Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, Huprikar S, Chou S, Danziger-Isakov L, et al.; The Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group: The Third International Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Cytomegalovirus in Solid-organ Transplantation. Transplantation 102: 900–931, 2018
Zuhair M, Smit GSA, Wallis G, Jabbar F, Smith C, Devleesschauwer B, et al.: Estimation of the worldwide seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 29: e2034, 2019
Jarque M, Crespo E, Melilli E, Gutierrez A, Moreso F, Guirado L, et al.: Cellular immunity to predict the risk of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplantation: A prospective, interventional, multicenter clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 71: 2375–2385, 2020
Kaminski H, Jarque M, Halfon M, Taton B, Di Ascia L, Pfirmann P, et al.: Different impact of rATG induction on CMV infection risk in D1R- and R1 KTRs. J Infect Dis 220: 761–771, 2019
Appay V, van Lier RAW, Sallusto F, Roederer M: Phenotype and function of human T lymphocyte subsets: consensus and issues. Cytometry A 73: 975–983, 2008
van den Berg SPH, Pardieck IN, Lanfermeijer J, Sauce D, Klenerman P, van Baarle D, et al.: The hallmarks of CMV-specific CD8 T-cell differentiation. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 208: 365–373, 2019
Makwana N, Foley B, Fernandez S, Lee S, Irish A, Pircher H, et al.: CMV drives the expansion of highly functional memory T cells expressing NK-cell receptors in renal transplant recipients. Eur J Immunol 47: 1324–1334, 2017
Braun J, Frentsch M, Thiel A: Hobit and human effector T-cell differentiation: The beginning of a long journey. Eur J Immunol 45: 2762–2765, 2015
Hertoghs KM, Moerland PD, van Stijn A, Remmerswaal EB, Yong SL, van de Berg PJ, et al.: Molecular profiling of cytomegalovirus-induced human CD81 T cell differentiation. J Clin Invest 120: 4077–4090, 2010
Oja AE, Vieira Braga FA, Remmerswaal EB, Kragten NA, Hertoghs KM, Zuo J, et al.: The transcription factor hobit identifies human cytotoxic CD41 T cells. Front Immunol 8: 325, 2017
Sen DR, Kaminski J, Barnitz RA, Kurachi M, Gerdemann U, Yates KB, et al.: The epigenetic landscape of T cell exhaustion. Science 354: 1165–1169, 2016
Paley MA, Kroy DC, Odorizzi PM, Johnnidis JB, Dolfi DV, Barnett BE, et al.: Progenitor and terminal subsets of CD81 T cells cooperate to contain chronic viral infection. Science 338: 1220–1225, 2012
de Mare-Bredemeijer EL, Shi XL, Mancham S, van Gent R, van der Heide-Mulder M, de Boer R, et al.: Cytomegalovirus-induced expression of CD244 after liver transplantation is associated with CD81 T cell hyporesponsiveness to alloantigen. J Immunol 195: 1838–1848, 2015
Fletcher JM, Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Dunne PJ, Birch KE, Cook JE, Jackson SE, et al.: Cytomegalovirus-specific CD41 T cells in healthy carriers are continuously driven to replicative exhaustion. J Immunol 175: 8218–8225, 2005
Huygens A, Lecomte S, Tackoen M, Olislagers V, Delmarcelle Y, Burny W, et al.: Functional exhaustion limits CD41 and CD81 T-cell responses to congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Infect Dis 212: 484–494, 2015
Kallemeijn MJ, Boots AMH, van der Klift MY, Brouwer E, Abdulahad WH, Verhaar JAN, et al.: Ageing and latent CMV infection impact on maturation, differentiation and exhaustion profiles of T-cell receptor gammadelta T-cells. Sci Rep 7: 5509, 2017
Kato T, Nishida T, Ito Y, Murase M, Murata M, Naoe T: Correlations of programmed death 1 expression and serum IL-6 level with exhaustion of cytomegalovirus-specific T cells after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cell Immunol 288: 53–59, 2014
Sester U, Presser D, Dirks J, Gartner € BC, Kohler € H, Sester M: PD-1 expression and IL-2 loss of cytomegalovirus- specific T cells correlates with viremia and reversible functional anergy. Am J Transplant 8: 1486–1497, 2008
Pascual J, Berger SP, Witzke O, Tedesco H, Mulgaonkar S, Qazi Y, et al.; TRANSFORM Investigators: Everolimus with reduced calcineurin inhibitor exposure in renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 29: 1979–1991, 2018
Tedesco-Silva H, Felipe C, Ferreira A, Cristelli M, Oliveira N, Sandes-Freitas T, et al.: Reduced incidence of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients receiving everolimus and reduced tacrolimus doses. Am J Transplant 15: 2655–2664, 2015
Tedesco-Silva H, Pascual J, Viklicky O, Basic-Jukic N, Cassuto E, Kim DY, et al.; TRANSFORM Investigators: Safety of everolimus with reduced calcineurin inhibitor exposure in de novo kidney transplants: An analysis from the randomized TRANSFORM study. Transplantation 103: 1953–1963, 2019
Poglitsch M, Weichhart T, Hecking M, Werzowa J, Katholnig K, Antlanger M, et al.: CMV late phase-induced mTOR activation is essential for efficient virus replication in polarized human macrophages. Am J Transplant 12: 1458–1468, 2012
Bak S, Tischer S, Dragon A, Ravens S, Pape L, Koenecke C, et al.: Selective effects of mTOR inhibitor sirolimus on naïve and CMV-specific t cells extending its applicable range beyond immunosuppression. Front Immunol 9: 2953, 2018
Cristelli MP, Esmeraldo RM, Pinto CM, Sandes-Freitas TV, Felipe C, Lobo CF, et al.: The influence of mTOR inhibitors on the incidence of CMV infection in high-risk donor positive-recipient negative (D1/R-) kidney transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 20: e12907, 2018
Kaminski H, Marseres G, Cosentino A, Guerville F, Pitard V, Fournie JJ, et al.: Understanding human gd T cell biology toward a better management of cytomegalovirus infection. Immunol Rev 298: 264–288, 2020
Couzi L, Pitard V, Moreau JF, Merville P, Dechanet-Merville J: Direct and indirect effects of cytomegalovirus-induced gd T cells after kidney transplantation. Front Immunol 6: 3, 2015
Couzi L, Pitard V, Netzer S, Garrigue I, Lafon ME, Moreau JF, et al.: Common features of gammadelta T cells and CD8(1) alphabeta T cells responding to human cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 200: 1415–1424, 2009
Pitard V, Roumanes D, Lafarge X, Couzi L, Garrigue I, Lafon ME, et al.: Long-term expansion of effector/memory Vdelta2-gammadelta T cells is a specific blood signature of CMV infection. Blood 112: 1317–1324, 2008
Marlin R, Pappalardo A, Kaminski H, Willcox CR, Pitard V, Netzer S, et al.: Sensing of cell stress by human gd TCR-dependent recognition of annexin A2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114: 3163–3168, 2017
Garrigue I, Doussau A, Asselineau J, Bricout H, Couzi L, Rio C, et al.: Prediction of cytomegalovirus (CMV) plasma load from evaluation of CMV whole-blood load in samples from renal transplant recipients. J Clin Microbiol 46: 493–498, 2008
Preiksaitis JK, Hayden RT, Tong Y, Pang XL, Fryer JF, Heath AB, et al.: Are we there yet? Impact of the first international standard for cytomegalovirus DNA on the harmonization of results reported on plasma samples. Clin Infect Dis 63: 583–589, 2016
Ljungman P, Boeckh M, Hirsch HH, Josephson F, Lundgren J, Nichols G, et al.; Disease Definitions Working Group of the Cytomegalovirus Drug Development Forum: Definitions of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in transplant patients for use in clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis 64: 87–91, 2017
Sylwester AW, Mitchell BL, Edgar JB, Taormina C, Pelte C, Ruchti F, et al.: Broadly targeted human cytomegalovirus-specific CD41 and CD81 T cells dominate the memory compartments of exposed subjects. J Exp Med 202: 673–685, 2005
Marçais A, Marotel M, Degouve S, Koenig A, Fauteux-Daniel S, Drouillard A, et al.: High mTOR activity is a hallmark of reactive natural killer cells and amplifies early signaling through activating receptors. eLife 6: e26423, 2017
Kaminski H, Couzi L, Garrigue I, Moreau JF, Dechanet-Merville J, Merville P: Easier control of late-onset cytomegalovirus disease following universal prophylaxis through an early antiviral immune response in donor-positive, recipient-negative kidney transplants. Am J Transplant 16: 2384–2394, 2016
Guerville F, Daburon S, Marlin R, Lartigue L, Loizon S, Pitard V, et al.: TCR-dependent sensitization of human gd T cells to non-myeloid IL-18 in cytomegalovirus and tumor stress surveillance. OncoImmunology 4: e1003011, 2015
Walker S, Fazou C, Crough T, Holdsworth R, Kiely P, Veale M, et al.: Ex vivo monitoring of human cytomegalovirus-specific CD81 T-cell responses using QuantiFERON- CMV. Transpl Infect Dis 9: 165–170, 2007
Joshi NS, Cui W, Chandele A, Lee HK, Urso DR, Hagman J, et al.: Inflammation directs memory precursor and short-lived effector CD8(1) T cell fates via the graded expression of T-bet transcription factor. Immunity 27: 281–295, 2007
Vieira Braga FA, Hertoghs KM, Kragten NA, Doody GM, Barnes NA, Remmerswaal EB, et al.: Blimp-1 homolog Hobit identifies effector-type lymphocytes in humans. Eur J Immunol 45: 2945–2958, 2015
Sandu I, Cerletti D, Claassen M, Oxenius A: Exhausted CD81 T cells exhibit low and strongly inhibited TCR signaling during chronic LCMV infection. Nat Commun 11: 4454, 2020
Gallimore A, Glithero A, Godkin A, Tissot AC, Pluckthun € A, Elliott T, et al.: Induction and exhaustion of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes visualized using soluble tetrameric major histocompatibility complex class I-peptide complexes. J Exp Med 187: 1383–1393, 1998
Wherry EJ, Blattman JN, Murali-Krishna K, van der Most R, Ahmed R: Viral persistence alters CD8 T-cell immunodominance and tissue distribution and results in distinct stages of functional impairment. J Virol 77: 4911–4927, 2003
Zajac AJ, Blattman JN, Murali-Krishna K, Sourdive DJ, Suresh M, Altman JD, et al.: Viral immune evasion due to persistence of activated T cells without effector function. J Exp Med 188: 2205–2213, 1998
Xu H, Gasparini A, Ishigami J, Mzayen K, Su G, Barany P, et al.: eGFR and the risk of community-acquired infections. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 12: 1399–1408, 2017
Gustafson CE, Qi Q, Hutter-Saunders J, Gupta S, Jadhav R, Newell E, et al.: Immune checkpoint function of CD85j in CD8 T cell differentiation and aging. Front Immunol 8: 692, 2017
Rey J, Fauriat C, Kochbati E, Orlanducci F, Charbonnier A, D’Incan E, et al.: Kinetics of cytotoxic lymphocytes reconstitution after induction chemotherapy in elderly AML patients reveals progressive recovery of normal phenotypic and functional features in NK cells. Front Immunol 8: 64, 2017
Prod’homme V, Griffin C, Aicheler RJ, Wang EC, McSharry BP, Rickards CR, et al.: The human cytomegalovirus MHC class I homolog UL18 inhibits LIR-11 but activates LIR-1- NK cells. J Immunol 178: 4473–4481, 2007
Wherry EJ, Barber DL, Kaech SM, Blattman JN, Ahmed R: Antigen-independent memory CD8 T cells do not develop during chronic viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 16004–16009, 2004
Shin H, Blackburn SD, Blattman JN, Wherry EJ: Viral antigen and extensive division maintain virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic infection. J Exp Med 204: 941–949, 2007
