planets and satellites: composition; planets and satellites: formation; planets and satellites: fundamental parameters
Abstract :
[en] We present ground and space-based photometric observations of TOI-270 (L231-32), a system of three transiting planets consisting of one super-Earth and two sub-Neptunes discovered by TESS around a bright (K-mag=8.25) M3V dwarf. The planets orbit near low-order mean-motion resonances (5:3 and 2:1), and are thus expected to exhibit large transit timing variations (TTVs). Following an extensive observing campaign using 8 different observatories between 2018 and 2020, we now report a clear detection of TTVs for planets c and d, with amplitudes of ~10 minutes and a super-period of ~3 years, as well as significantly refined estimates of the radii and mean orbital periods of all three planets. Dynamical modeling of the TTVs alone puts strong constraints on the mass ratio of planets c and d and on their eccentricities. When incorporating recently published constraints from radial velocity observations, we obtain masses of $M_{\mathrm{b}}=1.48\pm 0.18\, M_{\oplus}$, $M_{\mathrm{c}}=6.20\pm 0.31\, M_{\oplus}$ and $M_{\mathrm{d}}=4.20\pm 0.16\, M_{\oplus}$ for planets b, c and d, respectively. We also detect small, but significant eccentricities for all three planets : e[SUB]b[/SUB] = 0.0167 ± 0.0084, e[SUB]c[/SUB] = 0.0044 ± 0.0006 and e[SUB]d[/SUB] = 0.0066 ± 0.0020. Our findings imply an Earth-like rocky composition for the inner planet, and Earth-like cores with an additional He/H[SUB]2[/SUB]O atmosphere for the outer two. TOI-270 is now one of the best-constrained systems of small transiting planets, and it remains an excellent target for atmospheric characterization.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Kaye, Laurel; Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
Vissapragada, Shreyas; Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Günther, Maximilian N.; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; Juan Carlos Torres Fellow ; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Aigrain, Suzanne; Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
Mikal-Evans, Thomas; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Jensen, Eric L. N.; Dept. of Physics, and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore PA 19081, USA
Parvianinen, Hannu; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Dept. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Pozuelos, Francisco J. ; Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de LiÃ̈ge, 19C Allée du 6 Aoút, 4000 Liége, Belgium ; Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liége, 19C Allée du 6 Aoút, 4000 Liége, Belgium
Abe, Lyu; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
Acton, Jack S.; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
Agabi, Abdelkrim; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
Alves, Douglas R.; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile
Anderson, David R.; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK ; Dept. of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Armstrong, David J.; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK ; Dept. of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Barkaoui, Khalid ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exotic
Barragán, Oscar; Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
Benneke, Björn; Department of Physics and Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Boyd, Patricia T.; Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Brahm, Rafael; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibá nez, Av. Diagonal las Torres 2640, Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile ; Millennium Institute for Astrophysics, Chile
Bryant, Edward M.; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK ; Dept. of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Burleigh, Matthew R.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
Casewell, Sarah L.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
Ciardi, David; Caltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute Pasadena, CA, USA
Cloutier, Ryan; Banting Fellow ; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Collins, Karen A.; George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030 USA
Collins, Kevin I.; American Association of Variable Star Observers, 49 Bay State Road, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Conti, Dennis M.; American Association of Variable Star Observers, 49 Bay State Road, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
Crouzet, Nicolas; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Daylan, Tansu; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Kavli Fellow
Dragomir, Diana; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, 210 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
Dransfield, Georgina; School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
Fabrycky, Daniel; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Fausnaugh, Michael; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Füürész, Gábor; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Gan, Tianjun; Department of Astronomy and Tsinghua Centre for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Gill, Samuel; Dept. of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exotic
Goad, Michael R.; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
Gorjian, Varoujan; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
Greklek-McKeon, Michael; Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Guerrero, Natalia; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Guillot, Tristan; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
Jehin, Emmanuel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Origines Cosmologiques et Astrophysiques (OrCa)
Jenkins, J. S.; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile ; Centro de Astrofísica y Tecnologías Afines (CATA), Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile
Lendl, Monika; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genéve, Chemin Pegasi 51, Versoix, Switzerland
Kamler, Jacob; John F. Kennedy High School, 3000 Bellmore Avenue, Bellmore, NY 11710, USA
Kane, Stephen R.; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
Kielkopf, John F.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
Kunimoto, Michelle; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
McCormac, James; Dept. of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Mékarnia, Djamel; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
Morales, Farisa Y.; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
Moyano, Maximiliano; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Católica del Norte, 1270709, Antofagasta, Chile
Palle, Enric; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Dept. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Parmentier, Vivien; Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
Relles, Howard M.; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Schmider, François-Xavier; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
Schwarz, Richard P.; Patashnick Voorheesville Observatory, Voorheesville, NY 12186, USA
Seager, S.; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Smith, Alexis M. S.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
Tan, Thiam-Guan; Perth Exoplanet Survey Telescope, Perth, Western Australia
Taylor, Jake; Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.; School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
Twicken, Joseph D.; SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
Udry, Stephane; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genéve, Chemin Pegasi 51, Versoix, Switzerland
Vines, J. I.; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile
Wang, Gavin; Tsinghua International School, Beijing 100084, China ; Stanford Online High School, 415 Broadway Academy Hall, Floor 2, 8853, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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Winn, Joshua N.; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA)
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