Atmospheric escape; Dust cycle; Mars; Mars system; Paleoclimate; Transport process; Water cycle; Geology; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) plans a Phobos sample return mission (MMX: Martian Moons eXploration). In this study, we review the related works on the past climate of Mars, its evolution, and the present climate and weather to describe the scientific goals and strategies of the MMX mission regarding the evolution of the Martian surface environment. The MMX spacecraft will retrieve and return a sample of Phobos regolith back to Earth in 2029. Mars ejecta are expected to be accumulated on the surface of Phobos without being much shocked. Samples from Phobos probably contain all types of Martian rock from sedimentary to igneous covering all geological eras if ejecta from Mars could be accumulated on the Phobos surface. Therefore, the history of the surface environment of Mars can be restored by analyzing the returned samples. Remote sensing of the Martian atmosphere and monitoring ions escaping to space while the spacecraft is orbiting Mars in the equatorial orbit are also planned. The camera with multi-wavelength filters and the infrared spectrometer onboard the spacecraft can monitor rapid transport processes of water vapor, dust, ice clouds, and other species, which could not be traced by the previous satellites on the sun-synchronous polar orbit. Such time-resolved pictures of the atmospheric phenomena should be an important clue to understand both the processes of water exchange between the surface/underground reservoirs and the atmosphere and the drivers of efficient material transport to the upper atmosphere. The mass spectrometer with unprecedented mass resolution can observe ions escaping to space and monitor the atmospheric escape which has made the past Mars to evolve towards the cold and dry surface environment we know today. Together with the above two instruments, it can potentially reveal what kinds of atmospheric events can transport tracers (e.g., H2O) upward and enhance the atmospheric escape. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Ogohara, Kazunori ; Faculty of Science, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
Nakagawa, Hiromu; Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Aoki, Shohei ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Labo de physique atmosphérique et planétaire (LPAP) ; Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
Kouyama, Toru; Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Usui, Tomohiro; Department of Solar System Sciences, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, Sagamihara, Japan
Terada, Naoki; Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Imamura, Takeshi; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
Montmessin, Franck; LATMOS/IPSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UVSQ-UPSaclay, Guyancourt, France
Brain, David; LASP/University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
Doressoundiram, Alain; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
Gautier, Thomas; LATMOS/IPSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UVSQ-UPSaclay, Guyancourt, France
Hara, Takuya; Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
Harada, Yuki; Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Ikeda, Hitoshi; Research and Development Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
Koike, Mizuho; Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
Leblanc, François; LATMOS/CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UVSQ, Paris, France
Ramirez, Ramses; Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan ; Space Science Institute, Boulder, United States ; Department of Physics, College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, United States
Sawyer, Eric; CNES, Toulouse, France
Seki, Kanako; Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Spiga, Aymeric; Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (LMD/IPSL), Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Polytechnique, École Normale Supérieure (ENS), Paris, France ; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
Vandaele, Ann Carine; Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
Yokota, Shoichiro; Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
Barucci, Antonella; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
JSPS - Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI) National Institutes of Natural Sciences: Astrobiology Center
Funding text :
RMR receives funding from the Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI) and the National Institutes of Natural Sciences: Astrobiology Center (grant number JY310064). Our work was supported by ISAS/JAXA as a part of Phase-A/B activities of MMX and by JSPS KAKENHI to TU (JP 17H06459), TK (JP20H01958, JP19K14789), HN (JP20H04605, JP19K03943), SY (JP20K04039), and NT (JP18KK0093, JP19H00707, JP20H00192).The SPICE toolkit released from the Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility was used for simulations of the expected Mars views and the spatial and temporal distributions of the sub-spacecraft points on Mars. We thank to the MMX engineering team for creating some SPICE kernels. Also, we would like to thank the other members of the Mars System sub-science team, especially O. Korablev and H. Kurokawa, for looking over this manuscript and for their many helpful comments. We also would like to thank K. Masunaga for his great contribution in replying to the reviewers' comments. RMR acknowledges support by the Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI) and the National Institutes of Natural Sciences: Astrobiology Center (Grant Number JY310064). This work was supported by ISAS/JAXA as a part of Phase-A/B activities of MMX and by JSPS KAKENHI to TU (JP 17H06459), TK (JP20H01958, JP19K14789), HN (JP20H04605, JP19K03943), SY (JP20K04039), and NT (JP18KK0093, JP19H00707, JP20H00192).The SPICE toolkit released from the Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility was used for simulations of the expected Mars views and the spatial and temporal distributions of the sub-spacecraft points on Mars. We thank to the MMX engineering team for creating some SPICE kernels. Also, we would like to thank the other members of the Mars System sub-science team, especially O. Korablev and H. Kurokawa, for looking over this manuscript and for their many helpful comments. We also would like to thank K. Masunaga for his great contribution in replying to the reviewers' comments. RMR acknowledges support by the Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI) and the National Institutes of Natural Sciences: Astrobiology Center (Grant Number JY310064). This work was supported by ISAS/JAXA as a part of Phase-A/B activities of MMX and by JSPS KAKENHI to TU (JP 17H06459), TK (JP20H01958, JP19K14789), HN (JP20H04605, JP19K03943), SY (JP20K04039), and NT (JP18KK0093, JP19H00707, JP20H00192).
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