bipolar thermocautery; laparoscopy; monkey; population control; salpingectomy; sterilization; wildlife
Abstract :
[en] Worldwide, primates, and humans increasingly share habitats and often enter in conflict when primates thrive in human-dominated environments, calling for special management measures. Reproductive control is increasingly used to manage population growth but very few monitoring data are available. Therefore, the efficiency and implications of such programs require a careful examination. In the context of a contraception program in wild female long-tailed macaques in Ubud, Bali, conducted over four successive campaigns between 2017 and 2019, including 140 females (i.e., 41.9% of the reproductive females of the population in 2019), modifications of an endoscopic tubectomy procedure, a permanent sterilization method, clinical evaluation of this method, and the post-operative monitoring results of the neutered females after release are described. This surgical approach was applicable for pregnant females: 28.6% of the treated females were pregnant at the time of the surgery. The procedure used a single lateral port to reach and cauterize both oviducts in non-pregnant as well as in early to mid-term pregnant females. Pregnant females nearer to term required a second lateral port to access both oviducts masked by the size of the gravid uterus. Moreover, bipolar thermocauterization was utilized successfully without resection to realize the tubectomy. The average duration of the laparoscopic surgery was 14 min for non-pregnant females and 22 min for pregnant females. Animals were released 3 h 22 min in average following their capture. This short holding time, recommended for free-ranging primates, was made possible by the minimal invasiveness of the sterilization approach. A laparoscopic post-operative evaluation conducted on two patients during the following campaign confirmed that the oviducts were definitely disrupted and no longer patent. Moreover, no new pregnancies in sterilized females were recorded during the 3-year observation period. The survival rate of the treated females 6 months after sterilization was high (96.3%) with no major post-operative complications clinically recorded. Among females that were pregnant during surgery, 81.1% were confirmed to experience term delivery. This study demonstrates the safety and efficiency of endoscopic tubectomy, even for pregnant females, as a mean of wild macaques' population control.
Disciplines :
Veterinary medicine & animal health Animal psychology, ethology & psychobiology
Author, co-author :
Deleuze, Stefan ✱; Université de Liège - ULiège > Dépt d'Ens. et de Clinique des animaux de Compagnie (DCC) > Reproduction des animaux de compagnie
Brotcorne, Fany ✱; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution > Biologie du comportement - Ethologie et psychologie animale
Polet, Roland ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution > Biologie du comportement - Ethologie et psychologie animale
Gede, Soma; Udayana University > Veterinary Medicine Faculty > Primate Research Center, Indonesia
Rigaux, Goulven; pan anima, Belgium
Giraud, Gwennan ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution > Biologie du comportement - Ethologie et psychologie animale
Poncin, Pascal ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution > Biologie du comportement - Ethologie et psychologie animale
Wandia, I Nengah; Udayana University > Veterinary Medicine Faculty > Primate Research Center, Indonesia
Huynen, Marie-Claude ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution > Biologie du comportement - Ethologie et psychologie animale
✱ These authors have contributed equally to this work.
Language :
English
Title :
Tubectomy of Pregnant and Non-pregnant Female Balinese Macaques (Macaca Fascicularis) With Post-operative Monitoring
F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ULiège - Université de Liège WBI - Wallonie-Bruxelles International
Funding text :
This study was carried out with the financial support of the Padangtegal village leadership committee, the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research, the Erasmus + International Credit Mobility Programme, the University of Liège, and
Wallonie-Bruxelles International.
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