GJ 357: A low-mass planetary system uncovered by precision radial velocities and dynamical simulations

Planetary systems; Planets and satellites: detection; Planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability; Stars: activity; Stars: low-mass; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science; astro-ph.EP; astro-ph.SR

Abstract :

[en] We report the detection of a new planetary system orbiting the nearby M2.5V star GJ 357, using precision radial velocities from three separate echelle spectrographs, High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS), High Resolution Echelle Spectrograph (HiRES), and Ultraviolet and Visible Echelle Spectrograph (UVES). Three small planets have been confirmed in the system, with periods of 9.125 ± 0.001, 3.9306 ± 0.0003, and 55.70 ± 0.05 d, and minimum masses of 3.33 ± 0.48, 2.09 ± 0.32, and 6.72 ± 0.94 M, respectively. The second planet in our system, GJ 357 c, was recently shown to transit by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), but we could find no transit signatures for the other two planets. Dynamical analysis reveals the system is likely to be close to coplanar, is stable on Myr time-scales, and places strong upper limits on the masses of the two non-transiting planets GJ 357 b and GJ 357 d of 4.25 and 11.20 M, respectively. Therefore, we confirm the system contains at least two super-Earths, and either a third super-Earth or mini-Neptune planet. GJ 357 b and GJ 357 c are found to be close to a 7:3 mean motion resonance, however no libration of the orbital parameters was found in our simulations. Analysis of the photometric light curve of the star from the TESS, when combined with our radial velocities, reveals GJ 357 c has an absolute mass, radius, and density of 2.248+0.117−0.120 M, 1.167+0.037−0.036 R, and 7.757+0.889−0.789 g cm−3, respectively. Comparison to super-Earth structure models reveals the planet is likely an iron-dominated world. The GJ 357 system adds to the small sample of low-mass planetary systems with well constrained masses, and further observational and dynamical follow-up is warranted to better understand the overall population of small multiplanet systems in the solar neighbourhood.

Disciplines :

Space science, astronomy & astrophysics

Author, co-author :

Jenkins, James S. ; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile ; Centro de Astrofísica y Tecnologías Afines (CATA), Santiago, Chile

Pozuelos Romero, Francisco José ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Origines Cosmologiques et Astrophysiques (OrCa)

Tuomi, Mikko; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile ; Center for Astrophysics, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom

Berdiñas, Zaira M.; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Díaz, Matias R.; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Vines, Jose I.; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Suárez, Juan C. ; Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Granada, Spain

Peña Rojas, Pablo A.; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Language :

English

Title :

GJ 357: A low-mass planetary system uncovered by precision radial velocities and dynamical simulations

Publication date :

December 2019

Journal title :

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

ISSN :

0035-8711

eISSN :

1365-2966

Publisher :

Oxford University Press

Volume :

490

Issue :

Pages :

5585 - 5595

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

http://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/stz2937/30250246/stz2937.pdf

Name of the research project :

Proyecto Basal

Funders :

FONDECYT - Chile Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico [CL]
CATA-Basal
CONICYT - Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica [CL]
Spanish Public Funds for Research

Funding text :

We thank the referee Stephen Kane for his detailed review of the manuscript that helped tighten-up various sections of our work. JSJ and MT acknowledge funding by Fondecyt through grant 1161218 and partial support from CATA-Basal (PB06, Conicyt). ZMB acknowledges CONICYT-FONDECYT/Chile Postdoctorado 3180405. JIV acknowledges support of CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional-21191829, Chile. MRD acknowledges support of CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional-21140646, Chile, and Proyecto Basal AFB-170002. FJP and JCS acknowledge funding support fromSpanish Public Funds for Research under projects ESP2017-87676-C5-2-R. JCS acknowledgesfunding from RYC-2012-09913 under the "Ram?n y Cajal" program of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education.We thank the referee Stephen Kane for his detailed review of the manuscript that helped tighten-up various sections of our work. JSJ and MT acknowledge funding by Fondecyt through grant 1161218 and partial support from CATA-Basal (PB06, Con-icyt). ZMB acknowledges CONICYT-FONDECYT/Chile Post-doctorado 3180405. JIV acknowledges support of CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional-21191829, Chile. MRD acknowledges support of CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional-21140646, Chile, and Proyecto Basal AFB-170002. FJP and JCS acknowledge funding support fromSpanish Public Funds for Research under projects ESP2017-87676-C5-2-R. JCS acknowledgesfunding from RYC-2012-09913 under the "Ramón y Cajal" program of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education.

Commentary :

Manuscript accepted to MNRAS 15/10/2019

Available on ORBi :

since 06 May 2022

Statistics

Number of views

45 (2 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

13 (0 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Adibekyan V. Z., Sousa S. G., Santos N. C., Delgado Mena E., González Hernández J. I., Israelian G., Mayor M., Khachatryan G., 2012, A&A, 545, A32
Alberti T., Carbone V., Lepreti F., Vecchio A., 2017, ApJ, 844, 19
Anglada-Escudé G., Butler R. P., 2012, ApJS, 200, 15
Anglada-Escudé G. et al., 2013, A&A, 556, A126
Anglada-Escudé G. et al., 2016, Nature, 536, 437
Astudillo-Defru N., Delfosse X., Bonfils X., Forveille T., Lovis C., Rameau J., 2017, A&A, 600, A13
Ballard S., 2019, AJ, 157, 113
Berdiñas Z. M., Rodríguez-López C., Amado P. J., Anglada-Escudé G., Barnes J. R., MacDonald J., Zechmeister M., Sarmiento L. F., 2017, MNRAS, 469, 4268
Bonfils X. et al., 2005, A&A, 443, L15
Bonfils X. et al., 2013, A&A, 549, A109
Borucki W. J. et al., 2010, Science, 327, 977
Buchner J. et al., 2014, A&A, 564, A125
Burdanov A. Y. et al., 2019, MNRAS, 487, 1634
Butler R. P. et al., 2017, AJ, 153, 208
Cincotta P., Simó C., 1999, Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron., 73, 195
Cincotta P. M., Simó C., 2000, A&AS, 147, 205
Cincotta P. M., Giordano C. M., Simó C., 2003, Phys. D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 182, 151
Contro B., Horner J., Wittenmyer R. A., Marshall J. P., Hinse T. C., 2016, MNRAS, 463, 191
Díaz M. R. et al., 2018, AJ, 155, 126
Díez Alonso E. et al., 2018a, MNRAS, 476, L50
Díez Alonso E. et al., 2018b, MNRAS, 480, L1
Dressing C. D., Charbonneau D., 2015, ApJ, 807, 45
Ducrot E. et al., 2018, AJ, 156, 218
Espinoza N., Kossakowski D., Brahm R., 2019, MNRAS, 490, 2262
Fabrycky D. C. et al., 2014, ApJ, 790, 146
Feng F., Tuomi M., Jones H. R. A., Butler R. P., Vogt S., 2016, MNRAS, 461, 2440
Feng F., Tuomi M., Jones H. R. A., Barnes J., Anglada-Escudé G., Vogt S. S., Butler R. P., 2017, AJ, 154, 135
Feroz F., Hobson M. P., Bridges M., 2009, MNRAS, 398, 1601
Figueira P. et al., 2012, A&A, 541, A139
Fischer D. A., Valenti J., 2005, ApJ, 622, 1102
Foreman-Mackey D., Hogg D. W., Lang D., Goodman J., 2013, PASP, 125, 306
Foreman-Mackey D., Agol E., Angus R., Ambikasaran S., 2017, AJ, 154, 220
Forveille T. et al., 2009, A&A, 493, 645
Fulton B. J., Petigura E. A., Blunt S., Sinukoff E., 2018, PASP, 130, 044504
Gaia Collaboration et al., 2016, A&A, 595, A1
Gaia Collaboration et al., 2018, A&A, 616, A1
Gillon M. et al., 2017, Nature, 542, 456
Günther M. N. et al., 2019, Nat. Astron., tmp, 423
Haario H., Saksman E., Tamminen J., 2001, Bernoulli, 7, 223
Haario H., Laine M., Mira A., Saksman E., 2006, Stat. Comput., 16, 339
Hastings W. K., 1970, Biometrika, 57, 97
Hinse T. C., Christou A. A., Alvarellos J. L. A., Gozdziewski K., 2010, MNRAS, 404, 837
Hinse T. C., Haghighipour N., Kostov V. B., Gozdziewski K., 2015, ApJ, 799, 88
Houdebine E. R., Mullan D. J., Bercu B., Paletou F., Gebran M., 2017, ApJ, 837, 96
Jenkins J. S., Jones H. R. A., Pavlenko Y., Pinfield D. J., Barnes J. R., Lyubchik Y., 2008, A&A, 485, 571
Jenkins J. S. et al., 2009, MNRAS, 398, 911
Jenkins J. S. et al., 2011, A&A, 531, A8
Jenkins J. M. et al., 2016, Proc. SPIE, 9913, 99133E
Jenkins J. S. et al., 2017, MNRAS, 466, 443
Johnson J. A., Aller K. M., Howard A. W., Crepp J. R., 2010, PASP, 122, 905
Jontof-Hutter D. et al., 2016, ApJ, 820, 39
Kass R. E., Raftery A. E., 1995, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 430, 773
Kopparapu R. K., 2013, ApJ, 767, L8
Kreidberg L., 2015, PASP, 127, 1161
Laughlin G., Bodenheimer P., Adams F. C., 2004, ApJ, 612, L73
Lee M. H., Peale S. J., Pfahl E., Ward W. R., 2007, Icarus, 190, 103
Libert A. S., Tsiganis K., 2009a, MNRAS, 400, 1373
Libert A. S., Tsiganis K., 2009b, A&A, 493, 677
Liddle A. R., 2007, MNRAS, 377, L74
Luque R. et al., 2019, A&A, 628A, 39
MacDonald M. G. et al., 2016, AJ, 152, 105
Mann A. W. et al., 2017, AJ, 153, 267
Mayor M. et al., 2009, A&A, 507, 487
Metropolis N., Rosenbluth A. W., Rosenbluth M. N., Teller A. H., Teller E., 1953, J. Chem. Phys., 21, 1087
Miles-Páez P. A., Zapatero Osorio M. R., Pallé E., Metchev S. A., 2019, MNRAS, 484, L38
Millholland S. et al., 2018, AJ, 155, 106
Montes D. et al., 2018, MNRAS, 479, 1332
Moran S. E., Hörst S. M., Batalha N. E., Lewis N. K., Wakeford H. R., 2018, AJ, 156, 252
Muirhead P. S. et al., 2015, ApJ, 801, 18
Muirhead P. S., Dressing C. D., Mann A. W., Rojas-Ayala B., Lépine S., Paegert M., De Lee N., Oelkers R., 2018, AJ, 155, 180
Neves V., Bonfils X., Santos N. C., Delfosse X., Forveille T., Allard F., Udry S., 2014, A&A, 568, A121
Perryman M. A. C. et al., 1997, A&A, 323, L49
Pojmanski G., 1997, Acta Astron., 47, 467
Rein H., Liu S.-F., 2012, A&A, 537, A128
Rein H., Tamayo D., 2015, MNRAS, 452, 376
Ribas I. et al., 2018, Nature, 563, 365
Ricker G. R. et al., 2015, J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst., 1, 014003
Rojas-Ayala B., Covey K. R., Muirhead P. S., Lloyd J. P., 2010, ApJ, 720, L113
Savitzky A., Golay M. J. E., 1964, Analytical Chem., 36, 1627
Schlaufman K. C., Laughlin G., 2010, A&A, 519, A105
Schöfer P. et al., 2019, A&A, 623, A44
Sousa S. G., Santos N. C., Israelian G., Mayor M., Udry S., 2011, A&A, 533, A141
Stassun K. G. et al., 2018, AJ, 156, 102
Steffen J. H. et al., 2013, MNRAS, 428, 1077
Tremaine S., Dong S., 2012, AJ, 143, 94
Tuomi M., 2011, A&A, 528, L5
Tuomi M., Jones H. R. A., Barnes J. R., Anglada-Escudé G., Jenkins J. S., 2014, MNRAS, 441, 1545
Tuomi M., Jones H. R. A., Barnes J. R., Anglada-Escudé G., Butler R. P., Kiraga M., Vogt S. S., 2018, AJ, 155, 192
Tuomi M. et al., 2019, preprint (arxiv:1906.04644)
Winn J. N., 2010, in Seager S., ed., Exoplanets. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, p. 55
Zechmeister M., Kürster M., 2009, A&A, 496, 577
Zechmeister M., Kürster M., Endl M., 2009, A&A, 505, 859