[en] The impact of brucellosis on public health and economy is unquestionable in developing countries such as the case of Algeria. This study aimed to provide further understanding of epidemiological status of brucellosis in small ruminant flocks in the southeast of Algeria. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted among small ruminant flocks (n = 51) in El Oued district using simple random sampling strategy. The serum samples collected from 612 sheep and goats (sheep = 280, goats = 332) were screened for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) in parallel on all the serum samples. The seropositive serum samples of both tests were confirmed with the complement fixation test (CFT). A structured questionnaire regarding animal, herd, and farm management was prepared and completed in parallel to sampling. Association between variables and Brucella spp. seropositivity status of herds was assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis using simple and binary logistic regression. Estimated true herd prevalence was 27.95% (95% CI, 17.18-42.01), and true individual prevalence was 3.98% (95% CI, 2.51-6.03). Seropositive herds were detected in bordering areas and regions with the highest livestock density. Occurrence of abortions in herds (p = 0.03) increased at least five times (5) the odds of being seropositive (OR, 6.25; 95% CI, 1.20-32.46). Poultry presence in farms revealed to be a protective factor (p = 0.01) (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.02-0.61). The high-level seroprevalence quantified in this study in small ruminant flocks reflects the persistent animal infection endemicity and the high risk of human exposure.
Disciplines :
Veterinary medicine & animal health
Author, co-author :
Ramdani, Nacira ; Management of Animal Health and Productions Laboratory, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria. nacira.ramdani@umc.edu.dz ; Regional Veterinary Laboratory of El Oued, National Institute of Veterinary Medicine, El Oued, Algeria. nacira.ramdani@umc.edu.dz
Boussena, Sabrina; Management of Animal Health and Productions Laboratory, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
Bouaziz, Omar; Management of Animal Health and Productions Laboratory, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
Moula, Nassim ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences biomédicales et précliniques > Méthodes expérimentales des animaux de laboratoire et éthique en expérimentation animale ; Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège, Belgium
Language :
English
Title :
Brucellosis in small ruminant: seroprevalence, risk factors, and distribution in the southeast of Algeria.
Publication date :
02 August 2022
Journal title :
Tropical Animal Health and Production
ISSN :
0049-4747
eISSN :
1573-7438
Publisher :
Springer Science and Business Media B.V., United States
Abdelhadi, F.Z., Abdelhadi, S.A., Niar, A., Benallou, B., Meliani, S., Smail, N.L., Mahmoud, D., 2015. Abortions in Cattle on the Level of Tiaret Area (Algeria). Global Veterinaria, 14, 638–645.
Aggad, H., Boukraa, L., 2006. Prevalence of bovine and human brucellosis in western Algeria: comparison of screening tests. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 12, 119-128.
Akakpo, A.J., Têko-Agbo, A., Koné, P., 2010. The impact of brucellosis on the economy and public health in Africa. In: Compendium of technical items presented to the OIE World Assembly of Delegates or to OIE Regional Commissions, 2009–2010. Paris, France: OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health), 71–84.
Akoğlu, H., 2018. User's guide to correlation coefficients. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18, 91-93.
Alamian, S., Dadar, M., 2020. Brucella melitensis infection in dog: a critical issue in the control of brucellosis in ruminant farms. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 73, 101554.
Alemayehu, G., Mamo, G., Alemu, B., Desta, H., Tadesse, B., Benti, T., Bahiru, A., Yimana, M., Wieland, B., 2021. Causes and flock level risk factors of sheep and goat abortion in three agroecology zones in Ethiopia. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 615310.
Al-Sherida, Y., El-Gohary, A.H., Mohamed, A., El-Diasty, M., Wareth, G., Neubauer, H., Abdelkhalek, A., 2020. Sheep brucellosis in Kuwait: A large-scale serosurvey, identification of Brucella species and zoonotic significance. Veterinary Sciences, 7, 132.
ArcGIS., 2020. Esri (Environmental Systems Research Institute). Version 10.8.1, California, USA. Inc. https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-enterprise/overview.
Bachir-Pacha, M., Kechih, S., Berber, A., Triki Yamani, R. R., 2009. An inquiry about ruminants epidemiologic brucellosis in some Algerian departments. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 66, 370-375.
Barkallah, M., Gharbi, Y., Zormati, S., Karkouch, N., Mallek, Z., Gautier, M., Gdoura, R., Fendri, I., 2017. A mixed methods study of ruminant brucellosis in central-eastern Tunisia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 49, 39-45.
Benkirane, A., 2006. Ovine and caprine brucellosis: World distribution and control/eradication strategies in West Asia/North Africa region. Small ruminant research, 62, 19-25.
Boukary, A. R., Saegerman, C., Abatih, E., Fretin, D., Alambédji Bada, R., De Deken, R., Harouna, H. A., Yenikoye, A., Thys, E., 2013. Seroprevalence and potential risk factors for Brucella spp. infection in traditional cattle, sheep and goats reared in urban, periurban and rural areas of Niger. PLOS One, 8, e83175.
Bouselsal, B., Saibi, H., 2022. Evaluation of groundwater quality and hydrochemical characteristics in the shallow aquifer of El-Oued region (Algerian Sahara). Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 17, 100747.
Cameron, A. R., Baldock, F. C., 1998. A new probability formula for surveys to substantiate freedom from disease. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 34, 1‒17.
Cameron, A. R., 1999. Survey toolbox—a practical manual and software package for active surveillance of livestock diseases in developing countries. In: ACIAR monograph series, no. 54. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Australia.
CDC. (2019). Epi info. USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved January 22, 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/epiinfo/ index.html.
Coelho, A. C., Díez, J. G., Coelho, A. M., 2015. Risk factors for Brucella spp. in domestic and wild animals. In: Baddour, M. M (eds), Updates on Brucellosis, IntechOpen, 2–31. https://doi.org/10.5772/61325.
Corbel, M. J., 2006. Brucellosis in humans and animals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization & World Organisation for Animal Health, WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43597. Accessed 15 Sep 2021.
Derdour, S.Y., Hafsi, F., Azzag, N., Tennah, S., Laamari, A., China, B., Ghalmi, F., 2017. Prevalence of the main infectious causes of abortion in dairy cattle in Algeria. Journal of Veterinary Research, 61, 337.
Doganay, M., Aygen, B., 2003. Human brucellosis: an overview. International journal of infectious diseases, 7, 173-182.
DSA El Oued, 2018. Directorate of Agricultural services of El Oued province, Algerian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development.
DSA El Oued, 2020. Directorate of Agricultural services of El Oued province, Algerian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development.
DPBM El Oued, 2021. Directorate of programming and budget monitoring of El Oued province, Algerian Ministry of Finance.
DSP El Oued, 2020. Directorate of Health and Population of El Oued province, Ministry of Health, Population and Hospital Reform, Algeria.
Edao, B. M., Ameni, G., Assefa, Z., Berg, S., Whatmore, A. M., Wood, J. L. N., 2020. Brucellosis in ruminants and pastoralists in Borena, Southern Ethiopia. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14, e0008461.
Enright, F. M., Walker, J. V., Jeffers, G., Deyoe, B. L., 1984. Cellular and humoral responses of Brucella abortus-infected bovine fetuses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 45, 424-430.
Franc, K. A., Krecek, R. C., Häsler, B. N., Arenas-Gamboa, A. M., 2018. Brucellosis remains a neglected disease in the developing world: a call for interdisciplinary action. BMC Public Health, 18, 1-9.
Gabli, A., Agabou, A., Gabli, Z., 2015. Brucellosis in nomadic pastoralists and their goats in two provinces of the eastern Algerian high plateaus. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 47, 1043-1048.
Hegazy, Y., Elmonir, W., Abdel-Hamid, N. H., Elbauomy, E. M., 2016. Seroprevalence and “Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices” (KAPs) survey of endemic ovine brucellosis in Egypt. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 58, 1-7.
Huang, T., Zhang, J., Sun, C., Liu, Z., He, H., Wu, J., Geriletu. 2020. A Novel Arthropod Host of Brucellosis in the Arid Steppe Ecosystem. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 566253.
Humphry, R. W., Cameron, A., Gunn, G. J., 2004. A practical approach to calculate sample size for herd prevalence surveys. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 65, 173-188.
IBM Corp. 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0, Armonk, NY, USA.
Kaaboub, E., Ouchene, N., Ouchene-Khelifi, N.A., Khelef, D., 2019. Serological and histopathological investigation of brucellosis in cattle in Medea region, northern Algeria. Veterinary World, 12, 713.
Kardjadj, M., 2018. The epidemiology of cattle abortion in Algeria. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50, 445-448.
Kardjadj, M., Kouidri, B., Metref, D., Luka, P. D., Ben-Mahdi, M. H., 2016. Abortion and various associated risk factors in small ruminants in Algeria. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 123, 97-101.
Lounes, N., Cherfa, M.A., Le Carrou, G., Bouyoucef, A., Jay, M., Garin-Bastuji, B., Mick, V., 2014. Human brucellosis in Maghreb: existence of a lineage related to socio-historical connections with Europe. PLOS One, 9, e115319.
Lounes, N., Melzer, F., Sayour, A. E., Maamar, H. T., Rahal, K., Benamrouche, N., Lazri, M., Bouyoucef, A., Hendam, A., Neubauer, H., El-Adawy, H., 2021. Identification, geographic distribution and risk factors of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis infection in cattle in Algeria. Veterinary Microbiology, 254, 109004.
MADR. 2021. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development of Algeria.
Megid, J., Mathias, L. A., Robles, C. A., 2010. Clinical manifestations of brucellosis in domestic animals and humans. The Open Veterinary Science Journal, 4, 119-126.
Minas, A., 2006. Control and eradication of brucellosis in small ruminants. Small Ruminant Research, 62, 101-107.
Minas, A., Stournara, A., Minas, M., Stack, J. A., Petridou, E., Christodoulopoulos, G., Krikelis, V., 2007. Validation of a fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) performed in microplates and comparison with other tests used for diagnosing B. melitensis infection in sheep and goats. Journal of Immunological Methods, 320, 94-103.
Musallam, I., Abo-Shehada, M., Omar, M., Guitian, J., 2015. Cross-sectional study of brucellosis in Jordan: prevalence, risk factors and spatial distribution in small ruminants and cattle. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 118, 387-396.
Nielsen, K., Yu, W.L, 2010. Serological diagnosis of brucellosis. Prilozi, 31, 65-89.
OIE. 2021. World Organization for Animal Health. Disease. Brucellosis. https://www.oie.int/en/disease/brucellosis/. Accessed 29 June 2021.
Pandis, N., 2014. Cross-sectional studies. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 146, 127-129.
Pappas, G., Papadimitriou, P., Akritidis, N., Christou, L., Tsianos, V.E., 2006. The new global map of human brucellosis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 6, 91-99.
Pérez-Sancho, M., García-Seco, T., Domínguez, L., Álvarez, J., 2015. Control of animal brucellosis-The most effective tool to prevent human brucellosis. In: Baddour, M.M. (eds), Updates on Brucellosis, IntechOpen, 201–246. https://doi.org/10.5772/61222.
Rabehi, S., Hamdi, T.M., Mamache, B., M., Maghezzi, A., Boushaba, K., 2018. Detection of Brucella spp. in milk from seronegative cows by real-time polymerase chain reaction in the region of Batna, Algeria, Veterinary World, 11, 363-367.
Reiczigel, J., Földi, J., Ózsvári, L., 2010. Exact confidence limits forprevalence of a disease with an imperfect diagnostic test. Epidemiology & Infection, 138, 1674-1678.
Rogan, W. J., Gladen, B., 1978. Estimating prevalence from the results of a screening test. American Journal of Epidemiology, 107, 71-76.
Roux, J., 1979. Epidémiologie et prévention de la brucellose. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 57, 179-194.
Samadi, A., Ababneh, M.M.K., Giadinis, N.D., Lafi, S.Q., 2010. Ovine and Caprine Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis). In: Hemming, D (eds). Animal Science Reviews 2010, CAB International, UK, 171-184.
Sergeant, E.S.G., 2018. Epitools Epidemiological Calculators. Ausvet. Available at: http://epitools.ausvet.com.au.
Stournara, A., Minas, A., Bourtzi-Chatzopoulou, E., Stack, J., Koptopoulos, G., Petridou, E., Sarris, K., 2007. Assessment of serological response of young and adult sheep to conjunctival vaccination with Rev-1 vaccine by fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) and other serological tests for B. melitensis. Veterinary Microbiology, 119, 53-64.
Traoré, S., Yapi, R. B., Coulibaly, K., Mathew, C., Fokou, G., Kazwala, R. R., Bonfoh, B., Alambedji, R. B., 2021. Seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants and related risk behaviors among humans in different husbandry systems in Mali. PLOS One, 16, e0245283.
Wang, Q., Zhao, S., Wureli, H., Xie, S., Chen, C., Wei, Q., Cui, B., Tu, C., Wang, Y., 2018. Brucella melitensis and B. abortus in eggs, larvae and engorged females of Dermacentor marginatus. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 9, 1045-1048.
Wareth, G., Melzer, F., Tomaso, H., Roesler, U., Neubauer, H., 2015. Detection of Brucella abortus DNA in aborted goats and sheep in Egypt by real-time PCR. BMC Research Notes, 8, 1-5.
Whatmore, A. M., Koylass, M. S., Muchowski, J., Edwards-Smallbone, J., Gopaul, K. K., Perrett, L. L., 2016. Extended multilocus sequence analysis to describe the global population structure of the genus Brucella: phylogeography and relationship to biovars. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 2049.
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), 2018. Chapter 3.1.4. Brucellosis (Brucella abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. OIE, Paris. https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.01.04_BUCELLOSIS.pdf. Accessed 20 Dec 2020.
Xavier, M.N., Paixao, T.A., den Hartigh, A.B., Tsolis, R. M., Santos, R.L., 2010. Pathogenesis of Brucella spp. The Open Veterinary Science Journal, 4, 109–118.
Zhang, K., Li, A., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, Y., Wang, H., Shi, R., Qiu, Y., 2021. Investigation of the presence of Ochrobactrum spp. and Brucella spp. in Haemaphysalis longicornis. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 12, 101588.
