[en] In Central Africa more than 75% of the total log production is focussed on only four timber species, whose populations are progressively being depleted. Reducing the impact on those flagship species by diversifying the exploitation could lead to better forest management in the long term. Pachyelasma tessmannii is a species whose trees are among the largest in the forests of Central Africa. Yet the properties of its wood are poorly documented. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of using this species with a view to diversify forest production in Central Africa. Its physical and mechanical properties, its natural durability, and quantified radial variation were investigated. By using Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Component (HCPC), heartwood was classified among 98 other Central African timber species. P. tessmannii has a wavy grain and a coarse texture with a wide well-discernible sapwood. The wood is “heavy” with disadvantageous dimensional stability parameters. All mechanical properties are “medium”, except for “low” impact bending strength. Heartwood is very durable against white and brown rot. All properties were significantly influenced by radial variation, except for axial compression strength. According to the HCPC, P. tessmannii should be suitable for stairs (inside/outside), flooring, decking, veneer (back and face of plywood), sliced veneer, furniture (inside/outside), exterior panelling, cabinetry, and joinery (inside/outside). The results obtained concerning the radial variation of basic density could suggest that the species is light-demanding. Considering that the sustainable exploitation of light-demanding species is often confronted with the problem of their lack of regeneration in closed-canopy rainforests, further studies are needed before promoting this species on international markets.
Disciplines :
Biotechnology
Author, co-author :
Doucet, Robin ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Gestion des ressources forestières et des milieux naturels
Doucet, Jean-Louis ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Gestion des ressources forestières et des milieux naturels
Lejeune, Philippe ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Gestion des ressources forestières et des milieux naturels
Verheyen, Cécile; Centre de recherche Agronomique Wallon
De Mil, Tom ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Gestion des ressources forestières et des milieux naturels
Martin, Patrick; Expertise Bois (EXB)
Lagoute, Paul; Pallisco SARL
Jourez, Benoît ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Gestion des ressources forestières et des milieux naturels
Language :
English
Title :
Wood description and timber use investigation of Pachyelasma tessmannii (Harms) Harms
Publication date :
19 October 2021
Journal title :
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products
ISSN :
0018-3768
eISSN :
1436-736X
Publisher :
Springer, Germany
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Name of the research project :
Essence à Haut Potentiel de valorisation (EHPval)
Funders :
Programme de Promotion de l'Exploitation Certifiée des Forêts (PPECF)
AFNOR (1985A) NF B51-005: Bois. Détermination De La Masse Volumique (Wood. Density Determination). Association Française De Normalisation, , Paris
AFNOR (1985B) NF B51-006: Bois. Détermination Du Retrait (Wood. Shrinkage Determination). Association Française De Normalisation, , Paris
(1985) NF, pp. 51-57. , (c), Bois. Essai de compression axiale (Wood. Axial compression strength determination). Association Française de Normalisation, Paris
AFNOR (1985D) NF B 51-013: Bois. Détermination De La dureté De Monnin (Wood. Monnin Hardness Determination). Association Française De Normalisation, , Paris
AFNOR (1987A) NF B51-016: Bois. Détermination Du Module d’élasticité En Flexion Statique De Petites éprouvettes Sans défauts (Wood. Young Modulus Determination on Defect-Free Samples), , Association Française de Normalisation, Paris
AFNOR (1987B) NF B51-008: Bois. Essai De Flexion Statique (Wood. Static Bending Strength Determination). Association Française De Normalisation, , Paris
Alroy, J., Effects of habitat disturbance on tropical forest biodiversity (2017) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 114, pp. 6056-6061. , PID: 28461482, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXmvFShuro%3D
(2006) La lettre de l’ATIBT n°24: Statistiques 2005 (ATIBT letter n°24: 2005 statistics), , Association Technique Internationale de Bois Tropicaux, Paris
(2007) La lettre de l’ATIBT n°26: Statistiques 2006 (ATIBT letter n°26: 2006 statistics), , Association Technique Internationale de Bois Tropicaux, Paris
Nomenclature générale des bois tropicaux (Tropical timber nomenclature) (2016) ATIBT, , Association Technique Internationale de Bois Tropicaux, Nogent-sur-Marne
Développement intégré et durable de la filière bois dans le Bassin du Congo: Opportunités (2019) défis Et Recommandations opérationnelles, , https://www.afdb.org/fr/documents/document/rapport-strategique-regional-developpement-integre-et-durable-de-la-filiere-bois-dans-le-bassin-du-congo-109428, Tropical timber market sustainable development in the Congo Basin, Opportunities, challenges and operational recommendations). Banque Africaine de Développement
Bayol, N., Demarquez, B., De Wasseige, C., Eba'a Atyi, R., Fisher, J.F., Nasi, R., Pasquier, A., Vivien, C., (2012) Forest Management and the Timber Sector in
Central Africa. In:
The forests of the Congo Basin: State of the forest 2010, pp. 43-62. , Wasseige C, Marcken P, Bayol N, Hiol-Hiol F, Mayaux P, Desclée B, Billand A, Nasi R, (eds), Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
Bhat, K.M., Priya, P.B., Rugmini, P., Characterisation of juvenile wood in teak (2001) Wood Sci Technol, 34, pp. 517-532. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXht1Olsrg%3D
Biwolé, A.B., Origine et dynamique des populations d’arbres des forêts denses humides d’Afrique Centrale, le cas de Lophira alata Banks ex Gaertn C.F. (Ochnaceae) (Central Africa rainforest trees origin and population dynamic, the case of Lophira alata Bank ex Gaertn C.F. (Ochnaceae)). Ph.D (2015) Thesis, , Université de Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio tech, Belgium
Boampong, E., Effah, B., Antwi, K., Factors influencing the choice of timber for furniture and joinery production in Ghana (2015) Eur J Eng Technol, 3, pp. 48-59
Bossu, J., Beauchêne, J., Estevez, Y., New insights on wood dimensional stability influenced by secondary metabolites: the case of a fast-growing tropical species Bagassa guianensis aubl (2016) PLoS ONE, 11. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhtVCht7zI
Brémaud, I., Amusant, N., Minato, K., Effect of extractives on vibrational properties of African Padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.) (2011) Wood Sci Technol, 45, pp. 461-472. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXos1Wlurs%3D
Brémaud, I., Gril, J., Thibaut, B., Anisotropy of wood vibrational properties: dependence on grain angle and review of literature data (2011) Wood Sci Technol, 45, pp. 735-754. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlagtL3L
(2004) CEN/TR 14734:2004: Durability of Wood and Wood-Based products—determination of Treatability of Timber Species to Be Impregnated with Wood preservatives—laboratory Method, , Comité Européen de Normalisation, Bruxelles
CEN 15083-1: Durability of wood and wood-based products—determination of the natural durability of solid wood against wood-destroying fungi (2005) Test methods—Part1: Basidiomycetes, , Comité Européen de Normalisation, Bruxelles
Chaowana, P., Bamboo: an alternative raw material for wood and wood-based composites (2013) J Mater Sci Res, 2, p. 90. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXnsVajtL8%3D
CIRAD (2015) Les Principales caractéristiques Technologiques De 245 Essences forestières Tropicales Et tempérées. Tropix V 7.5.1 (The Main Technological Characteristics of 245 Tropical and Temperate Forest Species. Tropix V 7.5.1). Software. Centre De Cooperation Internationale De Recherche Agronomique Pour Le Développement, , Paris, France
(2018) Base De données Des Plantes d’Afrique (African Plants Database). Conservatoire Et Jardin Botanique De La Ville De Genève, , http://www.villege.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/details.php?langue=fr&id=69634, Accessed 13 May 2020
Dalois, C., (1990) Manuel De Sciage Et d’affûtage (Sawing and Sharpening Guide), , Quae, Versailles
Dalois, C., Le sciage sur quartier des bois tropicaux modèle de scierie (Quarter-sawing a model for tropical sawmill) (1993) Bois Forets Des Trop, 237, pp. 61-67
de Almeida, T.H., de Almeida, D.H., De Araujo, V.A., Density as estimator of dimensional stability quantities of Brazilian tropical woods (2017) BioResources, 12, pp. 6579-6590
Deklerck, V., De Mil, T., Kondjo, P., Sleeping beauties in materials science: unlocking the value of xylarium specimens in the search for timbers of the future (2019) Holzforschung, 73, pp. 889-897. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhs1als77J
Doucet, J.L., Kouadio, Y.L., Monticelli, D., Lejeune, P., Enrichment of logging gaps with moabi (Baillonella toxisperma Pierre) in a Central African rain forest (2009) For Ecol Manag, 258, pp. 2407-2415
Doucet, J.L., Daïnou, K., Ligot, G., Enrichment of Central African logged forests with high-value tree species: testing a new approach to regenerating degraded forests (2016) Int J Biodivers Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag, 12, pp. 83-95
Evans, R., Stringer, S., Kibblewhite, R.P., Variation of microfibril angle, density and fibre orientation in twenty-nine Eucalyptus nitens trees (2000) Appita J, 53, pp. 450-457
The State of Forests in the Amazon Basin, Congo Basin and Southeast Asia (2011) Food and Agriculture Organization, , http://www.fao.org/3/i2247e/i2247e00.pdf
Fayolle, A., Picard, N., Doucet, J.L., A new insight in the structure, composition and functioning of central African moist forests (2014) For Ecol Manag, 329, pp. 195-205
Fays, R., (2008) Des forêts.. Des Bois.. (Some forest… Some wood…). Richard Fays, p. 1022. , Impribeau Sainte-Ode, Brussels
(2018) Vision stratégique et industrialisation de la filière bois dans les 6 pays du Bassin du Congo, Horizon 2030 (Strategic vision and industrialization of the timber sector in the 6 Congo Basin countries, Horizon 2030), , Forest Resources Management, Montpellier
Gartner, B.L., Milota, M.R., Hua, L., Variation in the anatomy and specific gravity of wood within and between trees of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) (1997) Wood Fiber Sci, 29, pp. 10-20. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhs12ksbk%3D
Gerhards, C.C., Effect of moisture content and temperature on the mechanical properties of wood: an analysis of immediate effects (1982) Wood Fiber Sci, 14, pp. 4-36
Harris, J.M., (1989) Spiral grain and wave phenomena in wood formation, , Springer, Berlin
Hernández, R.E., Influence of accessory substances, wood density and interlocked grain on the compressive properties of hardwoods (2007) Wood Sci Technol, 41, pp. 249-265. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXisFWqt7s%3D
Hernández, R.E., Almeida, G., Effects of wood density and interlocked grain on the shear strength of three Amazonian tropical hardwoods (2003) Wood Fiber Sci, 35, pp. 154-166
Hillaby, A., The visual context of wood (2000) Gt Vancouver Woodturners Guild News L, 1, pp. 1-6
(1956) NBN, p. 225. , Bois. Méthodes d’essai de qualification (Wood. Qualification test method). Institut Belge de Normalisation, Bruxelles
Iida, Y., Poorter, L., Sterck, F.J., Wood density explains architectural differentiation across 145 co-occurring tropical tree species (2012) Funct Ecol, 26, pp. 274-282
Ishiguri, F., Eizawa, J., Saito, Y., Variation in the wood properties of Paraserianthes falcataria planted in Indonesia (2007) IAWA J, 28, pp. 339-348
(2012) Wood. Sampling Methods and General Requirements for Physical and Mechanical Testing of Small Clear Wood Specimens (ISO Standard No, p. 3129. , International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
Karsenty, A., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Assessing sustainability of logging practices in the Congo Basin’s managed forests: the issue of commercial species recovery (2006) Ecol Soc, 11, p. 13
Karsenty, A., Drigo, I.G., Piketty, M.G., Singer, B., Regulating industrial forest concessions in Central Africa and South America (2008) For Ecol Manag, 256, pp. 1498-1508
Keller, R., Des caractéristiques nouvelles pour l’étude des propriétés mécaniques des bois: les composantes de la densité (New characteristics for the study of the mechanical properties of wood: density compenents) (2009) Ann Des Sci for, 25, pp. 237-249
King, D.A., Davies, S.J., Tan, S., Noor, N.S.M., The role of wood density and stem support costs in the growth and mortality of tropical trees (2006) J Ecol, 94, pp. 670-680
Kollmann, F.F.P., Coté, W.A.J., (1968) Principles of wood science and technology, , Springer, Berlin
Kord, B., Kialashaki, A., Kord, B., The within-tree variation in wood density and shrinkage, and their relationship in Populus euramericana (2010) Turk J Agric for, 34, pp. 121-126
Kretschmann, D.E., Green, D.W., Modeling moisture content-mechanical property relationships for clear southern pine (1996) Wood Fiber Sci, 28, pp. 320-337. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XkvVWns7g%3D
Lamb, D., Erskine, P.D., Parrotta, J.A., Restoration of degraded tropical forest landscapes (2005) Science, 310, pp. 1628-1632. , PID: 16339437, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlSntb%2FN
Lê, S., Josse, J., Husson, F., FactoMineR: a package for multivariate analysis (2008) J Stat Softw, 25, pp. 1-18
Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Roeland, H.M.J., Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A., Corbière, H., (2012) Plant Ressources of Tropical Africa. Prota 7(2): Timbers, p. 2. , PROTA, Wageningen
Lever, J., Krzywinski, M., Altman, N., Points of significance: principal component analysis (2017) Nat Methods, 14, pp. 641-642. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhtVymsLnO
Lichtenegger, H., Reiterer, A., Stanzl-Tschegg, S.E., Fratzl, P., Variation of cellulose microfibril angles in softwoods and hardwoods—a possible strategy of mechanical optimization (1999) J Struct Biol, 128 (3), pp. 257-269. , PID: 10633065, COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7gtVKnsA%3D%3D
Mantanis, G.I., Young, R.A., Rowell, R.M., (1994) Swelling of wood Part 1. Swelling in water, , Springer, Belrin
Marsoem, N., Kikata, Y., The effect of interlocked grain on the mechanical properties of white meranti (1987) Bull Nagoya Univ, 9, pp. 51-57
Martin, P., Vernay, M., (2016) Guide d’utilisation des bois africains éco-certifiés en Europe (Guide to the use of eco-certified African woods in Europe), , ATIBT, Paris
Martínez-Garza, C., Bongers, F., Poorter, L., Are functional traits good predictors of species performance in restoration plantings in tropical abandoned pastures? (2013) For Ecol Manag, 303, pp. 35-45
Mitchard, E.T.A., The tropical forest carbon cycle and climate change (2018) Nature, 559, pp. 527-534. , PID: 30046067, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhtl2jt7rM
Morin-Rivat, J., Fayolle, A., Favier, C., Present-day central African forest is a legacy of the 19th century human history (2017) Elife, 6. , PID: 28093097
Nature + asbl (2015) Plan d’aménagement: unité forestière d’aménagement N° 10–47, Région de l’Est (Management plan: forest management unit n°10–47, Est region)
Normand, D., Paquis, J., (1976) Manuel d’identification Des Bois Commerciaux (Guide for Commercial Timber Identification). Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT), , Nogent-sur-Marne
Ocloo, J., Laing, E., Correlation of relative density and strength properties with anatomical properties of the wood of Ghanaian Celtis species (2003) Discov Innov, 15, pp. 186-196
Peña-Claros, M., Peters, E.M., Justiniano, M.J., Regeneration of commercial tree species following silvicultural treatments in a moist tropical forest (2008) For Ecol Manag, 255, pp. 1283-1293
Plourde, B.T., Boukili, V.K., Chazdon, R.L., Radial changes in wood specific gravity of tropical trees: inter- and intraspecific variation during secondary succession (2015) Funct Ecol, 29, pp. 111-120
Team, R., (2020) Rstudio: Integrated Development for R, , RStudio, PBC, Boston
Rungwattana, K., Hietz, P., Radial variation of wood functional traits reflect size-related adaptations of tree mechanics and hydraulics (2018) Funct Ecol, 32, pp. 260-272
Sallenave, P., (1955) Propriétés Physiques Et mécaniques Des Bois Tropicaux De l’union française (Physical and Mechanical Properties of French Union Tropical Timber Species). Centre Technique Forestier Tropical
Schulgasser, K., Witztum, A., How the relationship between density and shrinkage of wood depends on its microstructure (2015) Wood Sci Technol, 49, pp. 389-401. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXitVOkur8%3D
Sholadoye, I.O., Abubakar, I., Annafi, Q.B., Ejeh, S.P., Evaluation of some wood properties of Nigeria timber using four-point bending test (2016) Adv Multidiscip Res J, 2, pp. 133-144
Slik, J.W.F., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Aiba, S.I., An estimate of the number of tropical tree species (2015) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 112, pp. 7472-7477. , PID: 26034279, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXpt1ejuro%3D
Spear, M., Walker, J.C.F., Dimensional instability in timber (2006) Primary wood processing: principles and practice, pp. 95-120. , Walker JCF, (ed), Springer, Doordrecht
Tsehaye, A., Walker, J.C.F., Spiral grain in Canterbury Pinus radiata: within- and between-tree variations and effect on mechanical properties (1995) N Z J for Sci, 25, pp. 358-366
USDA (2010) Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. Department of Agriculture, , Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison
Weddell, E., Influence of interlocked grain on the bending strength of timber, with particular reference to utile and greenheart (1961) J Inst Wood Sci, 7, pp. 56-72
Wickham, H., (2016) ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis, , Springer, New York
Wickham, H., Averick, M., Bryan, J., Welcome to the Tidyverse (2019) J Open Source Softw, 4, p. 1686
Wiemann, M., Williamson, G., Extreme radial changes in wood specific gravity in some tropical pioneers (1988) Wood Fiber Sci, 20, pp. 344-349
Wiemann, M., Williamson, G., Radial gradients in the specific gravity of wood in some tropical and temperate trees (1989) For Sci, 35, pp. 197-210
Woodcock, D., Shier, A., Wood specific gravity and its radial variations: the many ways to make a tree (2002) Trees Struct Funct, 16, pp. 437-443
Woodcock, D.W., Shier, A., Does canopy position affect wood specific gravity in temperate forest trees? (2003) Ann Bot, 91, pp. 529-537. , PID: 12646497, COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s7jtF2ntw%3D%3D
Zhang, S.Y., (1997) Wood specific gravity-mechanical relationship at species level, , Springer, Berlin
Zobel, B.J., Sprague, J.R., (1998) Juvenile wood in forest trees, , Springer, Berlin
