[en] Among the most important elements of the nursery pen design, the feeder allows or not the optimisation of pigs' performance. Two principal design features can characterize a feeder : the way pigs will be fed ( wet, dry or wet/dry) and its capacity, which depends in turn on the trough length or the number of feeding spaces ( mono - or multi- space feeder and communal trough). To determine the number of pigs that can be accommodated per feeder, the daily time spent per pig at the feeder - depending on pig size and feed delivered - must be taken into account. Recommendations of 4 to 10 weaned pigs per feeding space are generally given. Pigs are able to adapt their eating behaviour when crowding occurs but suboptimal situations may reduce feed intake and productivity and even impair welfare. Some particularities of the feeder such as limited depth, feeder gap opening, lip height, side panels or protective crate can limit feed spillage and/ or agonistic interactions at the feeder. Feeder position in the pen should prevent pigs to be disturbed while eating and allow free movement of penmates.
Disciplines :
Veterinary medicine & animal health Animal production & animal husbandry
Author, co-author :
Laitat, Martine ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département clinique des animaux de production (DCP) > Département clinique des animaux de production (DCP)
Vandenheede, Marc ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de productions animales > Ethologie vétérinaire et bien-être des animaux
Nicks, Baudouin ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de productions animales > Ecologie et éthologie vétérinaires
Language :
French
Title :
Facteurs influençant le comportement alimentaire et les performances du porc sevré: l'équipement d'alimentation.
Alternative titles :
[en] Factors influencing feeding behaviour and performance of weaned pigs : feeding equipment
ANDERSON D.M., VANLUNEN T.A., SPROULE D. Performance of grower finisher pigs obtaining feed from dry feeders or wet/dry feeders with different feeding spaces. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 1990, 70, 1197-1198.
AUFFRAY P, MARCILLOUX JC. Analysis of porcine feeding patterns from weaning to adulthood. Reprod. Nutr. Dev., 1980, 20,1625-1632.
BAXTER S. Feeding and watering system. In : Baxter S. (Ed.), Intensive pig production : environmental management and design. Granada Publishing : London, 1984, 317-344.
BAXTER M.R. Design of a new feeder for pigs. Farm Build. Progr., 1989, 96, 19-22.
BIGELOW J.A., HOUPT T.R. Feeding and drinking patterns in young pigs. Physiol. Behav., 1988, 43, 99-109.
BROOKS P.H., MORAN C.A., BEAL J.D., DEMECKOVA V., CAMPBELL A. Liquid feeding for the young piglet. In: Varley M.A., Wiseman J. (Eds.), The weaner pig : nutrition and management. Cromwell Press: Trowbridge, 2001, 153-178.
BRUININX E.M.A.M., BINNENDIJK G.P., VAN DER PEET-SCHWERING C.M.C, SCHRAMA J.W., DEN HARTOG L.A., EVERTS H., BEYEN A.C. Effect of creep feed consumption on individual feed intake characteristics and performance of group housed weaning pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 2002a, 80, 1413-1418.
BRUININX E.M.A.M., BINNENDIJK G.P., VAN DER PEET-SCHWERING C.M.C., SCHRAMA J.W., DEN HARTOG L.A., EVERTS H., BEYEN A.C. Individually measured post-weaning feed intake characteristics of group-housed weanling pigs: effects of individually estimated creep feed consumption and switch to a weaner diet either at or after weaning. In : Utrecht University, Individually measured feed intake characteristics in group-housed weanling pigs. Ph.D. Thesis : Utrecht, 2002b, 107-121.
BUNDESGESETZBLATT Teil I. Verordnung zum Schutz von Schweinen bei Stallhaltung (Schweinehaltungsverordnung) , 1994, 9, 312-315. [en ligne] Adresse URL : http://www.jura.uni-sb.de/BGBl/TEIL1/1994/19940313.1.HTML Consulté le 03/09/2004.
CHRISTIANSON S.K., LEMAY S.P., GONYOU H.W., PATIENCE J.F., CHENARD L. Establishing and comparing the water balance of grower-finisher rooms using dry and wet/dry feeders. Adv. Pork Prod., 2002, 13, abstract 11.
CONSEIL FEDERAL SUISSE. Ordonnance sur la protection des animaux du 27 mai 1981. [en ligne] Adresse URL : http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/455_1/ Consulté le 05/10/2004.
CORRIGAN B.P. The effects of feeding management on growth performance and survivability of newly weaned pigs. (2002) [en ligne] Adresse URL : http://labs.ansci.uiuc.edu/ellislab/ISP_Publications/Brendan's%20MS%20thesis. pdf Consulté le 05/07/2005.
DE HAER L.C.M., MERCKS J.W.M. Patterns of daily food intake in growing pigs. Anim. Prod., 1992, 54, 95-104.
DELCOURT M., VANDENHEEDE M., DESIRON A., LAITAT M., CANART B., NICKS B. Emissions d'ammoniac, de protoxyde d'azote, de méthane, de gaz carbonique et de vapeur d'eau lors de l'élevage de porcs charcutiers sur litière accumulée de sciure : quantification et corrélations avec le niveau d'activité des animaux. Ann. Méd. Vét., 2001, 145, 357-364.
DEPREZ P., DEROOSE P., VAN DEN HENDE C., MUYLLE E., OYAERT W. Liquid versus dry feeding in weaned piglets : the influence on small intestinal morphology. J. Vet. Med. B, 1987, 34, 254-259.
GONYOU H.W. Feeder and pen design to increase efficiency. Adv. Pork Prod., 1999, 10, 103-113.
GONYOU H.W., LOU Z. Effects of eating space and availability of water in feeders on productivity and eating behavior of grower/ finisher pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 2000, 78, 865-870.
GONYOU H.W. Gestating sows : all group housing is not the same, but neither are all stalls. (2004) [en ligne] Adresse URL : http://www.prairieswine. usask.ca/whatsnew/November2004/Gestating.htm Consulté le 04/11/2004.
HANSEN L.L., HAGELSO A.M., MADSEN A. Behavioural results and performance of bacon pigs fed «ad libitum» from one or several self-feeders. Appl. Anim. Ethol., 1982, 8, 307-333.
HESSEL E.F., CORDES K., VAN DEN WEGHE H. Rearing piglets with a sensor controlled mash feeder : performance, eating behaviour and animal health compared with the conventional tube feeder. In : van der Honing Y. (Ed.), Book of abstracts of the 54th Annual meeting of the European Association for Animal Production : Rome, August 31st - September 3rd, 2003. Wageningen Academic Publishers : Wageningen, 2003, 201.
HUTSON G. Look how much feed is wasted. Pig Int., 1997, 27, 21-22.
HYUN Y., ELLIS M. Effect of group size and feeder type on growth performance and feeding patterns in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 2001, 79, 803-810.
HYUN Y., ELLIS M. Effect of group size and feeder type on growth performance and feeding patterns in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 2002, 80, 568-574.
INSTITUT TECHNIQUE DU PORC. La gestion et l'audit de l'atelier de porcs. In : Institut Technique du Porc, Mémento de l'éleveur de porc. Institut Technique du Porc : Paris, 2000, 289-323.
KEREBEL C., GERAULT P., EVENO E., CARIOLET R., HUONNIC D., MADEC F. Le comportement alimentaire du porcelet au moment du sevrage. In : Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (France), Institut technique du porc, 32e Journées de la Recherche porcine en France : Paris, 1 er, 2 et 3 février 2000. Institut technique du porc : Paris, 2000, 151-156.
KIRCHER A., WEBER R., WECHSLER B., JUNGBLUTH T. The effect of the animal/feeding place ratio on the behaviour and performance of weaned pigs fed at a tube feeder. In : Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft. Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artgemäben Tierhaltung, 2000, 120-127.
LABROUE F, GUEBLEZ R, MEUNIER-SALAÜN M-C, SELLIER P. Feed intake behaviour of group-housed Piétrain and Large White growing pigs. Ann. Zootech., 1999, 48, 247-261.
LAWLOR P.G., LYNCH P.B., GARDINER G.E., CAFFREY P.J., O'DOHERTY J.V. Effect of liquid feeding weaned pigs on growth performance to harvest. J. Anim. Sci., 2002, 80, 1725-1735.
LE BAS D. Sec et soupe sur la même auge : des nouveaux nourrisseurs PS. Porc mag., 2004a, 382, 46-48.
LE BAS D. Alimentation au sevrage : pourquoi la bouillie prend? Porc mag., 2004b, 382, 61-68.
LINDEMANN M.D., KORNEGAY E.T., MELDRUM J.B., SCHURIG G., GWAZDAUSKAS F.C. The effect of feeder space allowance on weaned pig performance. J. Anim. Sci., 1987, 64, 8-14.
LOU Z., GONYOU H.W. An ergonomic evaluation of feeder design. (2003) [en ligne] Adresse URL : http://www.prairieswine.com/whatsnew/june03/FeederDesign. PDF Consulté le 05/07/2005.
McDONALD K.A.M., GONYOU H.W. To what extent can pigs adapt to a spatially restricted food source ? In : Proceedings of the 35th International congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology, University of California : Davis, August 4-9, 2001, 2001, 89.
McGLONE J.J., HEALD T.E., HAYDEN S.L. Physical and behavioral measures of feeding space for nursery-age swine. J. Anim. Sci., 1983, 57, 140.
MATON A., DAELEMANS J. Study of the wet-feed hopper versus the dry-feed hopper for finishing pigs. Rev. Agric., 1991, 44, 763-773.
MATON A., DAELEMANS J. The impact of feeding devices on water consumption by finishing pigs. Rev. Agric., 1992, 45, 685-690.
MAVROMICHALIS I., BAKER D.H. Floor-feeding enhances early appetite of weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 2000, 78, suppl. 2, 52.
MORROW A.T.S., WALKER N. Effects of number and siting of single-space feeders on performance and feeding behaviour of growing pigs. J. Agr. Sci., 1994a, 122, 465-470.
MORROW A.T.S., WALKER N. The behavioural and production responses of finishing pigs to increasing workload to obtain food ad libitum from hopper feeders. Anim. Prod., 1994b, 59, 125-129.
MORROW A.T.S., WALKER N. A note on changes to feeding behaviour of growing pigs by fitting stalls to single-space feeders. Anim. Prod., 1994c, 59, 151-153.
NIELSEN B.L., LAWRENCE A.B., WHITTEMORE C.T. Effect of group size on feeding behaviour, social behaviour, and performance of growing pigs using single-space feeders. Livest. Prod. Sci., 1995a, 44, 73-85.
NIELSEN B.L., LAWRENCE A.B., WHITTEMORE C.T. Effects of single-space feeder design on feeding behaviour and performance of growin pigs. Anim. Sci., 1995b, 61, 575-579.
NIELSEN B.L., LAWRENCE A.B., WHITTEMORE C.T. Feeding behaviour of growing pigs using single or multi-space feeders. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 1996, 47, 235-246.
O'CONNELL N.E., BEATTIE V.E., WEATHERUP R.N. Influence of feeder type on the performance and behaviour of weaned pigs. Livest. Prod. Sci., 2002, 74, 13-17.
OFFICE VETERINAIRE FEDERAL SUISSE. Protection des animaux: directives et informations, aides à l'exécution de la législation - animaux de rente - porcs. (2004) [en ligne] Adresse URL : http://www.bvet.admin. ch/tierschutz/f/vollzugshilfen/haltungssysteme/Merkblatt_futterplatz_f.pdf Consulté le 08/09/2004.
PATTERSON D.C. A comparison of offering meal and pellets to finishing pigs from self-feed hoppers with and without builtin watering. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1991, 34, 29-36.
PLUSKE J.R., WILLIAMS I.H. The influence of feeder type and the method of group allocation at weaning on voluntary food intake and growth in piglets. Anim. Sci., 1996, 62, 115-120.
PLUSKE J.R., WILLIAMS I.H., AHERNE F.X. Maintenance of villous height and crypt depth in piglets by providing continuous nutrition after weaning. Anim. Sci., 1996, 62, 131-144.
RUSSELL P.J., GEARY T.M., BROOKS P.H., CAMPBELL A. Performance, water use and effluent output of weaner pigs fed ad libitum with either dry pellets or liquid feed and the role of microbial activity in the liquid feed. J. Sci. Food. Agric., 1996, 72, 8-16.
SERVICE PUBLIC FEDERAL - SANTE PUBLIQUE, SECURITE DE LA CHAINE ALIMENTAIRE ET ENVIRONNEMENT. Arrêté Royal du 15 mars 2003 relatif à la protection des porcs dans les élevages porcins. Monit. Belg., 2003.
SMITH L.F., BEAULIEU A.D., PATIENCE J.F., GONYOU H.W., BOYD R.D. The impact of feeder adjustement and group size-floor space allowance on the performance of nursery pigs. J. Swine Health Prod., 2004, 12, 111-118.
SPENCER A. Feeders: number, type and size. [en ligne] (2002) Adresse URL : http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pigs/14868.html Consulté le 26/01/2005.
SPITZ F. Current state of knowledge of wild boar biology. Pig News Inf., 1986, 7, 171-175.
SPOOLDER H.A.M., EDWARDS S.A., CORNING S. Effects of group size and feeder space allowance on welfare in finishing pigs. Anim. Sci., 1999, 69, 481-489.
STOLBA A., WOOD-GUSH D.G.M. The behaviour of pigs in a seminatural environment. Anim. Prod., 1989, 48, 419-425.
TAYLOR I., CURTIS S. Grower feeders : 11 designs reviewed. Natl Hog Farmer, 1989, 34, 29-39.
TURNER S.P., DAHLGREN M., AREY D.S., EDWARDS S.A. Effect of social group size and initial live weight on feeder space requirement of growing pigs given food ad libitum. Anim. Sci., 2002, 75, 75-83.
VARGAS J.V., CRAIG J.V., HINES R.H. Effects of feeding systems on social and feeding behavior and performance of finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 1987, 65, 463-474.
WALKER N. A comparison of single- and multi-space feeders for growing pigs fed non-pelleted diets ad libitum. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1990a, 30, 169-173.
WALKER N. The influence of hopper-type feeders on performance of pigs. Pig News Inf., 1990b, 11, 31-33.
WALKER N. The effects on performance and behaviour of number of growing pig per mono-place feeder. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1991, 35, 3-13.
WOLTER B.F., ELLIS M., CURTIS S.E., PARR E.N., WEBEL D.M. Feeder location did not affect performance of weanling pigs in large groups. J. Anim. Sci., 2000, 78, 2784-2789.
WOLTER B.F., ELLIS M., CURTIS S.E., PARR E.N., WEBEL D.M. Effects of feeder-trough space and variation in body weight within a pen of pigs on performance in a wean-to-finish production system. J. Anim. Sci., 2002, 80, 2241-2246.
WOROBEC E.K., DUNCAN I.J.H., WIDOWSKI T.M. The effects of weaning at 7, 14 and 28 days on piglet behaviour. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 1999, 62, 173-182.
