biodiversity monitoring; collaboration; ecological questions; ecosystem monitoring; environmental change; environmental monitoring; landscape monitoring; research infrastructure; surveillance monitoring; targeted monitoring; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all); Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all); General Agricultural and Biological Sciences; General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract :
[en] Ecosystem monitoring is fundamental to our understanding of how ecosystem change is impacting our natural resources and is vital for developing evidence-based policy and management. However, the different types of ecosystem monitoring, along with their recommended applications, are often poorly understood and contentious. Varying definitions and strict adherence to a specific monitoring type can inhibit effective ecosystem monitoring, leading to poor program development, implementation and outcomes. In an effort to develop a more consistent and clear understanding of ecosystem monitoring programs, we here review the main types of monitoring and recommend the widespread adoption of three classifications of monitoring, namely, targeted, surveillance and landscape monitoring. Landscape monitoring is conducted over large areas, provides spatial data, and enables questions relating to where and when ecosystem change is occurring to be addressed. Surveillance monitoring uses standardised field methods to inform on what is changing in our environments and the direction and magnitude of that change, whilst targeted monitoring is designed around testable hypotheses over defined areas and is the best approach for determining the causes of ecosystem change. The classification system is flexible and can incorporate different interests, objectives, targets and characteristics as well as different spatial scales and temporal frequencies, while also providing valuable structure and consistency across distinct ecosystem monitoring programs. To support our argument, we examine the ability of each monitoring type to inform on six key types of questions that are routinely posed for ecosystem monitoring programs, such as where and when change is occurring, what is the magnitude of change, and how can the change be managed? As we demonstrate, each type of ecosystem monitoring has its own strengths and weaknesses, which should be carefully considered relative to the desired results. Using this scheme, scientists and land managers can design programs best suited to their needs. Finally, we assert that for our most serious environmental challenges, it is essential that we include information from each of these monitoring scales to inform on all facets of ecosystem change, and this is best achieved through close collaboration between the scales. With a renewed understanding of the importance of each monitoring type, along with greater commitment to monitor cooperatively, we will be well placed to address some of our greatest environmental challenges.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Sparrow, Ben D ; Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
Edwards, Will; Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
Munroe, Samantha E M; Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
Wardle, Glenda M; Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
Guerin, Greg R; Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
Bastin, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre ; Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Lab, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
Morris, Beryl; Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
Christensen, Rebekah; Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
Phinn, Stuart; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
Lowe, Andrew J; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
Language :
English
Title :
Effective ecosystem monitoring requires a multi-scaled approach.
We acknowledge the assistance of Kathy Mason for creating the tables. We thank our numerous colleagues who have influenced out thinking on ecosystem monitoring over many years. This research was supported by the Australian Government through the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) and the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS).We acknowledge the assistance of Kathy Mason for creating the tables. We thank our numerous colleagues who have influenced out thinking on ecosystem monitoring over many years. This research was supported by the Australian Government through the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) and the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS).
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