Planets and satellites: fundamental parameters; Planets and satellites: individual: AU Mic b and c; Debris disk; Follow up; Large amplitude; Neptune; Planet and satellite: individual: AU mic b and c; Planetary system; Planets and satellites: individual; Timing variations; Transit timing; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science; astro-ph.EP
Abstract :
[en] Here we report large-amplitude transit timing variations (TTVs) for AU Microcopii b and c as detected in combined TESS (2018, 2020) and CHEOPS (2020, 2021) transit observations. AU Mic is a young planetary system with a debris disk and two transiting warm Neptunes. A TTV on the order of several minutes was previously reported for AU Mic b, which was suggested to be an outcome of mutual perturbations between the planets in the system. In 2021, we observed AU Mic b (five transits) and c (three transits) with the CHEOPS space telescope to follow-up the TTV of AU Mic b and possibly detect a TTV for AU Mic c. When analyzing TESS and CHEOPS 2020a 2021 measurements together, we find that a prominent TTV emerges with a full span of a ¥23 min between the two TTV extrema. Assuming that the period change results from a periodic process a such as mutual perturbationsa we demonstrate that the times of transits in the summer of 2022 are expected to be 30a 85 min later than predicted by the available linear ephemeris.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Szabó, Gy M.; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary ; MTA-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary
Garai, Z.; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary ; MTA-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary ; Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
Brandeker, A.; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Gandolfi, D.; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita Degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Wilson, T.G.; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Deline, A.; Observatoire Astronomique de la Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Olofsson, G.; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Fortier, A.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, Bern, Switzerland
Queloz, D.; Observatoire Astronomique de la Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Borsato, L.; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Kiefer, F.; Institut Da Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095 CNRS, Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
Lecavelier Des Etangs, A.; Institut Da Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095 CNRS, Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
Lendl, Monika ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Origines Cosmologiques et Astrophysiques (OrCa) ; Observatoire Astronomique de la Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Serrano, L.M.; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita Degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Sulis, S.; Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Ulmer Moll, S.; Observatoire Astronomique de la Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Alibert, Y.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Alonso, R.; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Anglada, G.; Institut de Ciencies de la Espai (ICE CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut da Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Bárczy, T.; ADMATIS, Miskolc, Hungary
Barrado Y Navascues, D.; Depto. de Astrofisica Centro de Astrobiologia (CSIC-INTA), ESAC Campus, Madrid, Spain
Barros, S.C.C.; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias Do Espaco, Universidade Do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Baumjohann, W.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Beck, M.; Observatoire Astronomique de la Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Beck, T.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Benz, W.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, Bern, Switzerland
Billot, N.; Observatoire Astronomique de la Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Bonfanti, Andrea ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Bonfils, X.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
Broeg, C.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, Bern, Switzerland
Cabrera, J.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Charnoz, S.; Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
Collier Cameron, A.; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Csizmadia, Sz.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Davies, M.B.; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, Sweden
Deleuil, M.; Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Demangeon, O.; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias Do Espaco, Universidade Do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Demory, B.-O.; Center for Space and Habitability, Bern, Switzerland
Ehrenreich, D.; Observatoire Astronomique de la Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Erikson, A.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Fossati, L.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Fridlund, M.; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Space Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Güdel, M.; University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Vienna, Austria
Heng, K.; Center for Space and Habitability, Bern, Switzerland ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Hoyer, S.; Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Isaak, K.G.; Science and Operations Department AScience Division (SCI-SC), Directorate of Science, European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Kiss, L.L.; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Thege, Budapest, Hungary ; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Pázmány Péter, Budapest, Hungary
Laskar, J.; IMCCE, UMR 8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ. Sorbonne Univ., Paris, France
Lovis, C.; Observatoire Astronomique de la Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Magrin, D.; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Maxted, P.F.L.; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Mecina, M.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Nascimbeni, V.; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Ottensamer, R.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Pagano, I.; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Pallé, E.; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
Peter, G.; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Piotto, G.; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia A Galileo Galileia, Universita Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Pollacco, D.; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Ragazzoni, R.; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia A Galileo Galileia, Universita Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Rando, N.; ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands
Rauer, H.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany ; Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ribas, I.; Institut de Ciencies de la Espai (ICE CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut da Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Santos, N.C.; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias Do Espaco, Universidade Do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Sarajlic, M.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Scandariato, G.; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Ségransan, D.; Observatoire Astronomique de la Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Simon, A.E.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Smith, A.M.S.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Sousa, S.G.; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias Do Espaco, Universidade Do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Steller, M.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Thomas, N.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Udry, S.; Observatoire Astronomique de la Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Verrecchia, F.; Space Science Data Center, ASI, Roma, Italy ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
Walton, N.; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Wolter, D.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Acknowledgements. CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. Gy.M.Sz. and Z.G. acknowledge the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No.4000137122 between the ELTE Eötvös Loránd University and the European Space Agency (ESA-D/SCI-LE-2021-0025), the Lendület LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombat-hely. Z.G. was supported by the VEGA grant of the Slovak Academy of Sciences No. 2/0031/22 and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency – the contract No. APVV-20-0148. A.Br. was supported by the SNSA. D.G. and L.M.S. gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Cassa di Risparmio di Torino (CRT) foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 “Gaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds”. A.C.C. and T.W. acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/M001296/1. A.De. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project Four Aces, grant agreement No. 724427), and from the National Centre for Competence in Research “PlanetS” supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (P.I. Queloz, grant number 327127). M.L. acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. G.Sc., G.Pi., I.Pa., L.Bo., R.Ra., and V.Na. and R.Ra. acknowledge the funding support from Italian Space Agency (ASI) regulated by “Accordo ASI-INAF n. 2013-016-R.0 del 9 luglio 2013 e integrazione del 9 luglio 2015 CHEOPS Fasi A/B/C”. V.V.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Research Associate. Y.A. and M.J.H. acknowledge the support of the Swiss National Fund under grant 200020_172746. We acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund through grants ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R, PGC2018-098153-B-C33, PGC2018-098153-BC31, ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R, MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu-Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), as well as the support of the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. The MOC activities have been supported by the ESA contract No. 4000124370. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. X.B., S.C., D.G., M.F. and J.L. acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS science team members. This project was supported by the CNES. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Liège through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. This work was supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacão by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019, UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113, PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953, PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987, O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B.-O.D. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (PP00P2-190080). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project Four Aces grant agreement No 724427). It has also been carried out in the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). D.E. acknowledges financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. L.D. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral Researcher. M.F. and C.M.P. gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. S.H. gratefully acknowledges CNES funding through the grant 837319. K.G.I. is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this Letter have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d’Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. P.M. acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/M001040/1. Acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund through grant PGC2018-098153-B-C33, as well as the support of the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. S.G.S. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC).
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