[en] Numerous cases of evolutionary trait loss and regain have been reported over the years. Here, we argue that such reverse evolution can also become apparent when trait expression is plastic in response to the environment. We tested this idea for the loss and regain of fat synthesis in parasitic wasps. We first show experimentally that the wasp Leptopilina heterotoma switches lipogenesis on in a fat-poor environment, and completely off in a fat-rich environment. Plasticity suggests that this species did not regain fat synthesis, but that it can be switched off in some environmental settings. We then compared DNA sequence variation and protein domains of several more distantly related parasitoid species thought to have lost lipogenesis, and found no evidence for non-functionality of key lipogenesis genes. This suggests that other parasitoids may also show plasticity of fat synthesis. Last, we used individual-based simulations to show that a switch for plastic expression can remain functional in the genome for thousands of generations, even if it is only used sporadically. The evolution of plasticity could thus also explain other examples of apparent reverse evolution.
Disciplines :
Zoology
Author, co-author :
Visser, Bertanne ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Gestion durable des bio-agresseurs ; Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Alborn, Hans; Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, United States, USA
Rondeaux, Suzon; Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Haillot, Manon; Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Hance, Thierry; Ecology of Interactions and Biological Control Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Rebar, Darren; Department of Biological Sciences, Emporia State University, Emporia, USA
Riederer, Jana; Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Tiso, Stefano; Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Van Eldijk, Timo; Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Weissing, Franz; Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Nieberding, Caroline ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences et gestion de l'environnement (Arlon Campus Environnement) > Zoogéographie ; Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Language :
English
Title :
Phenotypic plasticity explains apparent reverse evolution of fat synthesis in parasitic wasps
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