[en] A rigorous synthesis of the sea-ice ecosystem and linked ecosystem services highlights that the sea-ice ecosystem supports all 4 ecosystem service categories, that sea-ice ecosystems meet the criteria for ecologically or biologically significant marine areas, that global emissions driving climate change are directly linked to the demise of sea-ice ecosystems and its ecosystem services, and that the sea-ice ecosystem deserves specific attention in the evaluation of marine protected area planning. The synthesis outlines (1) supporting services, provided in form of habitat, including feeding grounds and nurseries for microbes, meiofauna, fish, birds and mammals (particularly the key species Arctic cod, Boreogadus saida, and Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, which are tightly linked to the sea-ice ecosystem and transfer carbon from sea-ice primary producers to higher trophic level fish, mammal species and humans); (2) provisioning services through harvesting and medicinal and genetic resources; (3) cultural services through Indigenous and local knowledge systems, cultural identity and spirituality, and via cultural activities, tourism and research; (4) (climate) regulating services through light regulation, the production of biogenic aerosols, halogen oxidation and the release or uptake of greenhouse gases, for example, carbon dioxide. The ongoing changes in the polar regions have strong impacts on sea-ice ecosystems and associated ecosystem services. While the response of sea-ice–associated primary production to environmental change is regionally variable, the effect on ice-associated mammals and birds is predominantly negative, subsequently impacting human harvesting and cultural services in both polar regions. Conservation can help protect some species and functions. However, the key mitigation measure that can slow the transition to a strictly seasonal ice cover in the Arctic Ocean, reduce the overall loss of sea-ice habitats from the ocean, and thus preserve the unique ecosystem services provided by sea ice and their contributions to human well-being is a reduction in carbon emissions.
Research Center/Unit :
FOCUS - Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch - ULiège MARE - Centre Interfacultaire de Recherches en Océanologie - ULiège
Steiner, Nadja S.; Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, Canada ; Canadian Center for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada, Victoria, Canada ; School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
Bowman, Jeff; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, San diego, United States
Campbell, Karley; UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway ; Bristol Glaciology Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Chierici, Melissa; Institute of Marine Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
Eronen-Rasimus, Eeva; Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
Falardeau, Marianne; Institute of Integrative Biology and Systems, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada ; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada ; Department of Biology, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada ; Research Center of the CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
Flores, Hauke; Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Fransson, Agneta; Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
Herr, Helena; Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany ; Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Insley, Stephen J.; Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Whitehorse Yukon Territory, Canada ; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
Kauko, Hanna M.; Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
Lannuzel, Delphine; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Loseto, Lisa; Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Canada ; Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Lynnes, Amanda; International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO), South Kingstown, United States
Majewski, Andy; Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
Meiners, Klaus M.; Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Australia ; Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Miller, Lisa A.; Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, Canada
Michel, Loïc ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution ; Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, REM/EEP, Laboratoire Environnement Profond, Plouzané, France
Moreau, Sebastien; Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
Nacke, Melissa; Association of Arctic Expedition Cruise Operators, Tromsø, Norway
Nomura, Daiki; Hokkaido University, Hakodate and Sapporo, Japan
Tedesco, Letizia; Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
van Franeker, Jan Andries; WUR, Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, Netherlands
van Leeuwe, Maria A.; Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Wongpan, Pat; Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Climate change impacts on sea-ice ecosystems and associated ecosystem services
Publication date :
13 October 2021
Journal title :
Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
eISSN :
2325-1026
Publisher :
University of California Press
Volume :
9
Issue :
1
Pages :
00007
Peer reviewed :
Peer reviewed
Funding text :
This is a product of the international expert group on Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at Sea-Ice Interfaces (BEPSII). The authors acknowledge contributions to the initial discussion of this paper by all participants of the BESPII workshop in Winnipeg, Canada, August 2019, as well as the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), the Climate and Cryosphere Program (CliC), the Scientific Committee of Antarctic Research (SCAR), the Scientific Committee of Ocean Research (SCOR), and the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) for funding the workshop. We thank Dr. Hakase Hayashida for providing Figure 9. Figure 1 uses free clipart available online.NS, LM, LL, and AM acknowledge support from Fisheries and Oceans Canada, SJI acknowledges support from the W. Garfield Weston Foundation, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the Joint Secretariat of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region. Polar research by JAvF at Wageningen Marine Research is commissioned by the Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (LNV) under its Statutory Research Task Nature and Environment WOT-04-009-047.04. The Netherlands Polar Programme (NPP), managed by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), funded research under project nr. ALW 866.13.009. Support for K Campbell was in part provided by Diatom-ARCTIC (NE/R012849/1; 03F0810A) of the Changing Arctic Ocean programme, jointly funded by the UKRI Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). MF acknowledges support from Genome Canada, Belmont Forum, and the Marine Environmental Observation Prediction and Response (MEOPAR). KM acknowledges support from the Australian Government through AAS#4546 and the Australian Antarctic Program Partnership. HF was funded by the Helmholtz Association?s research programme ?Changing Earth ? Sustaining our Future Research Field EARTH & ENVIRONMENT,? Topic 6.1 and 6.3.NS, LM, LL, and AM acknowledge support from Fisheries and Oceans Canada, SJI acknowledges support from the W. Garfield Weston Foundation, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the Joint Secretariat of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region. Polar research by JAvF at Wageningen Marine Research is commissioned by the Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (LNV) under its Statutory Research Task Nature and Environment WOT-04-009-047.04. The Netherlands Polar Programme (NPP), managed by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), funded research under project nr. ALW 866.13.009. Support for K Campbell was in part provided by Diatom-ARCTIC (NE/R012849/1; 03F0810A) of the Changing Arctic Ocean programme, jointly funded by the UKRI Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). MF acknowledges support from Genome Canada, Belmont Forum, and the Marine Environmental Observation Prediction and Response (MEOPAR). KM acknowledges support from the Australian Government through AAS#4546 and the Australian Antarctic Program Partnership. HF was funded by the Helmholtz Association’s research programme “Changing Earth – Sustaining our Future Research Field EARTH & ENVIRONMENT,” Topic 6.1 and 6.3.
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