Explaining Outcome Differences between Men and Women following Mild Traumatic Brain  Injury.

[en] Men and women differ in outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study, we previously found that women had worse 6-month functional outcome (Glasgow Outcome Score Extended [GOSE]), health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and mental health following mild TBI. The aim of this study was to investigate whether those differences were mediated by psychiatric history, gender-related sociodemographic variables, or by care pathways. We analyzed sex/gender differences in 6-month GOSE, generic and TBI-specific HRQoL, and post-concussion and mental health symptoms using three sets of mediators: psychiatric history, sociodemographic variables (living alone, living with children, education and employment status/job category), and care-pathways (referral to study hospital and discharge destination after emergency department); while controlling for a substantial number of potential confounders (pre-injury health and injury-related characteristics). We included 1842 men and 1022 women (16+) with a Glasgow Coma Score 13-15, among whom 83% had GOSE available and about 60% other 6-month outcomes. We used natural effects models to decompose the total effect of sex/gender on the outcomes into indirect effects that passed through the specified mediators and the remaining direct effects. In our study population, women had worse outcomes and these were only partly explained by psychiatric history, and not considerably explained by sociodemographic variables nor by care pathways. Factors other than differences in specified variables seem to underlie observed differences between men and women in outcomes after mild TBI. Future studies should explore more aspects of gender roles and identity and biological factors underpinning sex and gender differences in TBI outcomes.

Disciplines :

Sciences de la santé humaine: Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres

Auteur, co-auteur :

Mikolic, Ana; Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the

Groeniger, Joost Oude; Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the ; Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam,

Zeldovich, Marina; Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Georg-August-University,

Wilson, Lindsay; Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.

van Lennep, Jeanine Roeters; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam,

van Klaveren, David; Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, ; Predictive Analytics and Comparative Effectiveness Center, Institute for Clinical

Polinder, Suzanne; Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the

Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury

Autre collaborateur :

Åkerlund, Cecilia

Amrein, Krisztina

Andreassen, Lasse

Anke, Audny

Antoni, Anna

Audibert, Gérard

Azouvi, Philippe

Azzolini, Maria Luisa

Bartels, Ronald

Barzó, Pál

Plus d'auteurs (233 en +)

Langue du document :

Anglais

Titre :

Explaining Outcome Differences between Men and Women following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Date de publication/diffusion :

décembre 2021

Titre du périodique :

Journal of Neurotrauma

ISSN :

0897-7151

eISSN :

1557-9042

Volume/Tome :

Fascicule/Saison :

Pagination :

3315-3331

Peer reviewed :

Peer reviewed vérifié par ORBi

Disponible sur ORBi :

depuis le 25 mars 2022

Statistiques

Nombre de vues

481 (dont 2 ULiège)

Nombre de téléchargements

492 (dont 2 ULiège)

Voir plus de statistiques

citations Scopus^®

citations Scopus^®
sans auto-citations

OpenCitations

citations OpenAlex

Bibliographie

Maas, A.I.R., Menon, D.K., Adelson, P.D., Andelic, N., Bell, M.J., Belli, A., Bragge, P., Brazinova, A., Buki, A., Chesnut, R.M., Citerio, G., Coburn, M., Cooper, D.J., Crowder, A.T., Czeiter, E., Czosnyka, M., Diaz-Arrastia, R., Dreier, J.P., Duhaime, A.C., Ercole, A., van Essen, T.A., Feigin, V.L., Gao, G., Giacino, J., Gonzalez-Lara, L.E., Gruen, R.L., Gupta, D., Hartings, J.A., Hill, S., Jiang, J.Y., Ketharanathan, N., Kompanje, E.J.O., Lanyon, L., Laureys, S., Lecky, F., Levin, H., Lingsma, H.F., Maegele, M., Majdan, M., Manley, G., Marsteller, J., Mascia, L., McFadyen, C., Mondello, S., Newcombe, V., Palotie, A., Parizel, P.M., Peul, W., Piercy, J., Polinder, S., Puybasset, L., Rasmussen, T.E., Rossaint, R., Smielewski, P., Soderberg, J., Stanworth, S.J., Stein, M.B., von Steinbuchel, N., Stewart, W., Steyerberg, E.W., Stocchetti, N., Synnot, A., Te Ao, B., Tenovuo, O., Theadom, A., Tibboel, D., Videtta, W., Wang, K.K.W., Williams, W.H., Wilson, L., and Yaffe, K.; InTBIR Participants and Investigators. (2017). Lancet Neurol. 16, 987 1048.
Peeters, W., van den Brande, R., Polinder, S., Brazinova, A., Steyerberg, E.W., Lingsma, H.F., and Maas, A.I. (2015). Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Europe. Acta Neurochir. (Wien.) 157, 1683 1696.
Frost, R.B., Farrer, T.J., Primosch, M., and Hedges, D.W. (2013). Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in the general adult population: a metaanalysis. Neuroepidemiology 40, 154 159.
Chang, V.C., Ruseckaite, R., Collie, A., and Colantonio, A. (2014). Examining the epidemiology of work-related traumatic brain injury through a sex/gender lens: analysis of workers compensation claims in Victoria, Australia. Occup. Environ. Med. 71, 695 703.
Farace, E., and Alves, W.M. (2000). Do women fare worse: a metaanalysis of gender differences in traumatic brain injury outcome. J. Neurosurg. 93, 539 545.
Fausto-Sterling, A. (2012). Sex/Gender: Biology in a Social World. Taylor & Francis Group: Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, UK. 7. Gupte, R., Brooks, W., Vukas, R., Pierce, J., and Harris, J. (2019). Sex differences in traumatic brain injury: what we know and what we should know. J. Neurotrauma 36, 3063 3091.
Slewa-Younan, S., Baguley, I.J., Heriseanu, R., Cameron, I.D., Pitsiavas, V., Mudaliar, Y., and Nayyar, V. (2008). Do men and women differ in their course following traumatic brain injury? A preliminary prospective investigation of early outcome. Brain Inj. 22, 183 191.
Cancelliere, C., Donovan, J., and Cassidy, J.D. (2016). Is sex an indicator of prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic analysis of the findings of the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and the International Collaboration on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Prognosis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 97, S5 S18.
Bazarian, J.J., Blyth, B., Mookerjee, S., He, H., and McDermott, M.P. (2010). Sex differences in outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 27, 527 539.
Yue, J.K., Levin, H.S., Suen, C.G., Morrissey, M.R., Runyon, S.J., Winkler, E.A., Puffer, R.C., Deng, H., Robinson, C.K., Rick, J.W., Phelps, R.R.L., Sharma, S., Taylor, S.R., Vassar, M.J., Cnossen, M.C., Lingsma, H.F., Gardner, R.C., Temkin, N.R., Barber, J., Dikmen, S.S., Yuh, E.L., Mukherjee, P., Stein, M.B., Cage, T.A., Valadka, A.B., Okonkwo, D.O., and Manley, G.T. (2019). Age and sex-mediated differences in six-month outcomes after mild traumatic brain injury in young adults: a TRACK-TBI study. Neurological Res. 41, 609 623.
Levin, H.S., Temkin, N.R., Barber, J., Nelson, L.D., Robertson, C., Brennan, J., Stein, M.B., Yue, J.K., Giacino, J.T., McCrea, M.A., Diaz-Arrastia, R., Mukherjee, P., Okonkwo, D.O., Boase, K., Markowitz, A.J., Bodien, Y., Taylor, S., Vassar, M.J., Manley, G.T., TRACK-TBI Investigators, Adeoye, O., Badjatia, N., Bullock, M.R., Chesnut, R., Corrigan, J.D., Crawford, K., Dikmen, S., Duhaime, A.C., Ellenbogen, R., Feeser, V.R., Ferguson, A.R., Foreman, B., Gardner, R., Gaudette, E., Gonzalez, L., Gopinath, S., Gullapalli, R., Hemphill, J.C., Hotz, G., Jain, S., Keene, C.D., Korley, F.K., Kramer, J., Kreitzer, N., Lindsell, C., Machamer, J., Madden, C., Martin, A., McAllister, T., Merchant, R., Nolan, A., Ngwenya, L.B., Noel, F., Palacios, E., Puccio, A., Rabinowitz, M., Rosand, J., Sander, A., Satris, G., Schnyer, D., Seabury, S., Sun, X., Toga, A., Valadka, A.,Wang, K., Yuh, E., and Zafonte, R. (2021). Association of sex and age with mild traumatic brain injuryrelated symptoms: a TRACK-TBI Study. JAMA Netw. Open 4, e213046 e213046.
Mushkudiani, N.A., Engel, D.C., Steyerberg, E.W., Butcher, I., Lu, J., Marmarou, A., Slieker, F., McHugh, G.S., Murray, G.D., and Maas, A.I.R. (2007). Prognostic value of demographic characteristics in traumatic brain injury: results from The IMPACT Study. J. Neurotrauma 24, 259 269.
Mikolic , A., van Klaveren, D., Oude Groeniger, J., Wiegers, E.J.A., Lingsma, H.F., Zeldovich, M., von Steinbuechel, N., Maas, A.I.R., Roeters van Lennep, J.E., and Polinder, S. (2020). Differences between men and women in treatment and outcome after traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 38, 235 251.
Hartung, C.M., and Lefler, E.K. (2019). Sex and gender in psychopathology: DSM 5 and beyond. Psychol. Bull. 145, 390.
Riecher-Ro ssler, A. (2017). Sex and gender differences in mental disorders. Lancet Psychiatry 4, 8 9.
Steel, Z., Marnane, C., Iranpour, C., Chey, T., Jackson, J.W., Patel, V., and Silove, D. (2014). The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013. Int. J. Epidemiol. 43, 476 493.
Ponsford, J., Alway, Y., and Gould, K.R. (2018). Epidemiology and natural history of psychiatric disorders after TBI. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 30, 262 270
Spani, C.B., Braun, D.J., and Van Eldik, L.J. (2018). Sex-related responses after traumatic brain injury: Considerations for preclinical modeling. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 50, 52 66.
Poritz, J.M.P., Vos, L., Ngan, E., Leon-Novelo, L., and Sherer, M. (2019). Gender differences in employment and economic quality of life following traumatic brain injury. Rehabil. Psychol. 64, 65 71.
Corrigan, J.D., Lineberry, L.A., Komaroff, E., Langlois, J.A., Selassie, A.W., and Wood, K.D. (2007). Employment after traumatic brain injury: differences between men and women. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 88, 1400 1409.
Haag, H.L., Caringal, M., Sokoloff, S., Kontos, P., Yoshida, K., and Colantonio, A. (2016). Being a woman with acquired brain injury: challenges and implications for practice. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 97, S64 S70.
Malmusi, D., Vives, A., Benach, J., and Borrell, C. (2014). Gender inequalities in health: exploring the contribution of living conditions in the intersection of social class. Glob. Health Action 7, 23189.
Eurostat. (2018). The life of women and men in Europe: a statistical portrait- 2018 edition. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/ infographs/womenmen_2018 (Last accessed October 8, 2021).
Prause, W., Saletu, B., Tribl, G.G., Rieder, A., Rosenberger, A., Bolitschek, J., Holzinger, B., Kapfhammer, G., Katschnig, H., Kunze, M., Popovic, R., Graetzhofer, E., and Zeitlhofer, J. (2005). Effects of socio-demographic variables on health-related quality of life determined by the quality of life index German version. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 20, 359 365.
Kivits, J., Erpelding, M.L., and Guillemin, F. (2013). Social determinants of health-related quality of life. Rev. Epidemiol. Sante Publique 61 Suppl 3, S189 S194.
Lahana, E., Pappa, E., and Niakas, D. (2010). The impact of ethnicity, place of residence and socioeconomic status on health-related quality of life: results from a Greek health survey. Int. J. Public Health 55, 391 400.
Bale, T.L., and Epperson, C.N. (2015). Sex differences and stress across the lifespan. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 1413 1420.
Maas, A.I., Menon, D.K., Steyerberg, E.W., Citerio, G., Lecky, F., Manley, G.T., Hill, S., Legrand, V., Sorgner, A., Participants, C.-T., and Investigators (2015). Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI): a prospective longitudinal observational study. Neurosurgery 76, 67 80.
Steyerberg, E.W., Wiegers, E., Sewalt, C., Buki, A., Citerio, G., De Keyser, V., Ercole, A., Kunzmann, K., Lanyon, L., and Lecky, F. (2019). Case-mix, care pathways, and outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury in CENTER-TBI: a European prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 18, 923 934.
Wilson, J.T., Pettigrew, L.E., and Teasdale, G.M. (1998). Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: guidelines for their use. J. Neurotrauma 15, 573 585.
Kunzmann, K., Wernisch, L., Richardson, S., Steyerberg, E.W., Lingsma, H.F., Ercole, A., Maas, A., Menon, D., and Wilson, L. (2020). Imputation of ordinal outcomes: a comparison of approaches in traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 38, 455 463.
Ware, J., Jr., Kosinski, M., and Keller, S.D. (1996). A 12-item short-corm health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med. Care 34, 220 233.
von Steinbu chel, N., Wilson, L., Gibbons, H., Muehlan, H., Schmidt, H., Schmidt, S., Sasse, N., Koskinen, S., Sarajuuri, J., Ho fer, S., Bullinger, M., Maas, A., Neugebauer, E.A.M., Powell, J., Von Wild, K., Zitnay, G., Bakx, W., Christensen, A.L., Formisano, R., and Truelle, J. (2012). QOLIBRI Overall Scale: a brief index of health-related quality of life after traumatic brain injury. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 83, 1041 1047.
King, N.S., Crawford, S., Wenden, F.J., Moss, N.E., and Wade, D.T. (1995). The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: a measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability. J. Neurol. 242, 587 592.
Kroenke, K., and Spitzer, R.L. (2002). The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatric Ann. 32, 509 515.
Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J.B., and Lowe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch. Intern. Med. 166, 1092 1097.
Bovin, M.J., Marx, B.P., Weathers, F.W., Gallagher, M.W., Rodriguez, P., Schnurr, P.P., and Keane, T.M. (2016). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychol. Assess. 28, 1379 1391.
De Smedt, J., le Vrang, M., and Papantoniou, A. (2015). ESCO: Towards a Semantic Web for the European Labor Market. http://events.linkeddata .org/ldow2015/papers/ldow2015_paper_10.pdf (Last accessed October 9, 2021).
Steen, J., Loeys, T., Moerkerke, B., and Vansteelandt, S. (2017). Medflex: an R package for flexible mediation analysis using natural effect models. J. Statistical Software 76.
Steen, J., Loeys, T., Moerkerke, B., and Vansteelandt, S. (2017). Flexible mediation analysis with multiple mediators. Am. J. Epidemiol. 186, 184 193.
Buuren, S., and Groothuis-Oudshoorn, C. (2011). MICE: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R. J. Stat. Softw. 45.
Lumley, T., and Lumley, M.T. (2006). The mitools Package. University of Washington: Seattle, WA. 44. van der Naalt, J., Timmerman, M.E., de Koning, M.E., van der Horn, H.J., Scheenen, M.E., Jacobs, B., Hageman, G., Yilmaz, T., Roks, G., and Spikman, J.M. (2017). Early predictors of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury (UPFRONT): an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 16, 532 540.
Cnossen, M.C., van der Naalt, J., Spikman, J.M., Nieboer, D., Yue, J.K., Winkler, E.A., Manley, G.T., von Steinbuechel, N., Polinder, S., Steyerberg, E.W., and Lingsma, H.F. (2018). Prediction of persistent post-concussion symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 35, 2691 2698.
Scholten, A.C., Haagsma, J.A., Cnossen, M.C., Olff, M., van Beeck, E.F., and Polinder, S. (2016). Prevalence of and risk factors for anxiety and depressive disorders after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. J. Neurotrauma 33, 1969 1994.
Gulland, A. (2016). Women have higher rates of mental disorders than men, NHS survey finds. BMJ 354, i5320.
McManus, S., Bebbington, P.E., Jenkins, R., and Brugha, T. (2016). Mental health and wellbeing in England: the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014. http://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/556596/apms-2014-full-rpt.pdf (Last accessed October 14, 2021).
Krivkovich, A., Robinson, K., Starikova, I., Valentino, R., and Yee, L. (2017). Women in the workplace 2017. http://womenintheworkplace.com/ 2017#! (Last accessed October 9 2021).
Devillard, S., Hunt, V., and Yee, L. (2018). Still looking for room at the top: Ten years of research on women in the workplace. http://www .mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/Gender% 20Equality/Still%20looking%20for%20room%20at%20the%20top% 20Ten%20years%20of%20research%20on%20women%20in%20the% 20workplace/Still-looking-for-room-at-the-top.pdf (Last accessed October 14, 2021).
Salinas, P.C., and Bagni, C. (2017). Gender equality from a european perspective: myth and reality. Neuron 96, 721 729.
European Comission. (2019). Report on equality between women and men in the EU. http://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/aid_ developmentcooperation_fundamental_rights/annual_report_ge_ 2019_en.pdf (Last accessed October 9, 2021).
Stergiou-Kita, M., Mansfield, E., Sokoloff, S., and Colantonio, A. (2016). Gender influences on return to work after mild traumatic brain injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 97, S40 S45.
Mackenzie, C.R. (2014). It is hard for mums to put themselves first : how mothers diagnosed with breast cancer manage the sociological boundaries between paid work, family and caring for the self. Soc. Sci. Med. 117, 96 106.
Mollayeva, T., Bordignon, C., Ishtiaq, M., Colquhoun, H., D Souza, A., Archambault, P., Lewko, J., Quilico, E., and Colantonio, A. (2019). Knowledge of sex and gender and related information needs in patients with traumatic brain injury: in-depth interview study. Disability Rehabil. 1 11.
Seidler, Z.E., Dawes, A.J., Rice, S.M., Oliffe, J.L., and Dhillon, H.M. (2016). The role of masculinity in men s help-seeking for depression: a systematic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 49, 106 118.
Addis, M., and Mahalik, J. (2003). Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. Am. Psychol. 58, 5 14.
Schopp, L.H., Good, G.E., Barker, K.B., Mazurek, M.O., and Hathaway, S.L. (2006). Masculine role adherence and outcomes among men with traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 20, 1155 1162.
D Souza, A., Fabricius, A., Amodio, V., Colquhoun, H., Lewko, J., Haag, H., Quilico, E., Archambault, P., Colantonio, A., and Mollayeva, T. (2020). Men s gendered experiences of rehabilitation and recovery following traumatic brain injury: a reflexive thematic analysis. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 1 22.
Dolan, A. (2011). You can t ask for a Dubonnet and lemonade! : working class masculinity and men s health practices. Soc. Health Illness 33, 586 601.
del Pilar Sa nchez Lo pez, M., Cuellar Flores, I., and Dresch, V. (2012). The impact of gender roles on health. Women Health 52, 182 196.
Todorov, A., Kaufmann, F., Arslani, K., Haider, A., Bengs, S., Goliasch, G., Zellweger, N., Tontsch, J., Sutter, R., Buddeberg, B., Hollinger, A., Zemp, E., Kaufmann, M., Siegemund, M., Gebhard, C., Gebhard, C.E., and on behalf of the Swiss Society of Intensive Care, M. (2021). Gender differences in the provision of intensive care: a Bayesian approach. Intensive Care Med. 47, 577 587.
Larsson, E., Lindstro m, A.-C., Eriksson, M., and Oldner, A. (2019). Impact of gender on post-traumatic intensive care and outcomes. Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med. 27, 115.
Fowler, R.A., Sabur, N., Li, P., Juurlink, D.N., Pinto, R., Hladunewich, M.A., Adhikari, N.K., Sibbald, W.J., and Martin, C.M. (2007). Sex-and age-based differences in the delivery and outcomes of critical care. CMAJ 177, 1513 1519.
Volovici, V., Ercole, A., Citerio, G., Stocchetti, N., Haitsma, I.K., Huijben, J.A., Dirven, C.M.F., van der Jagt, M., Steyerberg, E.W., Nelson, D., Cnossen, M.C., Maas, A.I.R., Polinder, S., Menon, D.K., and Lingsma, H.F. (2019). Intensive care admission criteria for traumatic brain injury patients across Europe. J. Crit. Care 49, 158 161.
Bonow, R.H., Quistberg, A., Rivara, F.P., and Vavilala, M.S. (2019). Intensive care unit admission patterns for mild traumatic brain injury in the USA. Neurocrit. Care 30, 157 170.
Ratcliff, J.J., Adeoye, O., Lindsell, C.J., Hart, K.W., Pancioli, A., McMullan, J.T., Yue, J.K., Nishijima, D.K., Gordon, W.A., Valadka, A.B., Okonkwo, D.O., Lingsma, H.F., Maas, A.I., Manley, G.T., and investigators, T.-T. (2014). ED disposition of the Glasgow Coma Scale 13 to 15 traumatic brain injury patient: analysis of the Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in TBI study. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 32, 844 850.
O Donnell, M.L., Creamer, M., Holmes, A.C.N., Ellen, S., McFarlane, A.C., Judson, R., Silove, D., and Bryant, R.A. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder after injury: does admission to intensive care unit increase risk? J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 69, 627-632.
Vagnerova, K., Koerner, I.P., and Hurn, P.D. (2008). Gender and the injured brain. Anesthesia Analgesia 107, 201 214.
Russell, A.L., Richardson, M.R., Bauman, B.M., Hernandez, I.M., Saperstein, S., Handa, R.J., and Wu, T.J. (2018). Differential responses of the HPA axis to mild blast traumatic brain injury in male and remale mice. Endocrinology 159, 2363 2375.
Caplan, H.W., Cox, C.S., and Bedi, S.S. (2017). Do microglia play a role in sex differences in TBI? J. Neurosci. Res. 95, 509 517.
Mychasiuk, R., Hehar, H., Farran, A., and Esser, M.J. (2014). Mean girls: Sex differences in the effects of mild traumatic brain injury on the social dynamics of juvenile rat play behaviour. Behav. Brain Res. 259, 284 291.
Ponsford, J., McLaren, A., Scho nberger, M., Burke, R., Rudzki D., Olver, J., and Ponsford, M. (2011). The association between apolipoprotein E and traumatic brain injury severity and runctional outcome in a rehabilitation sample. J. Neurotrauma 28, 1683 1692.
Corrigan, J.D., Harrison-Felix, C., Bogner, J., Dijkers, M., Terrill, M.S., and Whiteneck, G. (2003). Systematic bias in traumatic brain injury outcome studies because of loss to follow-up. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 84, 153 160.
Cnossen, M.C., Polinder, S., Lingsma, H.F., Maas, A.I.R., Menon, D., Steyerberg, E.W., Investigators, C.T., and Participants (2016). Variation in structure and process of care in traumatic brain injury: provider profiles of European neurotrauma centers participating in the CENTER-TBI study. PloS One 11, e0161367 e0161367.