PARASO, a circum-Antarctic fully coupled ice-sheet–ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere–land model involving f.ETISh1.7, NEMO3.6, LIM3.6, COSMO5.0 and CLM4.5

Pelletier, C; Fichefet, T; Goose, H; Haubner, K; Helsen, S; Huot, P.V; Kittel, Christoph; Klein, F; Le clec'h, S; van Lipzig, N.P.M; Marchi, S; Massonnet, F; Mathiot, P; Moravveji, E; Moreno-Chamarro, E; Ortega, P; Pattyn, F; Souverijns, N; Van Achter, G; Vanden Broucke, S; Vanhulle, A; Verfaillie, D; Zipf, L

doi:10.5194/gmd-15-553-2022

Article (Scientific journals)

PARASO, a circum-Antarctic fully coupled ice-sheet–ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere–land model involving f.ETISh1.7, NEMO3.6, LIM3.6, COSMO5.0 and CLM4.5

Pelletier, C; Fichefet, T; Goose, H et al.

2022 • In The Cryosphere

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/2268/267522

DOI
10.5194/gmd-15-553-2022

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

gmd-15-553-2022.pdf

Publisher postprint (20.56 MB)

Download

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Abstract :

[en] We introduce PARASO, a novel five-component fully coupled regional climate model over an Antarctic circumpolar domain covering the full Southern Ocean. The state-of-the-art models used are the fast Elementary Thermomechanical Ice Sheet model (f.ETISh) v1.7 (ice sheet), the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) v3.6 (ocean), the Louvain-la-Neuve sea-ice model (LIM) v3.6 (sea ice), the COnsortium for Small-scale MOdeling (COSMO) model v5.0 (atmosphere) and its CLimate Mode (CLM) v4.5 (land), which are here run at a horizontal resolution close to . One key feature of this tool resides in a novel two-way coupling interface for representing ocean–ice-sheet interactions, through explicitly resolved ice-shelf cavities. The impact of atmospheric processes on the Antarctic ice sheet is also conveyed through computed COSMO-CLM–f.ETISh surface mass exchange. In this technical paper, we briefly introduce each model's configuration and document the developments that were carried out in order to establish PARASO. The new offline-based NEMO–f.ETISh coupling interface is thoroughly described. Our developments also include a new surface tiling approach to combine open-ocean and sea-ice-covered cells within COSMO, which was required to make this model relevant in the context of coupled simulations in polar regions. We present results from a 2000–2001 coupled 2-year experiment. PARASO is numerically stable and fully operational. The 2-year simulation conducted without fine tuning of the model reproduced the main expected features, although remaining systematic biases provide perspectives for further adjustment and development.

Disciplines :

Earth sciences & physical geography

Author, co-author :

Pelletier, C

Fichefet, T

Goose, H

Haubner, K

Helsen, S

Huot, P.V

Kittel, Christoph ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géographie > Climatologie et Topoclimatologie

Klein, F

Le clec'h, S

van Lipzig, N.P.M

More authors (13 more)

Language :

English

Title :

PARASO, a circum-Antarctic fully coupled ice-sheet–ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere–land model involving f.ETISh1.7, NEMO3.6, LIM3.6, COSMO5.0 and CLM4.5

Publication date :

25 January 2022

Journal title :

The Cryosphere

ISSN :

1994-0416

eISSN :

1994-0424

Publisher :

Copernicus, Katlenberg-Lindau, Germany

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Tags :

CÉCI : Consortium des Équipements de Calcul Intensif

Funders :

F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique [BE]
EOS - The Excellence Of Science Program [BE]
FWO - Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen [BE]

Available on ORBi :

since 25 January 2022

Statistics

Number of views

57 (5 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

52 (3 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Adcroft, A. and Campin, J.-M.: Rescaled height coordinates for accurate representation of free-surface flows in ocean circulation models, Ocean Model., 7, 269 284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.09.003, 2004.
Adusumilli, S., Fricker, H. A., Medley, B., Padman, L., and Siegfried, M. R.: Interannual variations in meltwater input to the Southern Ocean from Antarctic ice shelves, Nat. Geosci., 13, 616 620, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0616-z, 2020.
Amante, C. and Eakins, B. W.: ETOPO1 arc-minute global relief model: procedures, data sources and analysis, Tech. rep., National Center for Atmospheric Research [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/V5C8276M, 2009.
Arakawa, A.: Computational design for long-Term numerical integration of the equations of fluid motion: Two-dimensional incompressible flow, Part I, J. Comput. Phys., 1, 119 143, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(66)90015-5, 1966.
Arndt, J. E., Schenke, H. W., Jakobsson, M., Nitsche, F. O., Buys, G., Goleby, B., Rebesco, M., Bohoyo, F., Hong, J., Black, J., Greku, R., Udintsev, G., Barrios, F., Reynoso-Peralta, W., Taisei, M., and Wigley, R.: The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) Version 1.0 A new bathymetric compilation covering circum-Antarctic waters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3111 3117, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50413, 2013.
Asay-Davis, X. S., Cornford, S. L., Durand, G., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Gladstone, R. M., Gudmundsson, G. H., Hattermann, T., Holland, D. M., Holland, D., Holland, P. R., Martin, D. F., Mathiot, P., Pattyn, F., and Seroussi, H.: Experimental design for three interrelated marine ice sheet and ocean model intercomparison projects: MISMIP v. 3 (MISMIP +), ISOMIP v. 2 (ISOMIP +) and MISOMIP v. 1 (MISOMIP1), Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2471 2497, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2471-2016, 2016.
Asay-Davis, X. S., Jourdain, N. C., and Nakayama, Y.: Developments in Simulating and Parameterizing Interactions Between the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic Ice Sheet, Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 3, 316 329, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-017-0071-0, 2017.
Barnier, B., Madec, G., Penduff, T., Molines, J.-M., Treguier, A.-M., Le Sommer, J., Beckmann, A., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Dengg, J., Derval, C., Durand, E., Gulev, S., Remy, E., Talandier, C., Theetten, S., Maltrud, M., McClean, J., and De Cuevas, B.: Impact of partial steps and momentum advection schemes in a global ocean circulation model at eddy-permitting resolution, Ocean Dynam., 56, 543 567, 2006.
Barthélemy, A., Fichefet, T., and Goosse, H.: Spatial heterogeneity of ocean surface boundary conditions under sea ice, Ocean Model., 102, 82 98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.05.003, 2016.
Barthélemy, A., Goosse, H., Fichefet, T., and Lecomte, O.: On the sensitivity of Antarctic sea ice model biases to atmo-spheric forcing uncertainties, Clim. Dynam., 51, 1585 1603, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3972-7, 2018.
Beckmann, A. and Döscher, R.: A Method for Improved Representation of Dense Water Spreading over Topography in Geopotential-Coordinate Models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 581 591, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)0270581:AMFIRO2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Bell, R. E. and Seroussi, H.: History, mass loss, structure, and dynamic behavior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, Science, 367, 1321 1325, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5489, 2020.
Bernales, J., Rogozhina, I., Greve, R., and Thomas, M.: Comparison of hybrid schemes for the combination of shallow approximations in numerical simulations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 11, 247 265, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-247-2017, 2017.
Bertino, L. and Holland, M. M.: Coupled ice-ocean modeling and predictions, J. Mar. Res., 75, 839 875, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224017823524017, 2017.
Best, M. J., Beljaars, A., Polcher, J., and Viterbo, P.: A Proposed Structure for Coupling Tiled Surfaces with the Planetary Boundary Layer, J. Hydrometeor., 5, 1271 1278, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-382.1, 2004.
Bintanja, R., van Oldenborgh, G. J., Drijfhout, S. S., Wouters, B., and Katsman, C. A.: Important role for ocean warming and increased ice-shelf melt in Antarctic sea-ice expansion, Nat. Geosci., 6, 376 379, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1767, 2013.
Bitz, C. M. and Lipscomb, W. H.: An energy-conserving thermodynamic model of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 15669 15677, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900100, 1999.
Bitz, C. M., Holland, M. M., Weaver, A. J., and Eby, M.: Simulating the ice-Thickness distribution in a coupled climate model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 2441 2463, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC000113, 2001.
Bouillon, S., Morales Maqueda, M. Á., Legat, V., and Fichefet, T.: An elastic viscous plastic sea ice model formulated on Arakawa B and C grids, Ocean Model., 27, 174 184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.01.004, 2009.
Bouillon, S., Fichefet, T., Legat, V., and Madec, G.: The elastic viscous plastic method revisited, Ocean Model., 71, 2 12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.05.013, 2013.
Bourdallé-Badie, R. and Treguier, A. M.: A climatology of runoff for the global ocean-ice model ORCA025, Tech. rep., Mercator-Ocean, available at: https://www.drakkar-ocean.eu/publications/ reports/runoff-mercator-06.pdf (last access: 21 January 2022), 2006.
Boyer, T. P., Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Zweng, M. M., Mishonov, A. V., Reagan, J. R., Weathers, K. A., Baranova, O. K., Seidov, D., and Smolyar, I. V.: World Ocean Atlas 2018, Statistical means of temperature and salinity on 0:25_ grid, available at: https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/NCEI-WOA18 (last access: 5 May 2021), 2018.
Brandt, R. E., Warren, S. G., Worby, A. P., and Grenfell, T. C.: Surface Albedo of the Antarctic Sea Ice Zone, J. Climate, 18, 3606 3622, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3489.1, 2005.
Brisbourne, A., Kulessa, B., Hudson, T., Harrison, L., Holland, P., Luckman, A., Bevan, S., Ashmore, D., Hubbard, B., Pearce, E., White, J., Booth, A., Nicholls, K., and Smith, A.: An updated seabed bathymetry beneath Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 887 896, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-887-2020, 2020.
Bruno, L., Tréguier, A.-M., Madec, G., and Garnier, V.: Free surface and variable volume in the NEMO code, Tech. rep., Marine EnviRonment and Security for the European Area, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244182, 2007.
Bueler, E. and Brown, J.: Shallow shelf approximation as a "sliding law" in a thermomechanically coupled ice sheet model, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 114, F03008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001179, 2009.
Cerenzia, I., Tampieri, F., and Tesini, M.: Diagnosis of Turbulence Schema in Stable Atmospheric Conditions and Sensitivity Tests, in: COSMO News Letter No. 14, available at: http://www.cosmo-model.org/content/model/documentation/ newsLetters/newsLetter14/default.htm (last access: January 21 2022), 2014.
Comeau, D., Asay-Davis, X., Begeman, C., Hoffman, M., Lin, W., Petersen, M., Price, S., Roberts, A., Van Roekel, L., Veneziani, M., Wolfe, J., Fyke, J., Ringler, T., and Turner, A.: Ice-shelf basal melt rates from a global Earth system model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 14, e2021MS002468, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002468, 2022.
Corden, M. J. and Kreitzer, M.: Consistency of Floating-Point Results using the Intel Compiler or Why doesn t my application always give the same answer?, Tech. rep., Intel, available at: https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/ consistency-of-floating-point-results-using-The-intel-compiler, (last access: 13 July 2021), 2015.
Dai, A. and Trenberth, K. E.: Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations, J. Hydrometeorol., 3, 660 687, 2002.
Dansereau, V., Heimbach, P., and Losch, M.: Simulation of subice shelf melt rates in a general circulation model: Velocity-dependent transfer and the role of friction, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 1765 1790, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC008846, 2014.
Darelius, E., Fer, I., and Nicholls, K. W.: Observed vulnerability of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf to wind-driven inflow of warm deep water, Nat. Commun., 7, 12300, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12300, 2016.
Davies, H. C.: A lateral boundary formulation for multi-level prediction models, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102, 405 418, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710243210, 1976.
Davin, E. L., Stöckli, R., Jaeger, E. B., Levis, S., and Seneviratne, S. I.: COSMO-CLM2: A new version of the COSMOCLM model coupled to the Community Land Model, Clim. Dynam., 37, 1889 1907, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1019-z, 2011.
Dinniman, M., Asay-Davis, X., Galton-Fenzi, B., Holland, P., Jenkins, A., and Timmermann, R.: Modeling Ice Shelf/Ocean Interaction in Antarctica: A Review, Oceanography, 29, 144 153, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.106, 2016.
Doms, G. and Baldauf, M.: COSMO-Model Version 5.05: A Description of the Nonhydrostatic Regional COSMO-Model Part II: Physical Parameterizations, Tech. rep., Consortium for Small-Scale Modelling, https://doi.org/10.5676/DWD_PUB/NWV/COSMODOC_ 5.05_I, 2018.
Doms, G., Förstner, J., Heise, E., Herzog, H.-J., Mironov, D., Raschendorfer, M., Renhardt, T., Ritter, B., Schrodin, R., Schulz, J.-P., and Vogel, G.: COSMO-Model Version 5.05: A Description of the Nonhydrostatic Regional COSMO-Model Part I: Dynamics and Numerics, Tech. rep., Consortium for Small-Scale Modelling, https://doi.org/10.5676/DWD_PUB/NWV/COSMODOC_5.05_II, 2018.
Donat-Magnin, M., Jourdain, N. C., Spence, P., Sommer, J. L., Gallée, H., and Durand, G.: Ice-Shelf Melt Response to Changing Winds and Glacier Dynamics in the Amundsen Sea Sector, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 10206 10224, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013059, 2017.
Donohue, K. A., Tracey, K. L., Watts, D. R., Chidichimo, M. P., and Chereskin, T. K.: Mean Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport measured in Drake Passage, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 11760 11767, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070319, 2016.
Dutrieux, P., Rydt, J. D., Jenkins, A., Holland, P. R., Ha, H. K., Lee, S. H., Steig, E. J., Ding, Q., Abrahamsen, E. P., and Schröder, M.: Strong Sensitivity of Pine Island Ice-Shelf Melting to Climatic Variability, Science, 343, 174 178, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244341, 2014.
Edwards, T. L., Nowicki, S., Marzeion, B., Hock, R., Goelzer, H., Seroussi, H., Jourdain, N. C., Slater, D. A., Turner, F. E., Smith, C. J., McKenna, C. M., Simon, E., Abe-Ouchi, A., Gregory, J. M., Larour, E., Lipscomb, W. H., Payne, A. J., Shepherd, A., Agosta, C., Alexander, P., Albrecht, T., Anderson, B., Asay-Davis, X., Aschwanden, A., Barthel, A., Bliss, A., Calov, R., Chambers, C., Champollion, N., Choi, Y., Cullather, R., Cuzzone, J., Dumas, C., Felikson, D., Fettweis, X., Fujita, K., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Gladstone, R., Golledge, N. R., Greve, R., Hattermann, T., Hoffman, M. J., Humbert, A., Huss, M., Huybrechts, P., Immerzeel, W., Kleiner, T., Kraaijenbrink, P., clec h, S. L., Lee, V., Leguy, G. R., Little, C. M., Lowry, D. P., Malles, J.-H., Martin, D. F., Maussion, F., Morlighem, M., O Neill, J. F., Nias, I., Pattyn, F., Pelle, T., Price, S. F., Quiquet, A., Radíc, V., Reese, R., Rounce, D. R., Röckamp, M., Sakai, A., Shafer, C., Schlegel, N.-J., Shannon, S., Smith, R. S., Straneo, F., Sun, S., Tarasov, L., Trusel, L. D., Breedam, J. V., van de Wal, R., van den Broeke, M., Winkelmann, R., Zekollari, H., Zhao, C., Zhang, T., and Zwinger, T.: Projected land ice contributions to twenty-first-century sea level rise, Nature, 593, 74 82, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03302-y, 2021.
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937 1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
Favier, L., Jourdain, N. C., Jenkins, A., Merino, N., Durand, G., Gagliardini, O., Gillet-Chaulet, F., and Mathiot, P.: Assessment of sub-shelf melting parameterisations using the ocean ice-sheet coupled model NEMO(v3.6) Elmer/Ice(v8.3), Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2255 2283, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2255-2019, 2019.
Fetterer, F., Knowles, K., Meier, W. N., Savoie, M., and Windnagel, A. K.: Sea Ice Index, Version 3. Daily Antarctic [data set], https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8, 2017.
Flather, R. A.: A Storm Surge Prediction Model for the Northern Bay of Bengal with Application to the Cyclone Disaster in April 1991, J. Phys. Oceangr., 24, 172 190, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)0240172:ASSPMF2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Fyke, J., Sergienko, O., Löfverström, M., Price, S., and Lenaerts, J. T. M.: An Overview of Interactions and Feedbacks Between Ice Sheets and the Earth System, Rev. Geophys., 56, 361 408, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000600, 2018.
Ganopolski, A. and Brovkin, V.: Simulation of climate, ice sheets and CO2 evolution during the last four glacial cycles with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity, Clim. Past, 13, 1695 1716, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1695-2017, 2017.
Gaspar, P., Grégoris, Y., and Lefevre, J.-M.: A simple eddy kinetic energy model for simulations of the oceanic vertical mixing: Tests at station Papa and long-Term upper ocean study site, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 95, 16179 16193, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC095iC09p16179, 1990.
Genthon, C., Six, D., Gallée, H., Grigioni, P., and Pellegrini, A.: Two years of atmospheric boundary layer observations on a 45-m tower at Dome C on the Antarctic plateau, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 3218 3232, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50128, 2013.
Gierz, P., Ackermann, L., Rodehacke, C. B., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Stepanek, C., Barbi, D., and Lohmann, G.: Simulating interactive ice sheets in the multi-resolution AWI-ESM 1.2: A case study using SCOPE 1.0, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-159, 2020.
Gladstone, R., Galton-Fenzi, B., Gwyther, D., Zhou, Q., Hattermann, T., Zhao, C., Jong, L., Xia, Y., Guo, X., Petrakopoulos, K., Zwinger, T., Shapero, D., and Moore, J.: The Framework For Ice Sheet Ocean Coupling (FISOC) V1.1, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 889 905, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-889-2021, 2021.
Goelzer, H., Huybrechts, P., Loutre, M.-F., and Fichefet, T.: Last Interglacial climate and sea-level evolution from a coupled ice sheet climate model, Clim. Past, 12, 2195 2213, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2195-2016, 2016.
Goldberg, D. N., Gourmelen, N., Kimura, S., Millan, R., and Snow, K.: How Accurately Should We Model Ice Shelf Melt Rates?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 189 199, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080383, 2019.
Goldberg, D. N., Smith, T. A., Narayanan, S. H. K., Heimbach, P., and Morlighem, M.: Bathymetric Influences on Antarctic Ice-Shelf Melt Rates, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2020JC016370, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016370, 2020.
Gorodetskaya, I. V., Tsukernik, M., Claes, K., Ralph, M. F., Neff, W. D., and van Lipzig, N. P. M.: The role of atmospheric rivers in anomalous snow accumulation in East Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 6199 6206, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060881, 2014.
Gossart, A., Helsen, S., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Broucke, S. V., van Lipzig, N. P. M., and Souverijns, N.: An Evaluation of Surface Climatology in State-of-The-Art Reanalyses over the Antarctic Ice Sheet, J. Climate, 32, 6899 6915, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0030.1, 2019.
Grenfell, T. C. and Perovich, D. K.: Seasonal and spatial evolution of albedo in a snow-ice-land-ocean environment, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 109, 8044, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001866, 2004.
Griffies, S. M. and Hallberg, R. W.: Biharmonic Friction with a Smagorinsky-Like Viscosity for Use in Large-Scale Eddy-Permitting Ocean Models, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 2935 2946, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)1282935:BFWASL2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Gutjahr, O., Heinemann, G., Preußer, A., Willmes, S., and Dröe, C.: Quantification of ice production in Laptev Sea polynyas and its sensitivity to thin-ice parameterizations in a regional climate model, The Cryosphere, 10, 2999 3019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2999-2016, 2016.
Handorf, D., Foken, T., and Kottmeier, C.: The Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer over an Antarctic ice Sheet, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 91, 165 189, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1001889423449, 1999.
Hausmann, U., Sallée, J.-B., Jourdain, N. C., Mathiot, P., Rousset, C., Madec, G., Deshayes, J., and Hattermann, T.: The Role of Tides in Ocean-Ice Shelf Interactions in the Southwestern Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015847, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015847, 2020.
Hazel, J. E. and Stewart, A. L.: Bistability of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Cavity Circulation and Basal Melt, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015848, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015848, 2020.
Heinemann, G., Willmes, S., Schefczyk, L., Makshtas, A., Kustov, V., and Makhotina, I.: Observations and Simulations of Meteorological Conditions over Arctic Thick Sea Ice in Late Winter during the Transarktika 2019 Expedition, Atmosphere, 12, 174, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020174, 2021.
Hellmer, H. and Olbers, D.: A two-dimensional model for the thermohaline circulation under an ice shelf, Antarctic Sci., 1, 325 336, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102089000490, 1989.
Hellmer, H. H.: Impact of Antarctic ice shelf basal melting on sea ice and deep ocean properties, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L10307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019506, 2004.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1979 to present, Climate Data Store (Copernicus) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47, 2018.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999 2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Heuzé, C.: Antarctic Bottom Water and North Atlantic Deep Water in CMIP6 models, Ocean Sci., 17, 59 90, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-59-2021, 2021.
Hibler, W. D.: A Dynamic Thermodynamic Sea Ice Model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 815 846, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1979)0090815:ADTSIM2.0.CO;2, 1979.
Ho-Hagemann, H. T. M., Hagemann, S., Grayek, S., Petrik, R., Rockel, B., Staneva, J., Feser, F., and Schrum, C.: Internal Model Variability of the Regional Coupled System Model GCOAST-AHOI, Atmosphere, 11, 227, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030227, 2020.
Holland, D. M. and Jenkins, A.: Modeling Thermodynamic Ice Ocean Interactions at the Base of an Ice Shelf, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1787 1800, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)0291787:MTIOIA2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Holland, P. R., Bracegirdle, T. J., Dutrieux, P., Jenkins, A., and Steig, E. J.:West Antarctic ice loss influenced by internal climate variability and anthropogenic forcing, Nat. Geosci., 12, 718 724, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0420-9, 2019.
Howat, I. M., Porter, C., Smith, B. E., Noh, M.-J., and Morin, P.: The Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 13, 665 674, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-665-2019, 2019.
Huot, P.-V., Fichefet, T., Jourdain, N. C., Mathiot, P., Rousset, C., Kittel, C., and Fettweis, X.: Influence of ocean tides and ice shelves on ocean ice interactions and dense shelf water formation in the D Urville Sea, Antarctica, Ocean Model., 162, 101794, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101794, 2021.
IOC: The International thermodynamic equation of seawater: calculation and use of thermodynamic properties, Tech. rep., UNESCO, IOC/2010/MG/56 available at: https://unesdoc.unesco. org/ark:/48223/pf0000188170 (last access: 21 January 2022), 2010.
Iovino, D., Vancoppenolle, M. and Fichefet, T.: Implementation of LIM Sea Ice Model in the CMCC Global Ocean High-Resolution Configuration, CMCC Research Paper No. 209, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2639669, 2013.
Jacobs, S. S., Jenkins, A., Giulivi, C. F., and Dutrieux, P.: Stronger ocean circulation and increased melting under Pine Island Glacier ice shelf, Nat. Geosci., 4, 519 523, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1188, 2011.
Jenkins, A., Nicholls, K. W., and Corr, H. F. J.: Observation and Parameterization of Ablation at the Base of Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 2298 2312, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4317.1, 2010.
Jenkins, A., Dutrieux, P., Jacobs, S., Steig, E., Gudmundsson, H., Smith, J., and Heywood, K.: Decadal Ocean Forcing and Antarctic Ice Sheet Response: Lessons from the Amundsen Sea, Oceanography, 29, 106 117, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.103, 2016.
Jenkins, A., Shoosmith, D., Dutrieux, P., Jacobs, S., Kim, T. W., Lee, S. H., Ha, H. K., and Stammerjohn, S.: West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat in the Amundsen Sea driven by decadal oceanic variability, Nat. Geosci., 11, 733 738, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0207-4, 2018.
Jeong, H., Asay-Davis, X. S., Turner, A. K., Comeau, D. S., Price, S. F., Abernathey, R. P., Veneziani, M., Petersen, M. R., Hoffman, M. J., Mazloff, M. R., and Ringler, T. D.: Impacts of Ice-Shelf Melting on Water-Mass Transformation in the Southern Ocean from E3SM Simulations, J. Climate, 33, 5787 5807, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0683.1, 2020.
Jones, J. M., Gille, S. T., Goosse, H., Abram, N. J., Canziani, P. O., Charman, D. J., Clem, K. R., Crosta, X., De Lavergne, C., Eisenman, I., England, M. H., Fogt, R. L., Frankcombe, L. M., Marshall, G. J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Morrison, A. K., Orsi, A. J., Raphael, M. N., Renwick, J. A., Schneider, D. P., Simpkins, G. R., Steig, E. J., Stenni, B., Swingedouw, D., and Vance, T. R.: Assessing recent trends in high-latitude Southern Hemisphere surface climate, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 917 926, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3103, 2016.
Jordan, J. R., Holland, P. R., Goldberg, D., Snow, K., Arthern, R., Campin, J.-M., Heimbach, P., and Jenkins, A.: Ocean-Forced Ice-Shelf Thinning in a Synchronously Coupled Ice-Ocean Model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 864 882, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013251, 2018.
Jourdain, N. C., Mathiot, P., Merino, N., Durand, G., Sommer, J. L., Spence, P., Dutrieux, P., and Madec, G.: Ocean circulation and sea-ice thinning induced by melting ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 2550 2573, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012509, 2017.
Jourdain, N. C., Merino, N., Le Sommer, J., Durand, G., and Mathiot, P.: Interannual iceberg meltwater fluxes over the Southern Ocean, Zenodo [data set] https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3514728, 2019.
Kallberg, P.: Test of a lateral boundary relaxation scheme in a barotropic model, Internal Report 3, ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, available at: https://www.ecmwf.int/node/10587, 1977.
King, J. C., Argentini, S. A., and Anderson, P. S.: Contrasts between the summertime surface energy balance and boundary layer structure at Dome C and Halley stations, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D02105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006130, 2006.
Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H., Miyaoka, K., and Takahashi, K.: The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General Specifications and Basic Characteristics, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II, 93, 5 48, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001, 2015.
Koster, R. D. and Suarez, M. J.: Modeling the land surface boundary in climate models as a composite of independent vegetation stands, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2697, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JD01696, 1992.
Kreuzer, M., Reese, R., Huiskamp, W. N., Petri, S., Albrecht, T., Feulner, G., and Winkelmann, R.: Coupling framework (1.0) for the PISM (1.1.4) ice sheet model and the MOM5 (5.1.0) ocean model via the PICO ice shelf cavity model in an Antarctic domain, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3697 3714, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3697-2021, 2021.
Kusahara, K., Hasumi, H., Fraser, A. D., Aoki, S., Shimada, K., Williams, G. D., Massom, R., and Tamura, T.: Modeling Ocean Cryosphere Interactions off Adélie and George V Land, East Antarctica, J. Climate, 30, 163 188, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0808.1, 2017.
Large, W. G. and Yeager, S. G.: Diurnal to Decadal Global Forcing For Ocean and Sea-Ice Models: The Data Sets and Flux Climatologies, Tech. rep., National Center for Atmospheric Research, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6KK98Q6, 2004.
Large, W. G., Danabasoglu, G., Doney, S. C., and McWilliams, J. C.: Sensitivity to Surface Forcing and Boundary Layer Mixing in a Global Ocean Model: Annual-Mean Climatology, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 2418 2447, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)0272418:STSFAB2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Lenaerts, J. T. M., Medley, B., van den Broeke, M. R., and Wouters, B.: Observing and Modeling Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance, Rev. Geophys., 57, 376 420, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000622, 2019.
Lipscomb, W. H.: Remapping the thickness distribution in sea ice models, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 13989 14000, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000518, 2001.
Liston, G. E., Haehnel, R. B., Sturm, M., Hiemstra, C. A., Berezovskaya, S., and Tabler, R. D.: Simulating complex snow distributions in windy environments using SnowTran-3D, J. Glaciol., 53, 241 256, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756507782202865, 2007.
Losch, M.: Modeling ice shelf cavities in a z coordinate ocean general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C08043, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004368, 2008.
Lott, F. and Miller, M. J.: A new subgrid-scale orographic drag parametrization: Its formulation and testing, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 101 127, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712353704, 1997.
Louis, J.-F.: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 17, 187 202, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00117978, 1979.
Madec, G., Bourdallé-Badie, R., Bouttier, P.-A., Bricaud, C., Bruciaferri, D., Calvert, D., Chanut, J., Clementi, E., Coward, A., Delrosso, D., Ethé, C., Flavoni, S., Graham, T., Harle, J., Iovino, D., Lea, D., Lévy, C., Lovato, T., Martin, N., Masson, S., Mocavero, S., Paul, J., Rousset, C., Storkey, D., Storto, A., and Vancoppenolle, M.: NEMO ocean engine, Tech. rep., Insitut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248739, 2017.
Mahlstein, I., Gent, P. R., and Solomon, S.: Historical Antarctic mean sea ice area, sea ice trends, and winds in CMIP5 simulations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5105 5110, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50443, 2013.
Marsh, R., Ivchenko, V. O., Skliris, N., Alderson, S., Bigg, G. R., Madec, G., Blaker, A. T., Aksenov, Y., Sinha, B., Coward, A. C., Le Sommer, J., Merino, N., and Zalesny, V. B.: NEMO ICB (v1.0): interactive icebergs in the NEMO ocean model globally configured at eddy-permitting resolution, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1547 1562, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1547-2015, 2015.
Massonnet, F., Barthélemy, A., Worou, K., Fichefet, T., Vancoppenolle, M., Rousset, C., and Moreno-Chamarro, E.: On the discretization of the ice thickness distribution in the NEMO3.6-LIM3 global ocean sea ice model, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3745 3758, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3745-2019, 2019.
Massonnet, F., Ménégoz, M., Acosta, M., Yepes-Arbós, X., Exarchou, E., and Doblas-Reyes, F. J.: Replicability of the EC-Earth3 Earth system model under a change in computing environment, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1165 1178, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1165-2020, 2020.
Mathiot, P. and Storkey, D.: NEMO model code, MetOffice (UK) branch dev_isf_remapping_UKESM_GO6package_r9314, revision 11248, MetOffice [code], available at: https: //forge.ipsl.jussieu.fr/nemo/browser/branches/UKMO/dev_ isf_remapping_UKESM_GO6package_r9314?rev=15667 (last access 21 January 2022), 2018.
Mathiot, P., Goosse, H., Fichefet, T., Barnier, B., and Gallée, H.: Modelling the seasonal variability of the Antarctic Slope Current, Ocean Sci., 7, 455 470, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-455-2011, 2011.
Mathiot, P., Jenkins, A., Harris, C., and Madec, G.: Explicit representation and parametrised impacts of under ice shelf seas in the z_ coordinate ocean model NEMO 3.6, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2849 2874, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2849-2017, 2017.
Medley, B. and Thomas, E. R.: Increased snowfall over the Antarctic Ice Sheet mitigated twentieth-century sea-level rise, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 34 39, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0356-x, 2018.
Mellor, G. L. and Yamada, T.: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems, Rev. Geophys., 20, 851, https://doi.org/10.1029/rg020i004p00851, 1982.
Merino, N., Le Sommer, J., Durand, G., Jourdain, N. C., Madec, G., Mathiot, P., and Tournadre, J.: Antarctic icebergs melt over the Southern Ocean: Climatology and impact on sea ice, Ocean Model., 104, 99 110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.05.001, 2016.
Merryfield, W. J., Holloway, G., and Gargett, A. E.: A Global Ocean Model with Double-Diffusive Mixing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1124 1142, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)0291124:AGOMWD2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Miller, M. J., Beljaars, A. C. M., and Palmer, T. N.: The Sensitivity of the ECMWF Model to the Parameterization of Evaporation from the Tropical Oceans, J. Climate, 5, 418 434, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1992)0050418:TSOTEM2.0.CO;2, 1992.
Moreno-Chamarro, E., Ortega, P., and Massonnet, F.: Impact of the ice thickness distribution discretization on the sea ice concentration variability in the NEMO3.6 LIM3 global ocean sea ice model, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4773 4787, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4773-2020, 2020.
Morlighem, M., Rignot, E., Binder, T., Blankenship, D., Drews, R., Eagles, G., Eisen, O., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., Fretwell, P., Goel, V., Greenbaum, J. S., Gudmundsson, H., Guo, J., Helm, V., Hofstede, C., Howat, I., Humbert, A., Jokat, W., Karlsson, N. B., Lee, W. S., Matsuoka, K., Millan, R., Mouginot, J., Paden, J., Pattyn, F., Roberts, J., Rosier, S., Ruppel, A., Seroussi, H., Smith, E. C., Steinhage, D., Sun, B., van den Broeke, M. R., van Ommen, T. D., van Wessem, M., and Young, D. A.: Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the margins of the Antarctic ice sheet, Nat. Geosci., 13, 132 137, 2020.
Mottram, R., Hansen, N., Kittel, C., vanWessem, J. M., Agosta, C., Amory, C., Boberg, F., van de Berg, W. J., Fettweis, X., Gossart, A., van Lipzig, N. P. M., van Meijgaard, E., Orr, A., Phillips, T., Webster, S., Simonsen, S. B., and Souverijns, N.: What is the surface mass balance of Antarctica? An intercomparison of regional climate model estimates, The Cryosphere, 15, 3751 3784, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3751-2021, 2021.
Muntjewerf, L., Sacks, W. J., Lofverstrom, M., Fyke, J., Lipscomb, W. H., da Silva, C. E., Vizcaino, M., Thayer-Calder, K., Lenaerts, J. T. M., and Sellevold, R.: Description and Demonstration of the Coupled Community Earth System Model v2 Community Ice Sheet Model v2 (CESM2-CISM2), J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 13, e2020MS002 356, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002356, 2021.
Muskatel, H. B., Blahak, U., Khain, P., Levi, Y., and Fu, Q.: Parametrizations of Liquid and Ice Clouds Optical Properties in Operational NumericalWeather Prediction Models, Atmosphere, 12, 89, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010089, 2021.
Nakayama, Y., Timmermann, R., and H. Hellmer, H.: Impact of West Antarctic ice shelf melting on Southern Ocean hydrography, Cryosphere, 14, 2205 2216, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2205-2020, 2020.
Nakayama, Y., Cai, C., and Seroussi, H.: Impact of Subglacial Freshwater Discharge on Pine Island Ice Shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL093923, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093923, 2021.
Naughten, K. A., Meissner, K. J., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., England, M. H., Timmermann, R., Hellmer, H. H., Hattermann, T., and Debernard, J. B.: Intercomparison of Antarctic iceshelf, ocean, and sea-ice interactions simulated by MetROMSiceshelf and FESOM 1.4, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1257 1292, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1257-2018, 2018.
Oleson, K. W., Lawrence, D. M., Bonan, G. B., Drewniak, B., Huang, M., Koven, C. D., Levis, S., Li, F., Riley, W. J., Subin, Z. M., Swenson, S. C., Thornton, P. E., Bozbiyik, A., Fisher, R., Heald, C. L., Kluzek, E., Lamarque, J.-F., Lawrence, P. J., Leung, L. R., Lipscomb, W., Muszala, S., Ricciuto, D. M., Sacks, W., Sun, Y., Tang, J., and Yang, Z.-L.: Technical Description of version 4.5 of the Community Land Model (CLM), Tech. Rep. July, NCAR, available at: http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm1.2/clm/CLM45_Tech_Note.pdf (last access: 21 January 2022), 2013.
Paolo, F. S., Fricker, H. A., and Padman, L.: Volume loss from Antarctic ice shelves is accelerating, Science, 348, 327 331, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0940, 2015.
Pattyn, F.: Sea-level response to melting of Antarctic ice shelves on multi-centennial timescales with the fast Elementary Thermomechanical Ice Sheet model (f.ETISh v1.0), The Cryosphere, 11, 1851 1878, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1851-2017, 2017.
Pauling, A. G., Bitz, C. M., Smith, I. J., and Langhorne, P. J.: The Response of the Southern Ocean and Antarctic Sea Ice to Freshwater from Ice Shelves in an Earth System Model, J. Climate, 29, 1655 1672, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0501.1, 2016.
Pelle, T., Morlighem, M., Nakayama, Y., and Seroussi, H.: Widespread Grounding Line Retreat of Totten Glacier, East Antarctica, Over the 21st Century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL093213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093213, 2021.
Pelletier, C.: Scripts and data for the PARASO Geoscientific Model Development paper figures, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5763819, 2021.
Pelletier, C. and Helsen, S.: PARASO ERA5 forcings, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590053, 2021.
Pelletier, C., Klein, F., Zipf, L., Haubner, K., Mathiot, P., Pattyn, F., Moravveji, E., and Vanden Broucke, S.: PARASO source code (no COSMO), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5576201, 2021a.
Pelletier, C., Klein, F., Zipf, L., Vanden Broucke, S., Haubner, K., and Helsen, S.: Input data for PARASO, a circum-Antarctic fully-coupled 5-component model, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588468, 2021b.
Pollard, D. and DeConto, R. M.: A simple inverse method for the distribution of basal sliding coefficients under ice sheets, applied to Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 6, 953 971, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-953-2012, 2012.
Raphael, M. N., Marshall, G. J., Turner, J., Fogt, R. L., Schneider, D., Dixon, D. A., Hosking, J. S., Jones, J. M., and Hobbs, W. R.: The Amundsen Sea Low: Variability, Change, and Impact on Antarctic Climate, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 111 121, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00018.1, 2016.
Reese, R., Albrecht, T., Mengel, M., Asay-Davis, X., and Winkelmann, R.: Antarctic sub-shelf melt rates via PICO, The Cryosphere, 12, 1969 1985, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1969-2018, 2018.
Richter, O., Gwyther, D. E., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., and Naughten, K. A.: The Whole Antarctic Ocean Model (WAOM v1.0): Development and Evaluation, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-164, in review, 2020.
Rignot, E., Jacobs, S., Mouginot, J., and Scheuchl, B.: Ice-Shelf Melting Around Antarctica, Science, 341, 266 270, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235798, 2013.
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Scheuchl, B., Broeke, M. V. D., Wessem, M. J. V., and Morlighem, M.: Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from 1979 2017, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 1095 1103, 2019.
Rintoul, S. R., Silvano, A., Pena-Molino, B., Wijk, E. V., Rosenberg, M., Greenbaum, J. S., and Blankenship, D. D.: Ocean heat drives rapid basal melt of the Totten Ice Shelf, Sci. Adv., 2, e1601610, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601610, 2016.
Ritter, B. and Geleyn, J.: A comprehensive radiation scheme for numerical weather prediction models with potential applications in climate simulations, Mon. Weather Rev., 120.2, 303 325, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)1200303:ACRSFN2.0.CO;2, 1992.
Roach, L. A., Dean, S. M., and Renwick, J. A.: Consistent biases in Antarctic sea ice concentration simulated by climate models, The Cryosphere, 12, 365 383, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-365-2018, 2018.
Roach, L. A., Dörr, J., Holmes, C. R., Massonnet, F., Blockley, E. W., Notz, D., Rackow, T., Raphael, M. N., O Farrell, S. P., Bailey, D. A., and Bitz, C. M.: Antarctic Sea Ice Area in CMIP6, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086729, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086729, 2020.
Rockel, B., Will, A., and Hense, A.: The regional climate model COSMO-CLM (CCLM), Meteorol. Z., 17, 347 348, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0309, 2008.
Roquet, F., Madec, G., McDougall, T., and Barker, P.: Accurate polynomial expressions for the density and specific volume of seawater using the TEOS-10 standard, Ocean Model., 90, 29 43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.04.002, 2015.
Rosier, S. H. R., Hofstede, C., Brisbourne, A. M., Hattermann, T., Nicholls, K. W., Davis, P. E. D., Anker, P. G. D., Hillenbrand, C.-D., Smith, A. M., and Corr, H. F. J.: A New Bathymetry for the Southeastern Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf: Implications for Modern Oceanographic Processes and Glacial History, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 4610 4623, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013982, 2018.
Rousset, C., Vancoppenolle, M., Madec, G., Fichefet, T., Flavoni, S., Barthélemy, A., Benshila, R., Chanut, J., Levy, C., Masson, S., and Vivier, F.: The Louvain-La-Neuve sea ice model LIM3.6: global and regional capabilities, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2991 3005, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2991-2015, 2015.
Schättler, U. and Blahak, U.: COSMO-Model Version 5.00: A Description of the Nonhydrostatic Regional COSMO-Model Part V: Initial and Boundary Data for the COSMO-Model, Tech. rep., Deutscher Wetterdienst, https://doi.org/10.5676/DWD_PUB/NWV/COSMODOC_ 5.00_V, 2013.
Schlosser, E., Haumann, F. A., and Raphael, M. N.: Atmospheric influences on the anomalous 2016 Antarctic sea ice decay, The Cryosphere, 12, 1103 1119, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1103-2018, 2018.
Schneider, D. P. and Reusch, D. B.: Antarctic and Southern Ocean Surface Temperatures in CMIP5 Models in the Context of the Surface Energy Budget, J. Climate, 29, 1689 1716, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0429.1, 2016.
Schodlok, M. P., Menemenlis, D., Rignot, E., and Studinger, M.: Sensitivity of the ice-shelf/ocean system to the sub-iceshelf cavity shape measured by NASA IceBridge in Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 53, 156 162, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012AoG60A073, 2012.
Schoof, C.: Ice sheet grounding line dynamics: Steady states, stability, and hysteresis, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 112, F03S28, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000664, 2007.
Schulzweida, U.: CDO User Guide, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3539275, 2019.
Seroussi, H. and Morlighem, M.: Representation of basal melting at the grounding line in ice flow models, The Cryosphere, 12, 3085 3096, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3085-2018, 2018.
Seroussi, H., Nakayama, Y., Larour, E., Menemenlis, D., Morlighem, M., Rignot, E., and Khazendar, A.: Continued retreat of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, controlled by bed topography and ocean circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6191 6199, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072910, 2017.
Shapiro, N. M. and Ritzwoller, M. H.: Inferring surface heat flux distributions guided by a global seismic model: particular application to Antarctica, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 223, 213 224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.011, 2004.
Shepherd, A., Ivins, E., Rignot, E., Smith, B., van den Broeke, M., Velicogna, I., Whitehouse, P., Briggs, K., Joughin, I., Krinner, G., Nowicki, S., Payne, T., Scambos, T., Schlegel, N., A, G., Agosta, C., Ahlstrøm, A., Babonis, G., Barletta, V., Blazquez, A., Bonin, J., Csatho, B., Cullather, R., Felikson, D., Fettweis, X., Forsberg, R., Gallee, H., Gardner, A., Gilbert, L., Groh, A., Gunter, B., Hanna, E., Harig, C., Helm, V., Horvath, A., Horwath, M., Khan, S., Kjeldsen, K. K., Konrad, H., Langen, P., Lecavalier, B., Loomis, B., Luthcke, S., McMillan, M., Melini, D., Mernild, S., Mohajerani, Y., Moore, P., Mouginot, J., Moyano, G., Muir, A., Nagler, T., Nield, G., Nilsson, J., Noel, B., Otosaka, I., Pattle, M. E., Peltier, W. R., Pie, N., Rietbroek, R., Rott, H., Sandberg-Sørensen, L., Sasgen, I., Save, H., Scheuchl, B., Schrama, E., Schröder, L., Seo, K.-W., Simonsen, S., Slater, T., Spada, G., Sutterley, T., Talpe, M., Tarasov, L., van de Berg, W. J., van der Wal, W., van Wessem, M., Vishwakarma, B. D., Wiese, D., Wouters, B., and The IMBIE team: Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017, Nature, 558, 219 222, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0179-y, 2018.
Smith, R. S., Mathiot, P., Siahaan, A., Lee, V., Cornford, S. L., Gregory, J. M., Payne, A. J., Jenkins, A., Holland, P. R., Ridley, J. K., and Jones, C. G.: Coupling the U.K. Earth System Model to Dynamic Models of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 13, e2021MS002520, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002520, 2021.
Souverijns, N., Gossart, A., Gorodetskaya, I. V., Lhermitte, S., Mangold, A., Laffineur, Q., Delcloo, A., and van Lipzig, N. P. M.: How does the ice sheet surface mass balance relate to snowfall? Insights from a ground-based precipitation radar in East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 12, 1987 2003, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1987-2018, 2018.
Souverijns, N., Gossart, A., Demuzere, M., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Medley, B., Gorodetskaya, I. V., Vanden Broucke, S., and van Lipzig, N. P. M.: A New Regional Climate Model for POLARCORDEX: Evaluation of a 30-Year Hindcast with COSMOCLM2 Over Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 1405 1427, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028862, 2019.
Stein, C. A. and Stein, S.: A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with lithospheric age, Nature, 359, 123 129, 1992.
Storkey, D., Blaker, A. T., Mathiot, P., Megann, A., Aksenov, Y., Blockley, E. W., Calvert, D., Graham, T., Hewitt, H. T., Hyder, P., Kuhlbrodt, T., Rae, J. G. L., and Sinha, B.: UK Global Ocean GO6 and GO7: A traceable hierarchy of model resolutions, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3187 3213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3187-2018, 2018.
Sun, S., Pattyn, F., Simon, E. G., Albrecht, T., Cornford, S., Calov, R., Dumas, C., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Goelzer, H., Golledge, N. R, Greve, R., Hoffman, M. J., Humbert, A., Kazmierczak, E., Kleiner, T., Leguy, G. R., Lipscomb, W. H., Martin, D., Morlighem, M., Nowicki, S., Pollard, D., Price, S., Quiquet, A., Seroussi, H., Schlemm, T., Sutter, J., van de Wal, R. S. W., Winkelmann, R., and Zhang, T.: Antarctic ice sheet response to sudden and sustained ice-shelf collapse (ABUMIP), J. Glaciol., 66, 891 904, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.67, 2020.
Swingedouw, D., Fichefet, T., Huybrechts, P., Goosse, H., Driesschaert, E., and Loutre, M.-F.: Antarctic ice-sheet melting provides negative feedbacks on future climate warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17705, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034410, 2008.
Thompson, A. F., Stewart, A. L., Spence, P., and Heywood, K. J.: The Antarctic Slope Current in a Changing Climate, Rev. Geophys., 56, 741 770, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000624, 2018.
Timmermann, R. and Goeller, S.: Response to Filchner Ronne Ice Shelf cavity warming in a coupled ocean ice sheet model Part 1: The ocean perspective, Ocean Sci., 13, 765 776, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-765-2017, 2017.
Torres, O., Braconnot, P., Hourdin, F., Roehrig, R., Marti, O., Belamari, S., and Lefebvre, M.-P.: Competition Between Atmospheric and Surface Parameterizations for the Control of Air-Sea Latent Heat Fluxes in Two Single-Column Models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 7780 7789, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082720, 2019a.
Torres, O., Braconnot, P., Marti, O., and Gential, L.: Impact of airsea drag coefficient for latent heat flux on large scale climate in coupled and atmosphere stand-Alone simulations, Clim. Dynam., 52, 2125 2144, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4236-x, 2019b.
Tsamados, M., Feltham, D. L., Schroeder, D., Flocco, D., Farrell, S. L., Kurtz, N., Laxon, S. W., and Bacon, S.: Impact of Variable Atmospheric and Oceanic Form Drag on Simulations of Arctic Sea Ice, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 1329 1353, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-0215.1, 2014.
Turner, J., Bracegirdle, T. J., Phillips, T., Marshall, G. J., and Hosking, J. S.: An Initial Assessment of Antarctic Sea Ice Extent in the CMIP5 Models, J. Climate, 26, 1473 1484, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00068.1, 2013.
Turner, J., Orr, A., Gudmundsson, G. H., Jenkins, A., Bingham, R. G., Hillenbrand, C.-D., and Bracegirdle, T. J.: Atmosphere-ocean-ice interactions in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, Rev. Geophys., 55, 235 276, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000532, 2017.
Ungermann, M., Tremblay, L. B., Martin, T., and Losch, M.: Impact of the ice strength formulation on the performance of a sea ice thickness distribution model in the Arctic, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 2090 2107, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012128, 2017.
Valcke, S.: The OASIS3 coupler: A European climate modelling community software, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 373 388, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-373-2013, 2013.
Valcke, S., Craig, T., and Coquart, L.: OASIS3-MCT user guide, Tech. rep., CERFACS, available at: https: //oasis.cerfacs.fr/wp-content/uploads/sites/114/2021/02/ GLOBC-TR-oasis3mct_UserGuide3.0_052015.pdf (last access: 21 January 2022), 2013.
Van Achter, G., Fichefet, T., Goosse, H., Pelletier, C., Sterlin, J., Huot, P.-V., Lemieux, J.-F., Fraser, A. D., Haubner, K., and Porter-Smith, R.: Modelling landfast sea ice and its influence on ocean ice interactions in the area of the Totten Glacier, East Antarctica, Ocean Model., 169, 101 920, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101920, 2022.
Vancoppenolle, M., Fichefet, T., Goosse, H., Bouillon, S., Madec, G., and Maqueda, M. A. M.: Simulating the mass balance and salinity of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. 1.
Model description and validation, Ocean Model., 27, 33 53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.10.005, 2009.
Vancoppenolle, M., Bouillon, S., Fichefet, T., Goosse, H. Lecomte, O., Morales Maqueda, M. A., and Madec, G.: LIM The Louvainla-Neuve sea Ice Model, Tech. Rep. 31, Note du Pôle de Modélisation de l Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace No. 31, ISSN No 1288-1619, available at: https://cmc.ipsl.fr/images/publications/ scientific_notes/lim3_book.pdf (last access 21 January 2022), 2012.
van den Broeke, M., Bamber, J., Ettema, J., Rignot, E., Schrama, E., van de Berg, W. J., van Meijgaard, E., Velicogna, I., andWouters, B.: Partitioning Recent Greenland Mass Loss, Science, 326, 984 986, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178176, 2009.
van Kampenhout, L., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Lipscomb, W. H., Sacks, W. J., Lawrence, D. M., Slater, A. G., and van den Broeke, M. R.: Improving the Representation of Polar Snow and Firn in the Community Earth System Model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 9, 2583 2600, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ms000988, 2017.
van Lipzig, N. P. M. and van den Broeke, M. R.: A model study on the relation between atmospheric boundary-layer dynamics and poleward atmospheric moisture transport in Antarctica, Tellus A, 54, 497 511, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0870.2002.201404.x, 2002.
Van Pham, T., Brauch, J., Dieterich, C., Frueh, B., and Ahrens, B.: New coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice system COSMOCLM/ NEMO: Assessing air temperature sensitivity over the North and Baltic Seas, Oceanologia, 56, 167 189, https://doi.org/10.5697/oc.56-2.167, 2014.
Vertenstein, M., Bertini, A., Craig, T., Edwards, J., Levy, M., Mai, A., and Schollenberger, J.: CESM user s guide (CESM1. 2 release series user s guide), Tech. rep., National Center for Atmospheric Research, available at: https://www.cesm.ucar.edu/ models/cesm1.2/cesm/doc/usersguide/book1.html (last access: July 2021), 2013.
Vignon, E., Hourdin, F., Genthon, C., de Wiel, B. J. H. V., Gallée, H., Madeleine, J.-B., and Beaumet, J.: Modeling the Dynamics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over the Antarctic Plateau With a General Circulation Model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 10, 98 125, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ms001184, 2018.
Vionnet, V., Brun, E., Morin, S., Boone, A., Faroux, S., Le Moigne, P., Martin, E., and Willemet, J.-M.: The detailed snowpack scheme Crocus and its implementation in SURFEX v7.2, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 773 791, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-773-2012, 2012.
Voldoire, A., Decharme, B., Pianezze, J., Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Sevault, F., Seyfried, L., Garnier, V., Bielli, S., Valcke, S., Alias, A., Accensi, M., Ardhuin, F., Bouin, M.-N., Ducrocq, V., Faroux, S., Giordani, H., Léger, F., Marsaleix, P., Rainaud, R., Redelsperger, J.-L., Richard, E., and Riette, S.: SURFEX v8.0 interface with OASIS3-MCT to couple atmosphere with hydrology, ocean, waves and sea-ice models, from coastal to global scales, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4207 4227, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4207-2017, 2017.
Wang, C., Zhang, L., Lee, S.-K., Wu, L., and Mechoso, C. R.: A global perspective on CMIP5 climate model biases, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 201 205, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2118, 2014.
Wei, W., Blankenship, D. D., Greenbaum, J. S., Gourmelen, N., Dow, C. F., Richter, T. G., Greene, C. A., Young, D. A., Lee, S., Kim, T.-W., Lee, W. S., and Assmann, K. M.: Getz Ice Shelf melt enhanced by freshwater discharge from beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 14, 1399 1408, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1399-2020, 2020.
Will, A., Akhtar, N., Brauch, J., Breil, M., Davin, E., Ho-Hagemann, H. T. M., Maisonnave, E., Thörkow, M., and Weiher, S.: The COSMO-CLM 4.8 regional climate model coupled to regional ocean, land surface and global earth system models using OASIS3-MCT: description and performance, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1549 1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1549-2017, 2017.
Wille, J. D., Favier, V., Gorodetskaya, I. V., Agosta, C., Kittel, C., Beeman, J. C., Jourdain, N. C., Lenaerts, J. T. M., and Codron, F.: Antarctic Atmospheric River Climatology and Precipitation Impacts, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033788, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033788, 2021.
Zender, C. S.: Analysis of Self-describing Gridded Geoscience Data with netCDF Operators (NCO), Environ. Modell. Softw., 23, 1338 1342, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2008.03.004, 2008.
Zentek, R. and Heinemann, G.: Verification of the regional atmospheric model CCLM v5.0 with conventional data and lidar measurements in Antarctica, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1809 1825, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1809-2020, 2020.
Zhang, T., Price, S., Ju, L., Leng, W., Brondex, J., Durand, G., and Gagliardini, O.: A comparison of two Stokes ice sheet models applied to the Marine Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for plan view models (MISMIP3d), The Cryosphere, 11, 179 190, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-179-2017, 2017.
Zhou, Q. and Hattermann, T.: Modeling ice shelf cavities in the unstructured-grid, Finite Volume Community Ocean Model: Implementation and effects of resolving small-scale topography, Ocean Model., 146, 101536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.101536, 2020.
Zuo, H., Balmaseda, M. A., Tietsche, S., Mogensen, K., and Mayer, M.: The ECMWF operational ensemble reanalysis analysis system for ocean and sea ice: A description of the system and assessment, Ocean Sci., 15, 779 808, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-779-2019, 2019.