd, N., Zahara, A., Mather, C., Bradshaw, H., Murichi, J., Low plastic ingestion rate in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from Newfoundland destined for human consumption collected through citizen science methods. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 113 (2016), 428–437, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.043.
Liboiron, M., Melvin, J., Richárd, N., Saturno, J., Ammendolia, J., Liboiron, F., Charron, L., Mather, C., Low incidence of plastic ingestion among three fish species significant for human consumption on the island of Newfoundland, Canada. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 141 (2019), 244–248, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.057.
Lima, A.R.A., Costa, M.F., Barletta, M., Distribution patterns of microplastics within the plankton of a tropical estuary. Environ. Res. 132 (2014), 146–155, 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.031.
Lima, A.R.A., Ferreira, G.V.B., Barrows, A.P.W., Christiansen, K.S., Treinish, G., Toshack, M.C., Global patterns for the spatial distribution of floating microfibers: Arctic Ocean as a potential accumulation zone. J. Hazard. Mater., 403, 2021, 123796, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123796.
Linnebjerg, J.F., Baak, J.E., Barry, T., Gavrilo, M. V., Mallory, M.L., Merkel, F.R., Price, C., Strand, J., Walker, T.R., Provencher, J.F., 2021. Review of plastic pollution policies of Arctic countries in relation to seabirds. FACETS 6, 1–25. doi:10.1139/facets-2020-0052.
Lopes, C., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Garrido, S., 2020. Microplastic ingestion and diet composition of planktivorous fish. Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett. 5, 103–112. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10144.
Lowry, L., Foods and feeding ecology. Burns, J.J., Montague, J.J., Cowles, C.J., (eds.) The Bowhead Whale, 1993, Allen Press, 201–234.
Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., Deng, Y., Jiang, W., Zhao, Y., Geng, J., Ding, L., Ren, H., Uptake and accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and toxic effects in liver. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (2016), 4054–4060, 10.1021/acs.est.6b00183.
Lusher, A.L., Tirelli, V., O'Connor, I., Officer, R., Microplastics in Arctic polar waters: the first reported values of particles in surface and sub-surface samples. Sci. Rep., 5, 2015, 14947, 10.1038/srep14947.
Lusher, A.L., O'Donnell, C., Officer, R., O'Connor, I., Microplastic interactions with North Atlantic mesopelagic fish. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 73 (2016), 1214–1225, 10.1093/icesjms/fsv241.
Lusher, A., Bråte, I.L., Hurley, R., Iversen, K., Olsen, M., 2017. Testing of methodology for measuring microplastics in blue mussels (Mytilus spp) and sediments, and recommendations for future monitoring of microplastics (R & D-project). Oslo, Norway. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24399.59041.
Lydersen, C., Assmy, P., Falk-Petersen, S., Kohler, J., Kovacs, K.M., Reigstad, M., Steen, H., Strøm, H., Sundfjord, A., Varpe, Ø., Walczowski, W., Weslawski, J.M., Zajaczkowski, M., The importance of tidewater glaciers for marine mammals and seabirds in Svalbard, Norway. J. Mar. Syst. 129 (2014), 452–471, 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.09.006.
Mallory, M.L., Marine plastic debris in northern fulmars from the Canadian high Arctic. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 56 (2008), 1501–1504, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.017.
Mallory, M.L., Roberston, G.J., Moenting, A., Marine plastic debris in northern fulmars from Davis Strait, Nunavut, Canada. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 52 (2006), 813–815, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.04.005.
Markic, A., Gaertner, J.-C., Gaertner-Mazouni, N., Koelmans, A.A., Plastic ingestion by marine fish in the wild. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1–41, 2019, 10.1080/10643389.2019.1631990.
Marquart-Petersen, U., Food habits of arctic wolves in Greenland. J. Mammal. 79 (1998), 236–244.
Martin, A.R., Clarke, M.R., The diet of sperm whales (Physeter Macrocephalus) captured between Iceland and Greenland. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 66 (1986), 779–790, 10.1017/S0025315400048426.
Milliman, J.D., Farnsworth, K.L., 2011. River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511781247.
Moore, C., Moore, S., Leecaster, M., Weisberg, S., A comparison of plastic and plankton in the North Pacific Central Gyre. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42 (2001), 1297–1300, 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00114-X.
Moore, R.C., Loseto, L., Noel, M., Etemadifar, A., Brewster, J.D., MacPhee, S., Bendell, L., Ross, P.S., Microplastics in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Eastern Beaufort Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 150, 2020, 110723, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110723.
Morgana, S., Ghigliotti, L., Estévez-Calvar, N., Stifanese, R., Wieckzorek, A., Doyle, T., Christiansen, J.S., Faimali, M., Garaventa, F., Microplastics in the Arctic: a case study with sub-surface water and fish samples off Northeast Greenland. Environ. Pollut. 242 (2018), 1078–1086, 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.001.
Mu, J., Qu, L., Jin, F., Zhang, S., Fang, C., Ma, X., Zhang, W., Huo, C., Cong, Y., Wang, J., Abundance and distribution of microplastics in the surface sediments from the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. Environ. Pollut. 245 (2019), 122–130, 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.097.
Mu, J., Zhang, S., Qu, L., Jin, F., Fang, C., Ma, X., Zhang, W., Wang, J., Microplastics abundance and characteristics in surface waters from the Northwest Pacific, the Bering Sea, and the Chukchi Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 143 (2019), 58–65, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.023.
Munno, K., Helm, P.A., Jackson, D.A., Rochman, C., Sims, A., Impacts of temperature and selected chemical digestion methods on microplastic particles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 37 (2018), 91–98, 10.1002/etc.3935.
Murphy, F., Ewins, C., Carbonnier, F., Quinn, B., Wastewater treatment works (WwTW) as a source of microplastics in the aquatic environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (2016), 5800–5808, 10.1021/acs.est.5b05416.
Nahrgang, J., Camus, L., Carls, M.G., Gonzalez, P., Jönsson, M., Taban, I.C., Bechmann, R.K., Christiansen, J.S., Hop, H., Biomarker responses in polar cod (Boreogadus saida) exposed to the water soluble fraction of crude oil. Aquat. Toxicol. 97 (2010), 234–242, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.11.003.
Nashoug, B.F., 2017. Sources of Marine Litter –Workshop Report, Svalbard. Svolvær, Lofoten.
Neumann, S., Harju, M., Herzke, D., Anker-Nilssen, T., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Langset, M., Gabrielsen, G.W., Ingested plastics in northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis): a pathway for polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposure?. Sci. Total Environ., 2021, 146313, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146313.
Nielsen, J., Hedeholm, R.B., Simon, M., Steffensen, J.F., Distribution and feeding ecology of the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) in Greenland waters. Polar Biol. 37 (2014), 37–46, 10.1007/s00300-013-1408-3.
Obbard, R.W., Sadri, S., Wong, Y.Q., Khitun, A.A., Baker, I., Thompson, R.C., Global warming releases microplastic legacy frozen in Arctic Sea ice. Earth's Future 2 (2014), 315–320, 10.1002/2014EF000240.
Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, A., Hylland, K., Guilhermino, L., Single and combined effects of microplastics and pyrene on juveniles (0+ group) of the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei, Gobiidae). Ecol. Indic. 34 (2013), 641–647, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.06.019.
OSPAR Commission, 2008. Background document for the EcoQO on plastic particles in stomachs of seabirds.
OSPAR Commission, 2021. Plastic particles in fulmar stomachs in the North Sea. https://oap.ospar.org/en/ospar-assessments/committee-assessments/eiha-thematic-assessments/marine-litter/plastic-particles-in-fulmar-stomachs-north-sea/. Accessed on 14th April 2021.
OSPAR Commission London, The OSPAR System of Ecological Quality Objectives for the North Sea: A Contribution to OSPAR's Quality Status Report 2010. 2010, OSPAR Publication 404/2009.
Padula, V., Beaudreau, A.H., Hagedorn, B., Causey, D., Plastic-derived contaminants in Aleutian archipelago seabirds with varied foraging strategies. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 158, 2020, 111435, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111435.
Peeken, I., Primpke, S., Beyer, B., Gütermann, J., Katlein, C., Krumpen, T., Bergmann, M., Hehemann, L., Gerdts, G., Arctic sea ice is an important temporal sink and means of transport for microplastic. Nat. Commun., 9, 2018, 1505, 10.1038/s41467-018-03825-5.
Peters, C.A., Thomas, P.A., Rieper, K.B., Bratton, S.P., Foraging preferences influence microplastic ingestion by six marine fish species from the Texas Gulf Coast. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 124 (2017), 82–88, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.080.
Peterson, B.J., 2002. Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Science (80-.). 298, 2171–2173. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077445.
Pinzone, M., Nordøy, E.S., Eppe, G., Malherbe, C., Das, K., Collard, F., First record of plastic debris in the stomach of a hooded seal pup from the Greenland Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 2021, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112350.
PlasticsEurope, 2020. Plastics - the Facts 2020. https://www.plasticseurope.org/en/resources/publications/4312-plastics-facts-2020.
Poon, F.E., Provencher, J.F., Mallory, M.L., Braune, B.M., Smith, P.A., Levels of ingested debris vary across species in Canadian Arctic seabirds. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 116 (2017), 517–520, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.051.
Prata, J.C., da Costa, J.P., Duarte, A.C., Rocha-Santos, T., Methods for sampling and detection of microplastics in water and sediment: a critical review. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 110 (2019), 150–159, 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.029.
Prestrud, P., Food-habits and observations of the hunting behavior of arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus, in Svalbard. Can. Field-Naturalist 106 (1992), 225–236.
Provencher, J.F., Gaston, A.J., Mallory, M.L., Evidence for increased ingestion of plastics by northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) in the Canadian Arctic. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58 (2009), 1092–1095, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.002.
Provencher, J.F., Gaston, A.J., Mallory, M.L., O'hara, P.D., Gilchrist, H.G., Ingested plastic in a diving seabird, the thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia), in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60 (2010), 1406–1411, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.017.
Provencher, J.F., Bond, A.L., Avery-Gomm, S., Borrelle, S.B., Bravo Rebolledo, E.L., Hammer, S., Kühn, S., Lavers, J.L., Mallory, M.L., Trevail, A., van Franeker, J.A., Quantifying ingested debris in marine megafauna: a review and recommendations for standardization. Anal. Methods 9 (2017), 1454–1469, 10.1039/C6AY02419J.
Provencher, J.F., Vermaire, J.C., Avery-Gomm, S., Braune, B.M., Mallory, M.L., Garbage in guano? Microplastic debris found in faecal precursors of seabirds known to ingest plastics. Sci. Total Environ. 644 (2018), 1477–1484, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.101.
Provencher, Jennifer F., Borrelle, S.B., Bond, A.L., Lavers, J.L., van Franeker, J.A., Kühn, S., Hammer, S., Avery-Gomm, S., Mallory, M.L., Recommended best practices for plastic and litter ingestion studies in marine birds: collection, processing, and reporting. FACETS 4 (2019), 111–130, 10.1139/facets-2018-0043.
Provencher, J.F., Ammendolia, J., Rochman, C.M., Mallory, M.L., Assessing plastic debris in aquatic food webs: what we know and don't know about uptake and trophic transfer. Environ. Rev. 27 (2019), 304–317, 10.1139/er-2018-0079.
Provencher, J.F., Avery-Gomm, S., Braune, B.M., Letcher, R.J., Dey, C.J., Mallory, M.L., Are phthalate ester contaminants in northern fulmar preen oil higher in birds that have ingested more plastic?. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 150, 2020, 110679, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110679.
Rainieri, S., Conlledo, N., Larsen, B.K., Granby, K., Barranco, A., Combined effects of microplastics and chemical contaminants on the organ toxicity of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ. Res. 162 (2018), 135–143, 10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.019.
Reed, S., Clark, M., Thompson, R., Hughes, K.A., Microplastics in marine sediments near Rothera Research Station, Antarctica. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 133 (2018), 460–463, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.068.
Remy, F., Collard, F., Gilbert, B., Compère, P., Eppe, G., Lepoint, G., When microplastic is not plastic: the ingestion of artificial cellulose fibers by macrofauna living in seagrass Macrophytodetritus. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (2015), 11158–11166, 10.1021/acs.est.5b02005.
Rillig, M.C., Microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems and the soil?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (2012), 6453–6454, 10.1021/es302011r.
Robards, M.D., Piatt, J.F., Wohl, K.D., Increasing frequency of plastic particles ingested by seabirds in the subarctic North Pacific. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 30 (1995), 151–157, 10.1016/0025-326X(94)00121-O.
Rochman, C.M., Tahir, A., Williams, S.L., Baxa, D.V., Lam, R., Miller, J.T., Teh, F.-C., Werorilangi, S., Teh, S.J., Anthropogenic debris in seafood: plastic debris and fibers from textiles in fish and bivalves sold for human consumption. Sci. Rep., 5, 2015, 14340, 10.1038/srep14340.
Ross, P.S., Chastain, S., Vassilenko, E., Etemadifar, A., Zimmermann, S., Quesnel, S.-A., Eert, J., Solomon, E., Patankar, S., Posacka, A.M., Williams, B., Pervasive distribution of polyester fibres in the Arctic Ocean is driven by Atlantic inputs. Nat. Commun., 12, 2021, 106, 10.1038/s41467-020-20347-1.
Rummel, C.D., Löder, M.G.J., Fricke, N.F., Lang, T., Griebeler, E.-M., Janke, M., Gerdts, G., Plastic ingestion by pelagic and demersal fish from the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 102 (2016), 134–141, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.043.
Russell, R., The food habits of polar bears of James Bay and Southwest Hudson Bay in summer and autumn. Arctic 28 (1975), 117–129.
de Sá, L.C., Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, F., Rocha, T.L., Futter, M.N., Studies of the effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms: what do we know and where should we focus our efforts in the future?. Sci. Total Environ. 645 (2018), 1029–1039, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.207.
Sadove, S.S., Morreale, S.J., 1989. Marine mammal and sea turtle encounters with marine debris in the New York Bight and the Northeast Atlantic, in: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, 2-7 April, Honolulu, Hawaii. p. 9.
Salvador Cesa, F., Turra, A., Baruque-Ramos, J., Synthetic fibers as microplastics in the marine environment: a review from textile perspective with a focus on domestic washings. Sci. Total Environ. 598 (2017), 1116–1129, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.172.
Saturno, J., Liboiron, M., Ammendolia, J., Healey, N., Earles, E., Duman, N., Schoot, I., Morris, T., Favaro, B., Occurrence of plastics ingested by Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) destined for human consumption (Fogo Island, Newfoundland and Labrador). Mar. Pollut. Bull., 153, 2020, 110993, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110993.
Scopetani, C., Esterhuizen-Londt, M., Chelazzi, D., Cincinelli, A., Setälä, H., Pflugmacher, S., Self-contamination from clothing in microplastics research. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 189, 2020, 110036, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110036.
Seif, S., Provencher, J.F., Avery-Gomm, S., Daoust, P.-Y., Mallory, M.L., Smith, P.A., Plastic and non-plastic debris ingestion in three gull species feeding in an urban landfill environment. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 74 (2018), 349–360, 10.1007/s00244-017-0492-8.
Singh, N., Granberg, M., Collard, F., Caruso, G., Lu, Z., Kögel, T., Gabrielsen, G.W., 2021. Microplastics in the realm of Svalbard: current knowledge and future perspective (MIRES). doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4293836.
Slaymaker, O., Large Arctic rivers. Introducing Large Rivers, 2020, Wiley, 211–264, 10.1002/9781118451410.ch11.
de Souza Machado, A.A., Kloas, W., Zarfl, C., Hempel, S., Rillig, M.C., Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems. Glob. Chang. Biol. 24 (2018), 1405–1416, 10.1111/gcb.14020.
Stimmelmayr, R., Adams, B., Kayotuk, C., Pederson, M., Polar Bears, Plastics, and the Pyloric Sphincter: A Volatile Combination. 2019, Alaska Marine Science Symposium. Anchorage.
Sundet, J.H., 2014. Status on the snow crab in the Barents Sea. Presentation on the Norwegian – Russian workshop on king and snow crabs in the Barents Sea. Tromsø, March 11 – 12, 2014. Joint Russian – Norwegian Report Series, no 18/2014.
Sundet, J.H., Herzke, D., Jenssen, M., 2016. Forekomst og kilder av mikroplastikk i sediment og konsekvenser for bunnlevende fisk og evertebrater på Svalbard. RiS prosjekt nr 10495. Sluttrapport til Svalbards miljøvernfond. [Only in Norwegian].
Sundet, J.H., Herzke, D., Jenssen, M., 2017. Forekomst av mikroplastikk i sjøvann, bunnsedimenter, fjæresediment og i filtrerende bunnorganismer i nære kystområder på Svalbard. RiS prosjekt nr 10495. Sluttrapport til Svalbards miljøvernfond. [Only in Norwegian].
The Fiber Year Consulting, 2017. The Fiber Year 2017-World Survey on Textiles and Nonwovens.
Thiele, C.J., Hudson, M.D., Russell, A.E., Evaluation of existing methods to extract microplastics from bivalve tissue: adapted KOH digestion protocol improves filtration at single-digit pore size. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 142 (2019), 384–393, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.003.
Treilles, R., Cayla, A., Gaspéri, J., Strich, B., Ausset, P., Tassin, B., Impacts of organic matter digestion protocols on synthetic, artificial and natural raw fibers. Sci. Total Environ., 748, 2020, 141230, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141230.
Trevail, A.M., Gabrielsen, G.W., Kühn, S., Van Franeker, J.A., Elevated levels of ingested plastic in a high Arctic seabird, the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). Polar Biol. 38 (2015), 975–981, 10.1007/s00300-015-1657-4.
Urbanek, A.K., Rymowicz, W., Strzelecki, M.C., Kociuba, W., Franczak, Ł., Mirończuk, A.M., Isolation and characterization of Arctic microorganisms decomposing bioplastics. AMB Express, 7, 2017, 148, 10.1186/s13568-017-0448-4.
Van Sebille, E., England, M.H., Froyland, G., Origin, dynamics and evolution of ocean garbage patches from observed surface drifters. Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 2012.
Vandermeersch, G., Van Cauwenberghe, L., Janssen, C.R., Marques, A., Granby, K., Fait, G., Kotterman, M.J.J., Diogène, J., Bekaert, K., Robbens, J., Devriese, L., A critical view on microplastic quantification in aquatic organisms. Environ. Res. 143 (2015), 46–55, 10.1016/j.envres.2015.07.016.
Verla, A.W., Enyoh, C.E., Verla, E.N., Nwarnorh, K.O., Microplastic–toxic chemical interaction: a review study on quantified levels, mechanism and implication. SN Appl. Sci., 1, 2019, 1400, 10.1007/s42452-019-1352-0.
Vianello, A., Boldrin, A., Guerriero, P., Moschino, V., Rella, R., Sturaro, A., Da Ros, L., Microplastic particles in sediments of Lagoon of Venice, Italy: first observations on occurrence, spatial patterns and identification. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 130 (2013), 54–61, 10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.022.
Vörösmarty, C.J., Fekete, B.M., Meybeck, M., Lammers, R.B., Global system of rivers: its role in organizing continental land mass and defining land-to-ocean linkages. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 14 (2000), 599–621, 10.1029/1999GB900092.
Walker, W.A., Hanson, M.B., Biological observations on stejneger's beaked whale, Mesoplodon stejnegeri, from strandings on Adak Island, Alaska. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 15 (1999), 1314–1329, 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00893.x.
Wang, Fen, Wong, C.S., Chen, D., Lu, X., Wang, Fei, Zeng, E.Y., Interaction of toxic chemicals with microplastics: a critical review. Water Res. 139 (2018), 208–219, 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.003.
Wang, J., Wang, M., Ru, S., Liu, X., High levels of microplastic pollution in the sediments and benthic organisms of the South Yellow Sea, China. Sci. Total Environ. 651 (2019), 1661–1669, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.007.
Wang, W., Ge, J., Yu, X., Li, H., Environmental fate and impacts of microplastics in soil ecosystems: Progress and perspective. Sci. Total Environ., 708, 2020, 134841, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134841.
Weslawski, J.M., Kotwicki, L., Macro-plastic, a new vector for boreal species dispersal on Svalbard. Polish Polar Res. 39 (2018), 165–174, 10.1515/popore-2018-0008.
West, E.W., Food habits of Aleutian Island arctic foxes. Murrelet 68 (1987), 33–38.
Wichmann, D., Delandmeter, P., van Sebille, E., Influence of near-surface currents on the global dispersal of marine microplastic. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 124 (2019), 6086–6096, 10.1029/2019JC015328.
Woods, M.N., Stack, M.E., Fields, D.M., Shaw, S.D., Matrai, P.A., Microplastic fiber uptake, ingestion, and egestion rates in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 137 (2018), 638–645, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.061.
Zarfl, C., Matthies, M., Are marine plastic particles transport vectors for organic pollutants to the Arctic?. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60 (2010), 1810–1814, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.026.
Zhang, K., Xiong, X., Hu, H., Wu, C., Bi, Y., Wu, Y., Zhou, B., Lam, P.K.S., Liu, J., Occurrence and characteristics of microplastic pollution in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51 (2017), 3794–3801, 10.1021/acs.est.7b00369.
Zhao, S., Zhu, L., Li, D., Microscopic anthropogenic litter in terrestrial birds from Shanghai, China: not only plastics but also natural fibers. Sci. Total Environ. 550 (2016), 1110–1115, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.112.