Energy Transition Planning with High Penetration of Variable Renewable Energy in Developing Countries: The Case of the Bolivian Interconnected Power System
Navia Orellana, Marco Antonio; Orellana, Renan; Zaráte, Sulmayraet al.
[en] The transition to a more environmentally friendly energy matrix by reducing fossil fuel usage has become one of the most important goals to control climate change. Variable renewable energy sources (VRES) are a central low-carbon alternative. Nevertheless, their variability and low predictability can negatively affect the operation of power systems. On this issue, energy-system-modeling tools have played a fundamental role. When exploring the behavior of the power system against different levels of VRES penetration through them, it is possible to determine certain operational and planning strategies to balance the variations, reduce the operational uncertainty, and increase the supply reliability. In many developing countries, the lack of such proper tools accounting for these effects hinders the deployment potential of VRES. This paper presents a particular energy system model focused on the case of Bolivia. The model manages a database gathered with the relevant parameters of the Bolivian power system currently in operation and those in a portfolio scheduled until 2025. From this database, what-if scenarios are constructed allowing us to expose the Bolivian power system to a set of alternatives regarding VRES penetration and Hydro storage for that same year. The scope is to quantify the VRES integration potential and therefore the capacity of the country to leapfrog to a cleaner and more cost-effective energy system. To that aim, the unit-commitment and dispatch optimization problem are tackled through a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) that solves the cost objective function within its constraints through the branch-and-cut method for each scenario. The results are evaluated and compared in terms of energy balancing, transmission grid capability, curtailment, thermal generation displacement, hydro storage contribution, and energy generation cost. In the results, it was found that the proposed system can reduce the average electricity cost down to 0.22 EUR/MWh and also reduce up to 2.22 × 106 t (96%) of the CO2 emissions by 2025 with very high penetration of VRES but at the expense of significant amount of curtailment. This is achieved by increasing the VRES installed capacity to 10,142 MW. As a consequence, up to 7.07 TWh (97%) of thermal generation is displaced with up to 8.84 TWh (75%) of load covered by VRES.
Disciplines :
Energy
Author, co-author :
Navia Orellana, Marco Antonio ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'aérospatiale et mécanique > Systèmes énergétiques
Quoilin, Sylvain ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'aérospatiale et mécanique > Systèmes énergétiques
Language :
English
Title :
Energy Transition Planning with High Penetration of Variable Renewable Energy in Developing Countries: The Case of the Bolivian Interconnected Power System
Publication date :
2022
Journal title :
Energies
ISSN :
1996-1073
Publisher :
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), Switzerland
United Nations. Paris Agreement; United Nations: Bonn, Germany, 2015.
International Energy Agency. The Power of Transformation. Wind, Sun and the Economics of Flexible Power Systems; International Energy Agency (IEA): Paris, France, 2014.
Bistline, J.; Blanford, G. The role of the power sector in net-zero energy systems. Energy Clim. Chang. 2021, 2, 100045. [CrossRef]
United Nations. COP26 the Glasgow Climate Pact; United Nations: Bonn, Germany, 2021.
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA); TIRENA Innovation and Technology Centre. A Roadmap to 2050; IRENA: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2019.
United Nations. Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement; United Nations: Bonn, Germany, 2021.
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA); TIRENA Innovation and Technology Centre. REmap 2030 a Renewable Energy Roadmap; IRENA: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2014.
International Energy Agency. IEA to Produce World’S First Comprehensive Roadmap to Net-Zero Emissions by 2050; International Energy Agency (IEA): Paris, France, 2021.
Neetzow, P. The effects of power system flexibility on the efficient transition to renewable generation. Appl. Energy 2021, 283, 116278. [CrossRef]
Denholm, P.; Arent, D.J.; Baldwin, S.F.; Bilello, D.E.; Brinkman, G.L.; Cochran, J.M.; Cole, W.J.; Frew, B.; Gevorgian, V.; Heeter, J.; et al. The challenges of achieving a 100% renewable electricity system in the United States. Joule 2021, 5, 1331–1352. [CrossRef]
Makolo, P.; Zamora, R.; Lie, T.T. The role of inertia for grid flexibility under high penetration of variable renewables—A review of challenges and solutions. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2021, 147, 111223. [CrossRef]
Koltsaklis, N.E.; Dagoumas, A.S. State-of-the-art generation expansion planning: A review. Appl. Energy 2018, 230, 563–589. [CrossRef]
Poncelet, K.; Delarue, E.; Six, D.; Duerinck, J.; D’haeseleer, W. Impact of the level of temporal and operational detail in energy-system planning models. Appl. Energy 2016, 162, 631–643. [CrossRef]
Batlle, C. Análisis del Impacto del Incremento de la Generación de Energía Renovable no Convencional en los Sistemas Eléctricos Latinoamericanos Herramientas y Metodologías de Evaluación del Futuro de la Operación, Planificación y Expansión; Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo: Washington, DC, USA, 2014.
Palacio, P.S.; Chaer, R. Plataforma de Simulacion de Sistemas de Energia Electrica; Instituto de Ingenieria Electrica (IIE): Montevideo, Uruguay, 2007.
Pena, J. Exploring Low-Carbon Development Pathways for Bolivia; Energy Systems KTH-dES: Stockholm, Sweden, 2020.
Nations, U. The Sustainable Development Goals Report. 2021. Available online: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2021/(accessed on 15 January 2022).
Toledo, Y. Inauguration of the First Phase of the Photovoltaic Solar Plant in Oruro; EnergyPress: Barrio Chacarilla Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 2019.
Toledo, Y. The Third Wind Farm Is Inaugurated in Santa Cruz; EnergyPress: Chacarilla Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 2021.
Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, M.d.l.p. DECRETO SUPREMO N° 447, Procedimientos de RetribucióN, Registro, InscripcióN de Empresas Instaladoras y RecoleccióN de InformacióN de Generadores Distribuidos; Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia: La Paz, Bolivia, 2021.
Mamani, R.; Hackenberg, N.; Hendrick, P. Efficiency of High Altitude On-shore Wind Turbines: Air Density and Turbulence Effects—Qollpana Wind Farm (Bolivia). Energy Clim. Chang. 2018, 2, 487. [CrossRef]
Mamani, R.; Hendrick, P. Weather research & forecasting model and MERRA-2 data for wind energy evaluation at different altitudes in Bolivia. Wind Eng. 2021, 46, 177–188.
Lopez, G.; Aghahosseini, A.; Bogdanov, D.; Mensah, T.N.; Ghorbani, N.; Caldera, U.; Rivero, A.P.; Kissel, J.; Breyer, C. Pathway to a fully sustainable energy system for Bolivia across power, heat, and transport sectors by 2050. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 293, 126195. [CrossRef]
C.; ia, R.A.; Subieta, S.L.; Ramos, J.A.; Miquélez, V.S.; Balderrama, J.G.; Florero, H.J.; Quoilin, S. Techno-economic assessment of high variable renewable energy penetration in the Bolivian interconnected electric system. In International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems, Ecos; Universidad Publica de Navarra: Pamplona, Spain, 2018.
Han, X.; Chen, X.; McElroy, M.B.; Liao, S.; Nielsen, C.P.; Wen, J. Modeling formulation and validation for accelerated simulation and flexibility assessment on large scale power systems under higher renewable penetrations. Appl. Energy 2019, 237, 145–154. [CrossRef]
Hua, B.; Baldick, R.; Wang, J. Representing operational flexibility in generation expansion planning through convex relaxation of unit commitment. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2017, 33, 2272–2281. [CrossRef]
Lund, P.D.; Lindgren, J.; Mikkola, J.; Salpakari, J. Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 45, 785–807. [CrossRef]
Quoilin, S.; Hidalgo, Gonzalez, I.; Zucker, A. Modelling Future EU Power Systems under High Shares of Renewables. The Dispa-SET 2.1 Open-Source Model; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2017.
Bussieck, M.R.; Meeraus, A. General Algebraic Modeling System, GAMS. In Modeling Languages in Mathematical Optimization; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 2018; pp. 137–157.
Pina, A.; Silva, C.; Ferrão, P. Modeling hourly electricity dynamics for policy making in long-term scenarios. Energy Policy 2011, 39, 4692–4702. [CrossRef]
Wolsey, L. Integer Programming; John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 1998.
Desrosiers, J.; Lübbecke, M.E. Branch-Price-and-Cut Algorithms. In Wiley Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science (EORMS): John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2010.
de Electricidad, V.; Alternativas, E. Plan Eléctrico del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia–2025; Ministerio de Hidrocarburos y Energía: La Paz, Bolivia, 2014.
Schröder, A.; Kunz, F.; Meiss, J.; Mendelevitch, R.; Von Hirschhausen, C. Current and Prospective Costs of Electricity Generation until 2050; Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW): Berlin, Germany, 2013.
Loisel, R.; Shropshire, D.; Thiel, C.; Mercier, A. Document the Travail Working Paper Flexibility assessment in nuclear energy dominated systems with increased wind energy shares. Hal Open Sci. 2014, DESNL14583, 1–71.
Comité Nacional de Despacho de Carga (CNDC). Despacho de Carga Realizado. 2020. Available online: https://www.cndc.bo/media/archivos/boletindiario/dcdr_301220.htm (accessed on 9 October 2021).
Energy Information Administration. Capital Cost Estimates for Utility Scale Electricity Generating Plants; U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC, USA, 2016.
Van den Bergh, K.; Delarue, E. Cycling of conventional power plants: Technical limits and actual costs, TME Working Paper-Energy and Environment. Energy Convers. Manag. 2015, 97, 70–77. [CrossRef]
Alberici, S.; Boeve, S.; van Breevoort, P.; Deng, Y.; Forster, S.; Gardiner, A.; Gastel, V.v.; Grave, K.; Groenenberg, H.; de Jager, D.; et al. Subsidies and Costs of EU Energy; Final Report; European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy: Brussel, Belgium, 2014.
Comité Nacional de Despacho de Carga. Memoria Anual CNDC; Comité Nacional de Despacho de Carga (CNDC): Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2019.
Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos. Información Actualizada Sobre Precios e Historiales de Tarifas de Hidrocarburos. 2020. Available online: https://www.anh.gob.bo/w2019/contenido.php?s=13 (accessed on 9 October 2021).
Comité Nacional de Despacho de Carga (CNDC). Ley de Electricidad. 2020. Available online: https://www.cndc.bo/normativa/ley_electricidad.php (accessed on 17 October 2021).
Comité Nacional de Despacho de Carga (CNDC). Demanda de Energía y Potencia. 2020. Available online: https://www.cndc. bo/media/archivos/boletindiario/bal_301220.htm (accessed on 6 October 2021).
Comité Nacional de Despacho de Carga (CNDC). Datos Hidrológicos. 2020. Available online: https://www.cndc.bo/media/archivos/boletindiario/dathid_291220.htm (accessed on 30 October 2021).
Comité Nacional de Despacho de Carga (CNDC). Evolución de los Embalses. 2020. Available online: https://www.cndc.bo/media/archivos/estadistica_anual/volumen_181220.htm (accessed on 16 October 2021).
Empresa Nacional de Electricidad CORANI, ENDE CORANI. Memoria Anual ENDE CORANI; Empresa Nacional de Electricidad CORANI; ENDE CORANI: Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2019.
Comité Nacional de Despacho de Carga (CNDC). Estadística Anual, Generación Bruta año 2014. 2014. Available online: https:www.cndc.bo/media/archivos/estadistica_anual/genbruta_2014.htm (accessed on 16 October 2021).
Comité Nacional de Despacho de Carga (CNDC). Estadística Anual, Generación Bruta año 2020. 2020. Available online: https://www.cndc.bo/media/archivos/estadistica_anual/genbruta_2020.htm (accessed on 2 October 2021).
Nacional de Electricidad VALLE HERMOSO, ENDE VALLE HERMOSO. Memoria Anual ENDE VALLE HERMOSO; Empresa Nacional de Electricidad VALLE HERMOSO; ENDE VALLE HERMOSO: Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2019.
Empresa Nacional De Electricidad–Corporación, ENDE Proyectos en Estudio 2019. 2019. Available online: https://www.ende. bo/proyectos/estudio (accessed on 15 September 2021).
Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Ministerio de Hidrocarburos y Energía, and Viceministerio de Electricidad y Energías Alternativas. Plan de Desarrollo de Energías Alternativas 2025. Viceministerio de Electricidad y Energías Alternativas, Bolivia; Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Ministerio de Hidrocarburos y Energias: La Paz, Bolivia, 2014.
Fernandez, P. Turbinas Hidráulicas; Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Energética-Universidad de Cantabria: Cantabria, Spain, 2017.
Lucano, M.; Fuentes, I. Evaluation of the Global Solar Radiation Potential in the Department of Cochabamba (Bolivia) Using Models of Geographic Information Systems and Satellite Images; Universidad Mayor de San Andres (UMSA): La Paz, Bolivia, 2010.
Lucano, M.; Fuentes, I. Atlas de Radiación Solar Global de Bolivia; Universidad Mayor de San Andres (UMSA): La Paz, Bolivia, 2010.
Manatechs. Hora de Salida y Puesta del Sol. 2018. Available online: https://salidaypuestadelsol.com/bolivia/cochabamba_1035.html (accessed on 9 September 2021).
Miguel Fernández, G.; Rodriguez, R.O.; Terrazas, E. Cambio Climático, Agua y Energía en Bolivia; Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales de Naciones Unidas (DESA-United Nations)—ENERGÉTICA: Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2012.
Fuentes, M.F. Estudio Sostiene que la Energía Solar es Factible en el 97% del Territorio Nacional; ENERGÉTICA: Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2012.
Dateandtime.info. Coordenadas Goeográficas. 2017. Available online: http://dateandtime.info/es/citycoordinates.php?id=3901 903 (accessed on 24 October 2021).
Staffell, I.; Pfenninger, S. Renewables.ninja. 2018. Available online: www.renewables.ninja (accessed on 21 September 2021).
Duffie, J.A.; Beckman, W.A. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes; John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2013.
Climate data.org. Datos Climáticos Mundiales. 2017. Available online: https://es.climate-data.org/(accessed on 6 September 2021).
Asea Brown Boveri, S.A. Cuaderno de Aplicaciones Técnicas n° 10. Plantas Fotovoltaicas; Asea Brown Boveri, S.A.: Barcelona, Spain, 2011.
Peña, D.A.; Segura, A.G. El Módulo Fotovoltaico; Universidad de Jaen: Jaen, Spain, 2017.
Bergman, L.; Enocksson, A. Design of a PV System with Variations of Hybrid System at Addis Ababa Institute of Technology; KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management: Stockholm, Sweden, 2015.
3TIER. Informe Final. Atlas Eólico de Bolivia. Un Proyecto para la Corporación Financiera Internacional; 3TIER: Seatle, WA, USA, 2009.
Finance, D.B. Concept Note—Three Wind Farms in Bolivia; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2016.
windpower.org. El Efecto del Parque. 2018. Available online: http://dr{\T1\o}mst{\T1\o}rre.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpowerweb/es/tour/wres/park.htm (accessed on 12 October 2021).
TheWindPower.net. Manufacturers and Turbines. 2018. Available online: https://www.thewindpower.net/turbines_ manufacturers_es.php (accessed on 19 October 2021).
Empresa Nacional de Electricidad S.A. Memoria Anual 2018; ENDE: Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2018.
Datosmacro. Bolivia, Emisiones de CO2. 2021. Available online: https://datosmacro.expansion.com/energia-y-medio-ambiente/emisiones-co2/bolivia (accessed on 19 September 2021).