[en] Parvipelvia is a major clade of ichthyosaurians that diversified during the Triassic-Jurassic transition. The interrelationships of early parvipelvians remain unclear and many genera are loosely diagnosed, such as Temnodontosaurus, an ecologically important genus from the Early Jurassic of Western Europe. One taxon concentrates many taxonomic issues: ‘Ichthyosaurus’ acutirostris was previously assigned to Temnodontosaurus and for which ‘Ichthyosaurus’ zetlandicus represents a junior synonym. We redescribe the holotype of ‘Ichthyosaurus’ zetlandicus (CAMSM J35176) and a new specimen probably attributable to this taxon (MNHNL TU885) from the Toarcian of Luxembourg. We find that Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. is a valid species that should be referred to the genus Temnodontosaurus, sharing a number of traits with Temnodontosaurus nuertingensis and Temnodontosaurus trigonodon, despite having a distinct cranial architecture. Our phylogenetic analyses under both implied weighting maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference recover T. zetlandicus as closely related to several species currently assigned to Temnodontosaurus. Species included in Temnodontosaurus form a polyphyletic yet well-clustered group among basal neoichthyosaurians, demonstrating that the monophyly of this genus needs to be thoroughly investigated.
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
Bapst DW. 2012. Paleotree: an R package for paleontological and phylogenetic analyses of evolution. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3: 803-807.
Bardet N. 1992. Stratigraphic evidence for the extinction of the ichthyosaurs. Terra Nova 4: 649-656.
Bell MA, Lloyd GT. 2015. strap: an R package for plotting phylogenies against stratigraphy and assessing their stratigraphic congruence. Palaeontology 58: 379-389.
Benton MJ, Spencer PS. 1995. Fossil reptiles of Great Britain. Volume 10. London: Chapman & Hall, pp XII, 386. Archives of Natural History 23: 150-151.
Benton MJ, Taylor MA. 1984. Marine reptiles from the Upper Lias (Lower Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) of the Yorkshire coast. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 44: 399-429.
Bindellini G, Wolniewicz AS, Miedema F, Scheyer TM, Dal Sasso C. 2021. Cranial anatomy of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Italy/Switzerland: taxonomic and palaeobiological implications. PeerJ 9: e11179.
Blainville HMD. 1835. Description de quelques espèces de reptiles de la Californie: précédée de l'analyse d'un système général d'erpétologie et d'amphibiologie. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 4: 233-296.
Böttcher R. 1989. Über die Nahrung eines Leptopterygius (Ichthyosauria, Reptilia) aus dem süddeutschen Posidonienschiefer (Unterer Jura) mit Bemerkungen über den Magen der Ichthyosaurier. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 155: 1-19.
Caine H, Benton MJ. 2011. Ichthyosauria from the Upper Lias of Strawberry Bank, England. Palaeontology 54: 1069-1093.
Chapman SD, Doyle AM. 2002. An initial investigation into the acquisition and conservation history of the fossil marine reptile Stenopterygius acutirostris (Owen) from the Upper Liassic near Whitby, Yorkshire, England.
Dick DG, Maxwell EE. 2015. The evolution and extinction of the ichthyosaurs from the perspective of quantitative ecospace modelling. Biology Letters 11: 20150339.
Fernández M. 1994. A new long-snouted ichthyosaur from the Early Bajocian of Neuquén basin (Argentina). Ameghiniana 31: 291-297.
Fernández M, Archuby F, Talevi M, Ebner R. 2005. Ichthyosaurian eyes: paleobiological information content in the sclerotic ring of Caypullisaurus (Ichthyosauria, Ophthalmosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 330-337.
Fischer V. 2016. Taxonomy of Platypterygius campylodon and the diversity of the last ichthyosaurs. PeerJ 4: 1-21.
Fischer V, Appleby RM, Naish D, Liston J, Riding JB, Brindley S, Godefroit P. 2013. A basal thunnosaurian from Iraq reveals disparate phylogenetic origins for Cretaceous ichthyosaurs. Biology Letters 9: 1-6.
Fischer V, Arkhangelsky MS, Uspensky GN, Stenshin IM, Godefroit P. 2013. A new Lower Cretaceous ichthyosaur from Russia reveals skull shape conservatism within Ophthalmosaurinae. Geological Magazine 151: 60-70.
Fischer V, Bardet N, Benson RBJ, Arkhangelsky MS, Friedman M. 2016. Extinction of fish-shaped marine reptiles associated with reduced evolutionary rates and global environmental volatility. Nature Communications 7: 10825.
Fischer V, Benson RBJ, Zverkov NG, Soul LC, Arkhangelsky MS, Lambert O, Stenshin IM, Uspensky GN, Druckenmiller PS. 2017. Plasticity and convergence in the evolution of short-necked plesiosaurs. Current Biology 27: 1667-1676.
Fischer V, Cappetta H, Vincent P, Garcia G, Goolaerts S, Martin JE, Roggero D, Valentin X. 2014. Ichthyosaurs from the French Rhaetian indicate a severe turnover across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Naturwissenschaften 101: 1027-1040.
Fischer V, Maisch MW, Naish D, Kosma R, Liston J, Joger U, Krüger FJ, Pardo Pérez J, Tainsh J, Appleby RM. 2012. New ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs from the European Lower Cretaceous demonstrate extensive ichthyosaur survival across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. PLoS One 7: e29234.
Fischer V, Masure E, Arkhangelsky MSMS, Godefroit P. 2011. A new Barremian (Early Cretaceous) ichthyosaur from western Russia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31: 1010-1025.
Fischer V, Weis R, Thuy B. 2021. Refining the marine reptile turnover at the Early-Middle Jurassic transition. PeerJ 9: e10647.
Fraas EE. 1913. Ein unverdrückter Ichthyosaurus-Schädel. Jahreshefte des Vereins für Vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg 69: 1-12.
Godefroit P. 1993a. Les grands ichthyosaures sinémuriens d'Arlon. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Sciences de la Terre 63: 25-71.
Godefroit P. 1993b. The skull of Stenopterygius longifrons (Owen, 1881). Revue de Paléobiologie de Genève volume spécial 7: 67-84.
Godefroit P. 1994. Les reptiles marins du Toarcien (Jurassique inférieur) belgo-luxembourgeois. Mémoires pour Servir à l'Explication des Cartes Géologiques et Minières de la Belgique 39: 98.
Goloboff PA, Catalano SA. 2016. TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 32: 221-238.
Goloboff PA, Farris JS, Källersjö M, Oxelman B, Ramìrez MJ, Szumik CA. 2003. Improvements to resampling measures of group support. Cladistics 19: 324-332.
Goloboff PA, Farris JS, Nixon KC. 2008. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24: 774-786.
Goloboff PA, Torres A, Arias JS. 2018. Weighted parsimony outperforms other methods of phylogenetic inference under models appropriate for morphology. Cladistics 34: 407-437.
Hermoso M, Delsate D, Baudin F, Le Callonnec L, Minoletti F, Renard M, Faber A. 2014. Record of Early Toarcian carbon cycle perturbations in a nearshore environment: the Bascharage section (easternmost Paris Basin). Solid Earth 5: 793-804.
Hodges P, Simms M, Page K. 2004. 1. British Lower Jurassic stratigraphy: an introduction. Geological Conservation Review Series 30: 28-37.
von Huene F. 1922. Die Ichthyosaurier des Lias und ihre Zusammenhänge. In: Monographien zur Geologie und Paläontologie, 1. Berlin: Borntraeger.
von Huene F. 1931. Neue Ichthyosaurier aus Württemberg. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. Beilage. Abteilung B 65: 305-320.
Johnson MM, Young MT, Brusatte SL, Thuy B, Weis R. 2019. A catalogue of teleosauroids (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia) from the Toarcian and Bajocian (Jurassic) of southern Luxembourg. Historical Biology 31: 1179-1194.
Kelley NP, Pyenson ND. 2015. Evolutionary innovation and ecology in marine tetrapods from the Triassic to the Anthropocene. Science 348: aaa3716.
Lomax DR. 2016. A new leptonectid ichthyosaur from the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian) of Nottinghamshire, England, UK, and the taxonomic usefulness of the ichthyosaurian coracoid. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15: 387-401.
Lomax DR. 2019. Ichthyopterygia. In: Lord AR, Munt M, eds. Fossils from the Lias of the Yorkshire Coast. London: The Palaeontological Association, 317-331.
Lomax DR, Massare JA. 2016. Two new species of Ichthyosaurus from the lowermost Jurassic (Hettangian) of Somerset, England. Papers in Palaeontology 3: 1-20.
Lomax DR, Massare JA. 2018. A second specimen of Protoichthyosaurus applebyi (Reptila: Ichthyosauria) and additional information on the genus and species. Paludicola 11: 164-178.
Lomax DR, Massare JA, Evans M. 2020. New information on the skull roof of Protoichthyosaurus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) and intraspecific variation in some dermal skull elements. Geological Magazine 157: 640-650.
Lomax DR, Porro LB, Larkin NR. 2019. Descriptive anatomy of the largest known specimen of Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) including computed tomography and digital reconstruction of a three-dimensional skull. PeerJ 7: e6112.
Lydekker R. 1889. Palaeozoology: Vertebrata. In: A manual of palaeontology for the use of students with a general introduction on the principles of palaeontology, 3rd edn. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 889-1464.
Maisch MW. 1997. A case against a diapsid origin of the Ichthyosauria. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 205: 111-127.
Maisch MW. 1998a. A new ichthyosaur genus from the Posidonia Shale (Lower Toarcian, Jurassic) of Holzmaden, SW-Germany with comments on the phylogeny of post-Triassic ichthyosaurs. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 209: 47-78.
Maisch MW. 1998b. Short review of the ichthyosaurs of the Posidonienschiefer with remarks on the taxonomy of the Stenopterygiidae and Temnodontosauridae. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 209: 401-431.
Maisch MW. 2001. Neue Exemplare der seltenen Ichthyosaurier Gattung Suevoleviathan Maisch 1998 aus dem Unteren Jura von Südwestdeutschland. Geologica et Palaeontologica 35: 145-160.
Maisch MW. 2002. A braincase of Temnodontosaurus cf. trigonodon (von Theodori, 1843) (Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Jurassic of Germany. Geologica et Palaeontologica 36: 115-122.
Maisch MW. 2008. Revision der Gattung Stenopterygius Jaekel, 1904 emend. von Huene, 1922 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) aus dem unteren Jura Westeuropas. Palaeodiversity 1: 227-271.
Maisch M. 2010. Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria-the state of the art. Palaeodiversity 3: 151-214.
Maisch MW, Hungerbühler A. 1997. Revision of Temnodontosaurus nuertingensis (v. Huene, 1931), a large ichthyosaur from the Lower Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) of Nürtingen, South Western Germany. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 248: 1-11.
Maisch MW, Hungerbühler A. 2001. New evidence for a discrete supratemporal bone in the Jurassic Ichthyosaur Temnodontosaurus. Historical Biology 15: 335-345.
Maisch MW, Mazke AT. 1997. Mikadocephalus gracilirostris n. gen., n. sp., a new ichthyosaur from the Grenzbitumenzone (Anisian-Ladinian) of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 71: 267-289.
Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkude, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 298: 1-159.
Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2003. The cranial osteology of the ichthyosaur Leptonectes tenuirostris from the Lower Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 116-127.
Marek RD, Moon BC, Williams M, Benton MJ. 2015. The skull and endocranium of a Lower Jurassic ichthyosaur based on digital reconstructions. Palaeontology 58: 723-742.
Martin JE, Fischer V, Vincent P, Suan G. 2012. A longirostrine Temnodontosaurus (Ichthyosauria) with comments on Early Jurassic ichthyosaur niche partitioning and disparity. Palaeontology 55: 995-1005.
Martin JE, Vincent P, Suan G, Sharpe T, Hodges P, Williams M, Howells C, Fischer V. 2015. A mysterious giant ichthyosaur from the lowermost Jurassic of Wales. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60: 837-842.
Massare JA. 1997. Faunas, behavior, and evolution. In: Callaway JM, Nicholls EL, eds. Ancient marine reptiles. San Diego: Academic Press, 401-421.
Massare JA, Lomax DR. 2016. A new specimen of Ichthyosaurus conybeari (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from Watchet, Somerset, England, U.K., and a re-examination of the species. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36: 5.
Massare JA, Wahl WR, Lomax DR. 2021. Narial structures in Ichthyosaurus and other Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs as precursors to a completely subdivided naris. Paludicola 13: 128-139.
Maxwell EE. 2012. New metrics to differentiate species of Stenopterygius (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern Germany. Journal of Paleontology 86: 105-115.
Maxwell EE. 2018. Redescription of the lost holotype of Suevoleviathan integer (Bronn, 1844) (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e1439833: 1-6.
Maxwell EE, Cortés D. 2020. A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica 23: a31.
Maxwell EE, Cortés D, Patarroyo P, Ruge MLP. 2019. A new specimen of Platypterygius sachicarum (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the Early Cretaceous of Colombia and its phylogenetic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39: 1-12.
Maxwell EE, Fernández MS, Schoch RR. 2012. First diagnostic marine reptile remains from the Aalenian (Middle Jurassic): a new ichthyosaur from southwestern Germany. PLoS One 7: e41692.
McCurry MR, Fitzgerald EMG, Evans AR, Adams JW, Mchenry CR. 2017. Skull shape reflects prey size niche in toothed whales. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 121: 936-946.
McGowan C. 1973. The cranial morphology of the Lower Liassic latipinnate ichthyosaurs of England. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 1-109.
McGowan C. 1974. A revision of the longipinnate ichthyosaurs of the Lower Jurassic of England, with description of the new species (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria). Life Science Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum 97: 1-37.
McGowan C. 1989. Leptopterygius tenuirostris and other long-snouted ichthyosaurs from the English Lower Lias. Palaeontology 32: 409-427.
McGowan C. 1994. Temnodontosaurus risor is a juvenile of T. platyodon (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 472-479.
McGowan C. 1996a. Giant ichthyosaurs of the Early Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33: 1011-1021.
McGowan C. 1996b. The taxonomic status of Leptopterygius Huene, 1922 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33: 439-443.
McGowan C. 1997. A transitional ichthyosaur fauna. In: Callaway JM, Nicholls EL, eds. Ancient marine reptiles. San Diego: Academic Press, 61-80.
McGowan C, Motani R. 2003. Ichthyopterygia. Handbook of paleoherpetology. Part 8. Munich: Friedrich Pfeil.
Miedema F, Maxwell EE. 2019. Ontogeny of the braincase in Stenopterygius (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Jurassic of Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39: e1675164.
Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T. 2010. Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: 2010 Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE). New Orleans, LA, USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1-8. doi:10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
Moon BC. 2017. A new phylogeny of ichthyosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17: 129-155.
Moon BC, Kirton AM. 2016. Ichthyosaurs of the British Middle and Upper Jurassic Part 1, Ophthalmosaurus. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society 170: 1-84.
Motani R. 1999a. On the evolution and homologies of ichthyosaurian forefins. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 28-41.
Motani R. 1999b. Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 473-496.
Motani R. 2005. Evolution of fish-shaped reptiles (Reptilia: Ichtyopterygia) in their physical environments and constraints. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33: 395-420.
Motani R, Jiang D, Tintori A, Ji C, Huang J. 2017. Preversus post-mass extinction divergence of Mesozoic marine reptiles dictated by time-scale dependence of evolutionary rates. Proceedings of the Royal Society series B 284: 20170241.
Owen R. 1865-1881. A monograph of the fossil Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, part third: Plesiosaurus, Dimorphodon, and Ichthyosaurus. London: Monographs of the Palæontographical Society, 12-130.
Paradis E, Claude J, Strimmer K. 2004. APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics 20: 289-290.
Pardo-Pérez JM, Kear BP, Mallison H, Gómez M, Moroni M, Maxwell EE. 2018. Pathological survey on Temnodontosaurus from the Early Jurassic of southern Germany. PLoS One 13: e0204951.
Pol D, Escapa IH. 2009. Unstable taxa in cladistic analysis: identification and the assessment of relevant characters. Cladistics 25: 515-527.
Powell J. 2010. Jurassic sedimentation in the Cleveland Basin: a review. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 58: 21-72.
Ronquist F, Klopfstein S, Vilhelmsen L, Schulmeister S, Murray DL, Rasnitsyn AP. 2012. A total-evidence approach to dating with fossils, applied to the early radiation of the hymenoptera. Systematic Biology 61: 973-999.
Sander PM. 2000. Ichthyosauria: their diversity, distribution, and phylogeny. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 7: 1-35.
Seeley HG. 1880. On the skull of an Ichthyosaurus from the Lias of Whitby, apparently indicating a new species (I. zetlandicus, Seeley), preserved in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 36: 635-647.
Smith MR. 2019. Bayesian and parsimony approaches reconstruct informative trees from simulated morphological datasets. Biology Letters 15: 20180632.
Streitz JC. 1983. Auf Fossiliensuche in Luxemburg. Entstehung und Beschreibung einer bemerkenswerten Privatsammlung. Luxembourg: Imprimerie Saint-Paul.
Swaby EJ, Lomax DR. 2020. A revision of Temnodontosaurus crassimanus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) of Whitby, Yorkshire, UK. Historical Biology 33: 2715-2731.
Templeton AR. 1983. Phylogenetic inference from restriction endonuclease cleavage site maps with particular reference to the evolution of humans and the apes. Evolution 37: 221-244.
Theodori C. 1843. Über einen kolossalen Ichthyosaurus trigonodon. Gelehrte Anzeigen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, München 16: 906-911.
Thorne PM, Ruta M, Benton MJ. 2011. Resetting the evolution of marine reptiles at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108: 8339-8344.
Vincent P, Taquet P, Fischer V, Bardet N, Falconnet J, Godefroit P. 2014. Mary Anning's legacy to French vertebrate palaeontology. Geological Magazine 151: 7-20.
Vincent P, Weiss R, Kronz G, Delsate D. 2017. Microcleidus melusinae, a new plesiosaurian (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Toarcian of Luxembourg. Geological Magazine 156: 99-116.
Zverkov N, Jacobs M. 2020. Revision of Nannopterygius (Ichthyosauria: Ophthalmosauridae): reappraisal of the 'inaccessible' holotype resolves a taxonomic tangle and reveals an obscure ophthalmosaurid lineage with a wide distribution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 228-275.
Similar publications
Sorry the service is unavailable at the moment. Please try again later.
This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Read more
Save & Close
Accept all
Decline all
Show detailsHide details
Cookie declaration
About cookies
Strictly necessary
Performance
Strictly necessary cookies allow core website functionality such as user login and account management. The website cannot be used properly without strictly necessary cookies.
This cookie is used by Cookie-Script.com service to remember visitor cookie consent preferences. It is necessary for Cookie-Script.com cookie banner to work properly.
Performance cookies are used to see how visitors use the website, eg. analytics cookies. Those cookies cannot be used to directly identify a certain visitor.
Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites that you visit. Websites use cookies to help users navigate efficiently and perform certain functions. Cookies that are required for the website to operate properly are allowed to be set without your permission. All other cookies need to be approved before they can be set in the browser.
You can change your consent to cookie usage at any time on our Privacy Policy page.
