Land use; Microfibre; River; Sediment; Surface water; Pollution; Waste Management and Disposal; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Engineering
Abstract :
[en] The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) was investigated in the Arvand River (Iran). The Arvand River (200 Km) is a major water body that flows through land with diverse use and it meets the Persian Gulf. This study constitutes the first assessment of MP pollution in the Arvand river. MP monitoring has been carried out in 24 stations located along the river. The MP pollution found ranged between 1 and 291 items·L-1 and 70 to 15,620 items·Kg-1 (dw), in water and sediment, respectively. The majority of MPs were fibers, black/Gy and yellow/orange in color, and mainly 250-500 μm and >1000 μm in size. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), nylon (NYL), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polystyrene (PS) were found in sediment samples. All these polymers, except HDPE, were also identified in the water samples. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) were dominant in the water samples; whereas PET and polystyrene (PS) were the most abundant in the sediments. The vicinity of urban wastewater effluents could be behind MP pollution in both water and sediments. Significant differences (p < 0.05) of MP concentrations were affected by different land uses when comparing MP levels in undisturbed natural area with urban areas. A strong correlation between MP fibers and fragments found with PCA biplots revealed their similar distribution in water. In the sediment samples, fiber and fragment MP particles were significantly correlated with colloidal particles (e.g., clay and organic matter) suggesting a relevant role of colloidal particles in the aquatic ecosystem of the Arvand River in transporting MPs. This study contributes to the better understanding of the presence of MP in major rivers, which are systems that have been scarcely investigated for this type of pollution, and it can inform interventions to reduce MP inputs to the river and sea.
Research Center/Unit :
FOCUS - Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch - ULiège STARESO
Soltani, Naghmeh; Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454 Shiraz, Iran. Electronic address: Naghmeh.soltani@shirazu.ac.ir
Keshavarzi, Behnam; Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454 Shiraz, Iran. Electronic address: BKeshavarzi@shirazu.ac.ir
Moore, Farid; Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454 Shiraz, Iran
Busquets, Rosa; School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
Nematollahi, Mohammad Javad; Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454 Shiraz, Iran
Javid, Reza; Khorramshahr Environmental Protection Office, Khorramshahr 6491846783, Iran, Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Oceanography, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
Gobert, Sylvie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS)
Language :
English
Title :
Effect of land use on microplastic pollution in a major boundary waterway: The Arvand River.
Alam, F.C., Sembiring, E., Muntalif, B.S., Suendo, V., Microplastic distribution in surface water and sediment river around slum and industrial area (case study: Ciwalengke River, majalaya district, Indonesia). Chemosphere 224 (2019), 637–645.
Allafta, H., Opp, C., Spatio-temporal variability and pollution sources identification of the surface sediments of Shatt Al-Arab River, Southern Iraq. Sci. Rep. 10 (2020), 1–16.
Anbumani, S., Kakkar, P., Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics on biota: a review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25 (2018), 14373–14396.
Andrady, A.L., Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62 (2011), 1596–1605.
Andrady, A.L., The plastic in microplastics: a review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 119 (2017), 12–22.
Araujo, C.F., Nolasco, M.M., Ribeiro, A.M.P., Ribeiro-Claro, P.J.A., Identification of microplastics using raman spectroscopy: latest developments and future prospects. Water Res. 142 (2018), 426–440.
Blackburn, K., Green, D., The potential effects of microplastics on human health: what is known and what is unknown. Ambio, 2021, 1–13.
Bringer, A., Le Floch, S., Kerstan, A., Thomas, H., Coastal ecosystem inventory with characterization and identification of plastic contamination and additives from aquaculture materials. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 167, 2021, 112286.
Browne, M.A., Crump, P., Niven, S.J., Teuten, E., Tonkin, A., Galloway, T., Thompson, R., Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: sources and sinks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (2011), 9175–9179.
Cai, L., Wang, J., Peng, J., Wu, Z., Tan, X., Observation of the degradation of three types of plastic pellets exposed to UV irradiation in three different environments. Sci. Total Environ. 628 (2018), 740–747.
Campanale, C., Massarelli, C., Savino, I., Locaputo, V., Uricchio, V.F., A detailed review study on potential effects of microplastics and additives of concern on human health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 2020, 1212.
Cao, L., Wu, D., Liu, P., Hu, W., Xu, L., Sun, Y., Wu, Q., Tian, K., Huang, B., Yoon, S.J., Occurrence, distribution and affecting factors of microplastics in agricultural soils along the lower reaches of Yangtze River, China. Sci. Total Environ., 794, 2021, 148694.
Caruso, G., Microplastics as vectors of contaminants. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 146 (2019), 921–924.
Cesa, F.S., Turra, A., Baruque-Ramos, J., Synthetic fibers as microplastics in the marine environment: a review from textile perspective with a focus on domestic washings. Sci. Total Environ. 598 (2017), 1116–1129.
Chauhan, J.S., Semwal, D., Nainwal, M., Badola, N., Thapliyal, P., Investigation of microplastic pollution in river alaknanda stretch of Uttarakhand. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 23 (2021), 16819–16833.
Chen, G., Fu, Z., Yang, H., Wang, J., An overview of analytical methods for detecting microplastics in the atmosphere. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 130, 2020, 115981, 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115981.
Chubarenko, I., Bagaev, A., Zobkov, M., Esiukova, E., On some physical and dynamical properties of microplastic particles in marine environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 108 (2016), 105–112.
Corcoran, P.L., Degradation of microplastics in the environment. Handb. Microplastics Environ, 2020, 1–12.
Corradini, F., Casado, F., Leiva, V., Huerta-Lwanga, E., Geissen, V., Microplastics occurrence and frequency in soils under different land uses on a regional scale. Sci. Total Environ., 752, 2021, 141917.
Cózar, A., Echevarría, F., González-Gordillo, J.I., Irigoien, X., Úbeda, B., Hernández-León, S., Palma, Á.T., Navarro, S., García-de-Lomas, J., Ruiz, A., Plastic debris in the open ocean. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111 (2014), 10239–10244.
Dai, Z., Zhang, H., Zhou, Q., Tian, Y., Chen, T., Tu, C., Fu, C., Luo, Y., Occurrence of microplastics in the water column and sediment in an inland sea affected by intensive anthropogenic activities. Environ. Pollut. 242 (2018), 1557–1565.
Defontaine, S., Sous, D., Tesan, J., Monperrus, M., Lenoble, V., Lanceleur, L., Microplastics in a salt-wedge estuary: vertical structure and tidal dynamics. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 160, 2020, 111688.
Dekiff, J.H., Remy, D., Klasmeier, J., Fries, E., Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in sediments from Norderney. Environ. Pollut. 186 (2014), 248–256.
Delacuvellerie, A., Benali, S., Cyriaque, V., Moins, S., Raquez, J.-M., Gobert, S., Wattiez, R., Microbial biofilm composition and polymer degradation of compostable and non-compostable plastics immersed in the marine environment. J. Hazard. Mater., 419, 2021, 126526.
Delacuvellerie, A., Géron, A., Gobert, S., Wattiez, R., New insights into the functioning and structure of the PE and PP plastispheres from the Mediterranean Sea. Environ. Pollut., 295, 2022, 118678, 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118678.
Deng, H., He, J., Feng, D., Zhao, Y., Sun, W., Yu, H., Ge, C., Microplastics pollution in mangrove ecosystems: a critical review of current knowledge and future directions. Sci. Total Environ., 753, 2021, 142041.
Di, M., Wang, J., Microplastics in surface waters and sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Sci. Total Environ. 616 (2018), 1620–1627.
Ding, L., Fan Mao, R., Guo, X., Yang, X., Zhang, Q., Yang, C., Microplastics in surface waters and sediments of the Wei River, in the northwest of China. Sci. Total Environ. 667 (2019), 427–434.
Ding, L., Zhang, S., Wang, X., Yang, X., Zhang, C., Qi, Y., Guo, X., The occurrence and distribution characteristics of microplastics in the agricultural soils of Shaanxi Province, in North-Western China. Sci. Total Environ., 720, 2020, 137525.
Dong, M., Luo, Z., Jiang, Q., Xing, X., Zhang, Q., Sun, Y., The rapid increases in microplastics in urban lake sediments. Sci. Rep. 10 (2020), 1–10.
Dong, Z., Zhu, L., Zhang, W., Huang, R., Lv, X., Jing, X., Yang, Z., Wang, J., Qiu, Y., Role of surface functionalities of nanoplastics on their transport in seawater-saturated sea sand. Environ. Pollut., 255, 2019, 113177.
Driedger, A.G.J., Dürr, H.H., Mitchell, K., Van Cappellen, P., Plastic debris in the laurentian Great Lakes: a review. J. Great Lakes Res. 41 (2015), 9–19.
Dris, R., Gasperi, J., Saad, M., Mirande, C., Tassin, B., Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: a source of microplastics in the environment?. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 104 (2016), 290–293.
Drummond, J.D., Schneidewind, U., Li, A., Hoellein, T.J., Krause, S., Packman, A.I., Microplastic accumulation in riverbed sediment via hyporheic exchange from headwaters to mainstems. Sci. Adv., 8, 2022, eabi9305.
Duis, K., Coors, A., Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects. Environ. Sci. Eur. 28 (2016), 1–25.
van Emmerik, T., Schwarz, A., Plastic debris in rivers. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water, 7, 2020, e1398.
Enders, K., Käppler, A., Biniasch, O., Feldens, P., Stollberg, N., Lange, X., Fischer, D., Eichhorn, K.-J., Pollehne, F., Oberbeckmann, S., Tracing microplastics in aquatic environments based on sediment analogies. Sci. Rep. 9 (2019), 1–15.
Erni-Cassola, G., Zadjelovic, V., Gibson, M.I., Christie-Oleza, J.A., Distribution of plastic polymer types in the marine environment; a meta-analysis. J. Hazard. Mater. 369 (2019), 691–698.
Fastelli, P., Blašković, A., Bernardi, G., Romeo, T., Čižmek, H., Andaloro, F., Russo, G.F., Guerranti, C., Renzi, M., Plastic litter in sediments from a marine area likely to become protected (Aeolian Archipelago's islands, Tyrrhenian sea). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 113 (2016), 526–529.
Fries, E., Dekiff, J.H., Willmeyer, J., Nuelle, M.-T., Ebert, M., Remy, D., Identification of polymer types and additives in marine microplastic particles using pyrolysis-GC/MS and scanning electron microscopy. Environ Sci Process Impacts 15 (2013), 1949–1956.
Gaj, N., Madramootoo, C.A., Structural response of non-perforated and perforated corrugated high-density polyethylene pipes under variable loading. Biosyst. Eng. 207 (2021), 120–140.
Gallagher, A., Rees, A., Rowe, R., Stevens, J., Wright, P., Microplastics in the solent estuarine complex, UK: an initial assessment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 102 (2016), 243–249.
Gee, G., Bauder, J., Particle-size analysis. Klute, A., (eds.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 1986, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Madison, WI, 383–411.
Girão, A.V., SEM/EDS and optical microscopy analysis of microplastics. Handb. Microplastics Environ, 2020, 1–22.
Gong, J., Kong, T., Li, Y., Li, Q., Li, Z., Zhang, J., Biodegradation of microplastic derived from poly (ethylene terephthalate) with bacterial whole-cell biocatalysts. Polymers (Basel), 10, 2018, 1326.
Green, B.C., Johnson, C.L.E., Characterisation of microplastic contamination in sediment of England's inshore waters. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 151, 2020, 110788.
Guerranti, C., Martellini, T., Perra, G., Scopetani, C., Cincinelli, A., Microplastics in cosmetics: environmental issues and needs for global bans. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 68 (2019), 75–79.
Haghighi, A.T., Sadegh, M., Bhattacharjee, J., Sönmez, M.E., Noury, M., Yilmaz, N., Noori, R., Kløve, B., The impact of river regulation in the Tigris and Euphrates on the arvandroud estuary. Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ. 44 (2020), 948–970.
Hamdan, A.N., Simulation of salinity intrusion from Arabian gulf to Shatt Al-Arab River. Basrah J. Eng. Sci. 16 (2016), 28–32.
He, B., Goonetilleke, A., Ayoko, G.A., Rintoul, L., Abundance, distribution patterns, and identification of microplastics in Brisbane River sediments, Australia. Sci. Total Environ., 700, 2020, 134467.
Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C., Thiel, M., Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (2012), 3060–3075.
Holland, E.R., Mallory, M.L., Shutler, D., Plastics and other anthropogenic debris in freshwater birds from Canada. Sci. Total Environ. 571 (2016), 251–258.
Horton, A.A., Walton, A., Spurgeon, D.J., Lahive, E., Svendsen, C., Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Sci. Total Environ. 586 (2017), 127–141.
Hosseini, M., Nabavi, S.M.B., Parsa, Y., Bioaccumulation of trace mercury in trophic levels of benthic, benthopelagic, pelagic fish species, and sea birds from Arvand River, Iran. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 156 (2013), 175–180.
Hou, J., Xu, X., Lan, L., Miao, L., Xu, Y., You, G., Liu, Z., Transport behavior of micro polyethylene particles in saturated quartz sand: impacts of input concentration and physicochemical factors. Environ. Pollut., 263, 2020, 114499.
Hu, L., Chernick, M., Hinton, D.E., Shi, H., Microplastics in small waterbodies and tadpoles from Yangtze River Delta, China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52 (2018), 8885–8893.
Huang, D., Li, X., Ouyang, Z., Zhao, X., Wu, R., Zhang, C., Lin, C., Li, Y., Guo, X., The occurrence and abundance of microplastics in surface water and sediment of the West River downstream, in the south of China. Sci. Total Environ., 756, 2021, 143857.
Isobe, A., Azuma, T., Cordova, M.R., Cózar, A., Galgani, F., Hagita, R., Kanhai, L.D., Imai, K., Iwasaki, S., Kako, S., A multilevel dataset of microplastic abundance in the world's upper ocean and the laurentian Great Lakes. Microplastics Nanoplastics 1 (2021), 1–14.
Issac, M.N., Kandasubramanian, B., Effect of microplastics in water and aquatic systems. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 2021, 1–19.
Jang, M., Shim, W.J., Cho, Y., Han, G.M., Song, Y.K., Hong, S.H., A close relationship between microplastic contamination and coastal area use pattern. Water Res., 171, 2020, 115400.
de Jesus Piñon-Colin, T., Rodriguez-Jimenez, R., Rogel-Hernandez, E., Alvarez-Andrade, A., Wakida, F.T., Microplastics in stormwater runoff in a semiarid region, Tijuana, Mexico. Sci. Total Environ., 704, 2020, 135411.
Jeyasanta, K.I., Patterson, J., Grimsditch, G., Edward, J.K.P., Occurrence and characteristics of microplastics in the coral reef, sea grass and near shore habitats of Rameswaram Island, India. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 160, 2020, 111674.
Kahr, G., Madsen, F.T., Determination of the cation exchange capacity and the surface area of bentonite, illite and kaolinite by methylene blue adsorption. Appl. Clay Sci. 9 (1995), 327–336.
Kaiser, D., Kowalski, N., Waniek, J.J., Effects of biofouling on the sinking behavior of microplastics. Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 2017, 124003.
Karami, A., Golieskardi, A., Choo, C.K., Romano, N., Ho, Y.Bin, Salamatinia, B., A high-performance protocol for extraction of microplastics in fish. Sci. Total Environ. 578 (2017), 485–494.
Kawecki, D., Nowack, B., A proxy-based approach to predict spatially resolved emissions of macro-and microplastic to the environment. Sci. Total Environ., 748, 2020, 141137.
Lambert, S., Wagner, M., Microplastics are contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater environments: an overview. Freshw. Microplastics, 2018, 1–23.
Lebreton, L.C.M., Van Der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J.-W., Slat, B., Andrady, A., Reisser, J., River plastic emissions to the world's oceans. Nat. Commun. 8 (2017), 1–10.
Lehtiniemi, M., Hartikainen, S., Näkki, P., Engström-Öst, J., Koistinen, A., Setälä, O., Size matters more than shape: ingestion of primary and secondary microplastics by small predators. Food Webs, 17, 2018, e00097.
Lenaker, P.L., Baldwin, A.K., Corsi, S.R., Mason, S.A., Reneau, P.C., Scott, J.W., Vertical distribution of microplastics in the water column and surficial sediment from the Milwaukee River basin to Lake Michigan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53 (2019), 12227–12237.
Li, M., He, L., Zhang, X., Rong, H., Tong, M., Different surface charged plastic particles have different cotransport behaviors with kaolinite☆ particles in porous media. Environ. Pollut., 267, 2020, 115534.
Li, M., Zhang, X., Yi, K., He, L., Han, P., Tong, M., Transport and deposition of microplastic particles in saturated porous media: co-effects of clay particles and natural organic matter. Environ. Pollut., 287, 2021, 117585, 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117585.
Lin, L., Zuo, L.-Z., Peng, J.-P., Cai, L.-Q., Fok, L., Yan, Y., Li, H.-X., Xu, X.-R., Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in an urban river: a case study in the Pearl River along Guangzhou City, China. Sci. Total Environ. 644 (2018), 375–381.
Liu, P., Zhan, X., Wu, X., Li, J., Wang, H., Gao, S., Effect of weathering on environmental behavior of microplastics: properties, sorption and potential risks. Chemosphere, 242, 2020, 125193.
Liu, S., Jian, M., Zhou, L., Li, W., Distribution and characteristics of microplastics in the sediments of Poyang Lake, China. Water Sci. Technol. 79 (2019), 1868–1877.
Liu, Y., You, J., Li, Y., Zhang, J., He, Y., Breider, F., Tao, S., Liu, W., Insights into the horizontal and vertical profiles of microplastics in a river emptying into the sea affected by intensive anthropogenic activities in northern China. Sci. Total Environ., 779, 2021, 146589.
Lynwood, C., Polystyrene: Synthesis, Characteristics, and Applications. 2014, Nova Publishers.
Maes, T., Van der Meulen, M.D., Devriese, L.I., Leslie, H.A., Huvet, A., Frère, L., Robbens, J., Vethaak, A.D., Microplastics baseline surveys at the water surface and in sediments of the north-East Atlantic. Front. Mar. Sci., 4, 2017, 135.
Mani, T., Hauk, A., Walter, U., Burkhardt-Holm, P., Microplastics profile along the Rhine River. Sci. Rep. 5 (2015), 1–7.
Martellini, T., Guerranti, C., Scopetani, C., Ugolini, A., Chelazzi, D., Cincinelli, A., A snapshot of microplastics in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 109 (2018), 173–179.
Mendes, A.M., Golden, N., Bermejo, R., Morrison, L., Distribution and abundance of microplastics in coastal sediments depends on grain size and distance from sources. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 172, 2021, 112802.
Meng, X., Zhang, J., Wang, W., Gonzalez-Gil, G., Vrouwenvelder, J.S., Li, Z., Effects of nano-and microplastics on kidney: physicochemical properties, bioaccumulation, oxidative stress and immunoreaction. Chemosphere, 288, 2022, 132631.
Miyazawa, M., Pavan, M.A., De Oliveira, E.L., Ionashiro, M., Silva, A.K., Gravimetric determination of soil organic matter. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 43 (2000), 475–478.
Nematollahi, M.J., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B., Vogt, R.D., Saravi, H.N., Busquets, R., Microplastic particles in sediments and waters, south of Caspian Sea: frequency, distribution, characteristics, and chemical composition. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 206, 2020, 111137.
Nematollahi, M.J., Keshavarzi, B., Mohit, F., Moore, F., Busquets, R., Microplastic occurrence in urban and industrial soils of Ahvaz metropolis: a city with a sustained record of air pollution. Sci. Total Environ., 819, 2021, 152051, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152051.
Nuelle, M.-T., Dekiff, J.H., Remy, D., Fries, E., A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments. Environ. Pollut. 184 (2014), 161–169.
O'Connor, J.D., Murphy, S., Lally, H.T., O'Connor, I., Nash, R., O'Sullivan, J., Bruen, M., Heerey, L., Koelmans, A.A., Cullagh, A., Microplastics in brown trout (Salmo trutta linnaeus, 1758) from an Irish riverine system. Environ. Pollut., 267, 2020, 115572.
Osborne, C., Hdpe solves alkylation sewer corrosion problem in refinery. CORROSION 2008, 2008, OnePetro.
Pan, Z., Guo, H., Chen, H., Wang, S., Sun, X., Zou, Q., Zhang, Y., Lin, H., Cai, S., Huang, J., Microplastics in the northwestern Pacific: abundance, distribution, and characteristics. Sci. Total Environ. 650 (2019), 1913–1922.
Pan, Z., Liu, Q., Sun, Y., Sun, X., Lin, H., Environmental implications of microplastic pollution in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 146 (2019), 215–224.
Pandey, D., Banerjee, T., Badola, N., Chauhan, J.S., Evidences of Microplastic in Air and Street Dust: A Case Study of Varanasi City, India. 2022.
Pannetier, P., Morin, B., Le Bihanic, F., Dubreil, L., Clérandeau, C., Chouvellon, F., Van Arkel, K., Danion, M., Cachot, J., Environmental samples of microplastics induce significant toxic effects in fish larvae. Environ. Int., 134, 2020, 105047.
Patiris, D.L., Tsabaris, C., Anagnostou, C.L., Androulakaki, E.G., Pappa, F.K., Eleftheriou, G., Sgouros, G., Activity concentration and spatial distribution of radionuclides in marine sediments close to the estuary of shatt al-Arab/Arvand Rud River, the Gulf. J. Environ. Radioact. 157 (2016), 1–15.
Peacock, A., Handbook of Polyethylene: Structures: Properties, and Applications. 2000, CRC press.
Piehl, S., Leibner, A., Löder, M.G.J., Dris, R., Bogner, C., Laforsch, C., Identification and quantification of macro-and microplastics on an agricultural farmland. Sci. Rep. 8 (2018), 1–9.
Pohl, F., Eggenhuisen, J.T., Kane, I.A., Clare, M.A., Transport and burial of microplastics in deep-marine sediments by turbidity currents. Environ. Sci. Technol. 54 (2020), 4180–4189.
Pozo, K., Gomez, V., Torres, M., Vera, L., Nuñez, D., Oyarzún, P., Mendoza, G., Clarke, B., Fossi, M.C., Baini, M., Presence and characterization of microplastics in fish of commercial importance from the Biobío region in Central Chile. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 140 (2019), 315–319.
Prata, J.C., da Costa, J.P., Girão, A.V., Lopes, I., Duarte, A.C., Rocha-Santos, T., Identifying a quick and efficient method of removing organic matter without damaging microplastic samples. Sci. Total Environ. 686 (2019), 131–139.
Qian, J., Tang, S., Wang, P., Lu, B., Li, K., Jin, W., He, X., From source to sink: review and prospects of microplastics in wetland ecosystems. Sci. Total Environ., 758, 2021, 143633.
Rahimi Moazampour, S., Nabavi, S.M.B., Mohammadi Roozbahani, M., Khodadadi, M., Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons and selected heavy metal (Pb, CO, V, Ni) concentration levels in surficial sediments of the Arvand River estuary and their impact on benthic macroinvertebrates assemblages. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 1–17, 2021.
Rahman, A., Sarkar, A., Yadav, O.P., Achari, G., Slobodnik, J., Potential human health risks due to environmental exposure to nano-and microplastics and knowledge gaps: a scoping review. Sci. Total Environ., 757, 2021, 143872.
Rodrigues, M.O., Abrantes, N., Gonçalves, F.J.M., Nogueira, H., Marques, J.C., Gonçalves, A.M.M., Spatial and temporal distribution of microplastics in water and sediments of a freshwater system (Antuã River, Portugal). Sci. Total Environ. 633 (2018), 1549–1559.
Ryan, J., Estefan, G., Rashid, A., Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory Manual. 2001, ICARDA.
Sagawa, N., Kawaai, K., Hinata, H., Abundance and size of microplastics in a coastal sea: comparison among bottom sediment, beach sediment, and surface water. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 133 (2018), 532–542.
Sam, S.T., Nuradibah, M.A., Ismail, H., Noriman, N.Z., Ragunathan, S., Recent advances in polyolefins/natural polymer blends used for packaging application. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 53 (2014), 631–644.
Scherer, C., Weber, A., Stock, F., Vurusic, S., Egerci, H., Kochleus, C., Arendt, N., Foeldi, C., Dierkes, G., Wagner, M., Comparative assessment of microplastics in water and sediment of a large European river. Sci. Total Environ., 738, 2020, 139866.
Sekudewicz, I., Dąbrowska, A.M., Syczewski, M.D., Microplastic pollution in surface water and sediments in the urban section of the Vistula River (Poland). Sci. Total Environ., 762, 2021, 143111.
Severini, M.D.F., Buzzi, N.S., López, A.D.F., Colombo, C.V., Sartor, G.L.C., Rimondino, G.N., Truchet, D.M., Chemical composition and abundance of microplastics in the muscle of commercial shrimp Pleoticus muelleri at an impacted coastal environment (Southwestern Atlantic). Mar. Pollut. Bull., 161, 2020, 111700.
Shruti, V.C., Jonathan, M.P., Rodriguez-Espinosa, P.F., Rodríguez-González, F., Microplastics in freshwater sediments of atoyac river basin, puebla city, Mexico. Sci. Total Environ. 654 (2019), 154–163.
Simon, M., Hartmann, N.B., Vollertsen, J., Accelerated weathering increases the release of toxic leachates from microplastic particles as demonstrated through altered toxicity to the green algae raphidocelis subcapitata. Toxics, 9, 2021, 185.
Sissakian, V., Abdul Ahad, A., Al-Ansari, N., Knutsson, S., Geomorphology, geology and tectonics of Jabal Sanam, southern Iraq. J. Earth Sci. Geotech. Eng. 7 (2017), 97–113.
Song, Y.K., Hong, S.H., Jang, M., Han, G.M., Jung, S.W., Shim, W.J., Combined effects of UV exposure duration and mechanical abrasion on microplastic fragmentation by polymer type. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51 (2017), 4368–4376.
Stolte, A., Forster, S., Gerdts, G., Schubert, H., Microplastic concentrations in beach sediments along the german Baltic coast. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 99 (2015), 216–229.
Strokal, M., Bai, Z., Franssen, W., Hofstra, N., Koelmans, A.A., Ludwig, F., Ma, L., van Puijenbroek, P., Spanier, J.E., Vermeulen, L.C., Urbanization: an increasing source of multiple pollutants to rivers in the 21st century. NPJ Urban Sustain. 1 (2021), 1–13.
Tibbetts, J., Krause, S., Lynch, I., Sambrook Smith, G.H., Abundance, distribution, and drivers of microplastic contamination in urban river environments. Water, 10, 2018, 1597.
Uheida, A., Mejía, H.G., Abdel-Rehim, M., Hamd, W., Dutta, J., Visible light photocatalytic degradation of polypropylene microplastics in a continuous water flow system. J. Hazard. Mater., 406, 2021, 124299.
Wagner, J., Wang, Z.-M., Ghosal, S., Rochman, C., Gassel, M., Wall, S., Novel method for the extraction and identification of microplastics in ocean trawl and fish gut matrices. Anal. Methods 9 (2017), 1479–1490.
Wagner, S., Klöckner, P., Stier, B., Römer, M., Seiwert, B., Reemtsma, T., Schmidt, C., Relationship between discharge and river plastic concentrations in a rural and an urban catchment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53 (2019), 10082–10091.
Wang, F., Wang, B., Duan, L., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Sui, Q., Xu, D., Qu, H., Yu, G., Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in domestic, industrial, agricultural and aquacultural wastewater sources: a case study in Changzhou, China. Water Res., 182, 2020, 115956.
Wang, J., Tan, Z., Peng, J., Qiu, Q., Li, M., The behaviors of microplastics in the marine environment. Mar. Environ. Res. 113 (2016), 7–17.
Wang, J., Peng, J., Tan, Z., Gao, Y., Zhan, Z., Chen, Q., Cai, L., Microplastics in the surface sediments from the Beijiang River littoral zone: composition, abundance, surface textures and interaction with heavy metals. Chemosphere 171 (2017), 248–258.
Wang, J., Wang, M., Ru, S., Liu, X., High levels of microplastic pollution in the sediments and benthic organisms of the South Yellow Sea, China. Sci. Total Environ. 651 (2019), 1661–1669.
Wang, Z., An, C., Chen, X., Lee, K., Zhang, B., Feng, Q., Disposable masks release microplastics to the aqueous environment with exacerbation by natural weathering. J. Hazard. Mater., 417, 2021, 126036.
Xu, P., Peng, G., Su, L., Gao, Y., Gao, L., Li, D., Microplastic risk assessment in surface waters: a case study in the Changjiang Estuary, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 133 (2018), 647–654.
Yan, M., Nie, H., Xu, K., He, Y., Hu, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, J., Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition in the Pearl River along Guangzhou city and Pearl River estuary, China. Chemosphere 217 (2019), 879–886.
Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Kang, S., Wang, Z., Wu, C., Microplastics in soil: a review on methods, occurrence, sources, and potential risk. Sci. Total Environ., 780, 2021, 146546, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146546.
Yu, Y., Mo, W.Y., Luukkonen, T., Adsorption behaviour and interaction of organic micropollutants with nano and microplastics–a review. Sci. Total Environ., 797, 2021, 149140, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149140.
Zahed, F., Etemad-Shahidi, A., Jabbari, E., Modeling of salinity intrusion under different hydrological conditions in the Arvand River Estuary. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 35 (2008), 1476–1480, 10.1139/L08-087.
Zhang, K., Gong, W., Lv, J., Xiong, X., Wu, C., Accumulation of floating microplastics behind the three gorges dam. Environ. Pollut. 204 (2015), 117–123.
Zhao, S., Zhu, L., Li, D., Microplastic in three urban estuaries, China. Environ. Pollut. 206 (2015), 597–604.
Zhou, Q., Zhang, H., Fu, C., Zhou, Y., Dai, Z., Li, Y., Tu, C., Luo, Y., The distribution and morphology of microplastics in coastal soils adjacent to the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Geoderma 322 (2018), 201–208.