HETEROFOR 1.0: A spatially explicit model for exploring the response of structurally complex forests to uncertain future conditions-Part 2: Phenology and water cycle
De Wergifosse, L.; André, F.; Beudez, N.et al.
2020 • In Geoscientific Model Development, 13 (3), p. 1459-1498
De Wergifosse, L.; Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
André, F.; Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
Beudez, N.; AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34000, France
De Coligny, F.; AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34000, France
Goosse, H.; Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
Jonard, François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géographie > Systèmes d'information géographiques
Ponette, Q.; Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
Titeux, H.; Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
Vincke, C.; Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
Jonard, M.; Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
Language :
English
Title :
HETEROFOR 1.0: A spatially explicit model for exploring the response of structurally complex forests to uncertain future conditions-Part 2: Phenology and water cycle
Ahmadi, M. T., Attarod, P., Mohadjer, M. R. M., Rahmani, R., and Fathi, J., Partitioning rainfall into throughfall, stemflow, and interception loss in an oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest during the growing season, Turk. J. Agr. Forest, 33, 557-568, 2009.
Ainsworth, E. A. and Long, S. P., What have we learned from 15 years of free-Air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-Analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2, New Phytol., 165, 351-372, 2005.
Allen, C. D., Breshears, D. D., and McDowell, N. G., On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene, Ecosphere, 6, 1-55, 2015.
An, H. and Noh, S. J., High-order averaging method of hydraulic conductivity for accurate soil moisture modelling, J. Hydrol., 516, 119-130, 2014.
Anderegg W. R., Konings A. G., Trugman A. T., Yu K., Bowling D. R., Gabbitas R., and Zenes N., Hydraulic diversity of forests regulates ecosystem resilience during drought, Nature, 561, 538-541, 2018.
André, F. and Ponette, Q., Comparison of biomass and nutrient content between oak (Quercus petraea) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) trees in a coppice-with-standards stand in Chimay (Belgium), Ann. Sci. Forest., 60, 489-502, 2003.
André, F., Jonard, M., and Ponette, Q., Influence of species and rain event characteristics on stemflow volume in a temperate mixed oak-beech stand, Hydrol. Process., 22, 4455-4466, 2008a.
André, F., Jonard, M., and Ponette, Q., Precipitation water storage capacity in a temperate mixed oak-beech canopy, Hydrol. Process., 22, 4130-4141, 2008b.
André, F., Jonard, M., and Ponette, Q., Effects of biological and meteorological factors on stemflow chemistry within a temperate mixed oak-beech stand, Sci. Total Environ., 393, 72-83, 2008c.
Assouline, S. and Or, D., Anisotropy factor of saturated and unsaturated soils, Water Resour. Res., 42, W12403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005001, 2006.
Aubertin, G. M., Nature and extent of macropores in forest soils and their influence on subsurface water movement, USDA For. Serv. NE Res., Res. Pap. NE-192, 1971.
Augspurger, C. K. and Bartlett, E. A., Differences in leaf phenology between juvenile and adult trees in a temperate deciduous forest, Tree Physiol., 23, 517-525, 2003.
Aussenac, G., Interception des précipitations par le couvert forestier, Ann. Sci. Forest., 25, 135-156, 1968.
Aussenac, G., Action du couvert forestier sur la distribution au sol des précipitations, Ann. Sci. Forest., 27, 383-399, 1970.
Aussenac, G. and Boulangeat, C., Interception des précipitations et évapotranspiration réelle dans des peuplements de feuillu (Fagus silvatica L.) et de résineux (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb) Franco), Ann. Sci. Forest., 37, 91-107, 1980.
Basler, D. and Körner, C., Photoperiod sensitivity of bud burst in 14 temperate forest tree species, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 165, 73-81, 2012.
Basler, D., Evaluating phenological models for the prediction of leaf-out dates in six temperate tree species across central Europe, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 217, 10-21, 2016.
Bastrup-Birk, A. and Gundersen, P., Water quality improvements from afforestation in an agricultural catchment in Denmark illustrated with the INCA model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 764-777, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-764-2004, 2004.
Bazuhair, A. S. and Wood, W. W., Chloride mass-balance method for estimating ground water recharge in arid areas, examples from western Saudi Arabia, J. Hydrol., 186, 153-159, 1996.
Bellot, J. and Escarre, A., Stemflow and throughfall determination in a resprouted Mediterranean holm-oak forest, Ann. Sci. Forest., 55, 847-865, 1998.
Bennett, A. C., McDowell, N. G., Allen, C. D., and Anderson-Teixeira, K. J., Larger trees suffer most during drought in forests worldwide, Nat. Plants, 1, 15139, https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2015.139, 2015.
Bent, G. C., Effects of forest-management activities on runoff components and ground-water recharge to Quabbin Reservoir, central Massachusetts, Forest Ecol. Manag., 143, 115-129, 2001.
Berger, U., Piou, C., Schiffers, K., and Grimm, V., Competition among plants, concepts, individual-based modelling approaches, and a proposal for a future research strategy, Perspect. Plant Ecol., 9, 121-135, 2008.
Beuker, E., Raspe, S., Bastrup-Birk, A., Preuhsler, T., and Fleck, S., Part VI, Phenological Observations, in, UNECE ICP Forests Programme Co-ordinating Centre, Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and analysis of the effects of air pollution on forests, Thönen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, 1-12, 2016.
Binkley, D., Campoe, O. C., Gspaltl, M., and Forrester, D. I., Light absorption and use efficiency in forests, Why patterns differ for trees and stands, Forest Ecol. Manag., 288, 5-13, 2013.
Bonan, G. B., Forests and climate change, forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests, Science, 320, 1444-1449, 2008.
Bravo, F., Fabrika, M., Ammer, C., Barreiro, S., Bielak, K., Coll, L., Fonseca, T., Kangur, A., Löf, M., Merganicova, K., Pach, M., Pretzsch, H., Stojanovic, D., Schuler, L., Peric, S., Rötzer, T., del Rio, M., Dodan, M., and Bravo-Oviedo, A., Modelling approaches for mixed forests dynamics prognosis, Research gaps and opportunities, Forest Syst., 28, eR002, https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2019281-14342, 2019.
Böcking, W. and Krebs, A., Interzeption und Bestandesniederschläge von Buche und Fichte im Schönbuch, Das landschaftsökologische Forschungsprojekt Naturpark Schönbuch, 113-131, 1986.
Bussotti, F. and Pollastrini, M., Observing climate change impacts on European forests, what works and what does not in ongoing long-Term monitoring networks, Front. Plant Sci., 8, 629, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00629, 2017.
Carlyle-Moses, D. E. and Price, A. G., Growing-season stemflow production within a deciduous forest of southern Ontario, Hydrol. Process., 20, 3651-3663, 2006.
Cepel, N. V., Interzeption (D Niederschlagsverdunstung im Kronenraum) in einem Buchen-, einem Eichen-und einem Kiefernbestand des Belgrader Waldes bei Istanbul, Forstwiss. Centralbl., 86, 301-314, 1967.
Charru, M., Seynave, I., Hervé, J. C., Bertrand, R., and Bontemps, J. D., Recent growth changes in Western European forests are driven by climate warming and structured across tree species climatic habitats, Ann. For. Sci., 74, 33, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-017-0626-1, 2017.
Chiang, J. M. and Brown, K. J., Improving the budburst phenology subroutine in the forest carbon model PnET, Ecol. Model., 205, 515-526, 2007.
Choat, B., Brodribb, T. J., Brodersen, C. R., Duursma, R. A., Lopez, R., and Medlyn, B. E., Triggers of tree mortality under drought, Nature, 558, 531-539, 2018.
Christiansen, J. R., Elberling, B., and Jansson, P. E., Modelling water balance and nitrate leaching in temperate Norway spruce and beech forests located on the same soil type with the CoupModel, Forest Ecol. Manag., 237, 545-556, 2006.
Chuine, I., A unified model for budburst of trees, J. Theor. Biol., 207, 337-347, 2000.
Chuine, I., Garcia de Cortazar Atauri, I., Kramer, K., and Hänninen, H., Plant Development Models, in, Phenology, An Integrative Environmental Science, Task Veg. Sc., 275-293, 2013.
Chuine, I., Bonhomme, M., Legave, J. M., García de Cortázar-Atauri, I., Charrier, G., Lacointe, A., and Améglio, T., Can phenological models predict tree phenology accurately in the future? The unrevealed hurdle of endodormancy break, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 3444-3460, 2016.
Clark, J. S., Salk, C., Melillo, J., and Mohan, J., Tree phenology responses to winter chilling, spring warming, at north and south range limits, Funct. Ecol., 28, 1344-1355, 2014.
Cole, E. F. and Sheldon, B. C., The shifting phenological landscape, Within-And between-species variation in leaf emergence in a mixed-deciduous woodland, Ecol. Evol., 7, 1135-1147, 2017.
Collalti, A., Perugini, L., Santini, M., Chiti, T., Nolè, A., Matteucci, G., and Valentini, R., A process-based model to simulate growth in forests with complex structure, Evaluation and use of 3DCMCC Forest Ecosystem Model in a deciduous forest in Central Italy, Ecol. Model., 272, 362-378, 2014.
Collalti, A., Marconi, S., Ibrom, A., Trotta, C., Anav, A., D?Andrea, E., Matteucci, G., Montagnani, L., Gielen, B., Mammarella, I., Grönwald, T., Knohl, A., Berninger, F., Zhao, Y., Valentini, R., and Santini, M., Validation of 3D-CMCC Forest Ecosystem Model (v.5.1) against eddy covariance data for 10 European forest sites, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 479-504, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-479-2016, 2016.
Courbaud, B., De Coligny, F., and Cordonnier, T., Simulating radiation distribution in a heterogeneous Norway spruce forest on a slope, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 116, 1-18, 2003.
Couvreur, V., Vanderborght, J., and Javaux, M., A simple threedimensional macroscopic root water uptake model based on the hydraulic architecture approach, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2957-2971, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2957-2012, 2012.
Cristiano, E., Bogaard, T., and Barontini, S., Effects of Anisotropy of Preferential flow on the Hydrology and Stability of Landslides, Procedia Earth Planet. Sci., 16, 204-214, 2016.
Dai, A., Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 52-58, 2013.
Deckmyn, G., Verbeeck, H., De Beeck, M. O., Vansteenkiste, D., Steppe, K., and Ceulemans, R., ANAFORE, a stand-scale process-based forest model that includes wood tissue development and labile carbon storage in trees, Ecol. Model., 215, 345-368, 2008.
DeRose R. J. and Long J. N., Resistance and resilience, A conceptual framework for silviculture, Forest Sci. 60, 1205-1212, 2014.
Dettmann, U., Bechtold, M., Frahm, E., and Tiemeyer, B., On the applicability of unimodal and bimodal van Genuchten-Mualem based models to peat and other organic soils under evaporation conditions, J. Hydrol., 515, 103-115, 2014.
Didon-Lescot, J. F., The Importance Of Throughfall in Evaluating Hydrological and Biogeochemical Fluxes, Example of a Catchment (Mont-Lozere, France), in, Proceedings of the International Conference on Catchment Hydrological and Biochemical Processes in Changing Environment, UNESCO, 20-23, 1998.
Dripps, W. R., The spatial and temporal variability of groundwater recharge within the Trout Lake basin of northernWisconsin, PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 2003.
Dufour-Kowalski, S., Courbaud, B., Dreyfus, P., Meredieu, C., and De Coligny, F., Capsis, an open software framework and community for forest growth modelling, Ann. For. Sci., 69, 221-233, 2012.
Dufrêne, E., Davi, H., François, C., Le Maire, G., Le Dantec, V., and Granier, A., Modelling carbon and water cycles in a beech forest, Part I, Model description and uncertainty analysis on modelled NEE, Ecol. Model., 185, 407-436, 2005.
Duursma, R. A. and Medlyn, B. E., MAESPA, a model to study interactions between water limitation, environmental drivers and vegetation function at tree and stand levels, with an example application to [CO2] - drought interactions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 919-940, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-919-2012, 2012.
Duursma, R. A., MAESPA, Development of a soil-plantatmosphere model, Seminar at the UWS, available at, https://github.com/Maespa/maespa.github.io/blob/master/docs/MAESPAseminar.pdf (last access, 13 September 2018), 2008.
Etzold, S., Ziemínska, K., Rohner, B., Bottero, A., Bose, A. K., Ruehr, N. K., Zingg, A., Rigling, A., One century of forest monitoring data in Switzerland reveals species-And site-specific trends of climate-induced tree mortality, Front. Plant Sci., 10, 307, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00307, 2019.
Fatichi, S., Pappas, C., and Ivanov, V. Y., Modeling plant-water interactions, an ecohydrological overview from the cell to the global scale, WIREs Water, 3, 327-368, 2016.
Flynn, D. F. B. and Wolkovich, E. M., Temperature and photoperiod drive spring phenology across all species in a temperate forest community, New Phytol., 219, 1353-1362, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15232, 2018.
Forgeard, F., Gloaguen, J. C., and Touffet, J., Interception des précipitations et apport au sol d?éléments minéraux par les eaux de pluie et les pluviolessivats dans une hêtraie atlantique et dans quelques peuplements résineux en Bretagne, Ann. Sci. Forest., 37, 53-71, 1980.
Friedman, S. P. and Jones, S. B., Measurement and approximate critical path analysis of the pore-scale-induced anisotropy factor of an unsaturated porous medium, Water Resour. Res., 37, 2929-2942, 2001.
Friend, A. D., Stevens, A. K., Knox, R. G., and Cannell, M. G. R., A process-based, terrestrial biosphere model of ecosystem dynamics (Hybrid v3. 0), Ecol. Model., 95, 249-287, 1997.
Fu, Y., Zhang, H., Dong, W., and Yuan, W., Comparison of phenology models for predicting the onset of growing season over the Northern Hemisphere, Plos One, 9, e109544, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109544, 2014.
Gauzere, J., Delzon, S., Davi, H., Bonhomme, M., de Cortazar-Atauri, I. G., and Chuine, I., Integrating interactive effects of chilling and photoperiod in phenological process-based models. A case study with two European tree species, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 244, 9-20, 2017.
Gebauer, T., Horna, V., and Leuschner, C., Canopy transpiration of pure and mixed forest stands with variable abundance of European beech, J. Hydrol., 442, 2-14, 2012.
Gerke, H., Untersuchungen zum Wasserhaushalt eines Kalkbuchenwald-Ökosystems und zur Wasserbewegung in flachgröndigen Böden und im durchwurzelten Kalkgestein als Grundlage zur Modellentwicklung, Forschungszentrum Waldökosysteme, Waldsterben, 1987.
Giacomin, A. and Trucchi, P., Rainfall interception in a beech coppice (Acquerino, Italy), J. Hydrol., 137, 141-147, 1992.
Gill, D. S., Amthor, J. S., and Bormann, F. H., Leaf phenology, photosynthesis, and the persistence of saplings and shrubs in a mature northern hardwood forest, Tree Physiol., 18, 281-289, 1998.
Granier, A. and Bréda, N., Modelling canopy conductance and stand transpiration of an oak forest from sap flow measurements, Ann. Sci. Forest., 53, 537-546, 1996.
Granier, A., Biron, P., and Lemoine, D., Water balance, transpiration and canopy conductance in two beech stands, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 100, 291-308, 2000.
Gressler, E., Jochner, S., Capdevielle-Vargas, R. M., Morellato, L. P. C., and Menzel, A., Vertical variation in autumn leaf phenology of Fagus sylvatica L. in southern Germany, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 201, 176-186, 2015.
Greenwood, S., Ruiz-Benito, P., Martínez-Vilalta, J., Lloret, F., Kitzberger, T., Allen, C. D., Fensham, R., Laughlin, D. C., Kattge, J., Bönisch, G., Kraft, N. J., and Jump, A. S., Tree mortality across biomes is promoted by drought intensity, lower wood density and higher specific leaf area, Ecol. Lett., 20, 539-553, 2017.
Grismer, M. E., Bachman, S., and Powers, T., A comparison of groundwater recharge estimation methods in a semi-Arid, coastal avocado and citrus orchard (Ventura County, California), Hydrol. Process., 14, 2527-2543, 2000.
Grote, R. and Pretzsch, H., A model for individual tree development based on physiological processes, Plant Biol., 4, 167-180, 2002.
Grote, R., Korhonen, J., and Mammarella, I., Challenges for evaluating process-based models of gas exchange at forest sites with fetches of various species, Forest Syst., 20, 389-406, 2011.
Grote, R., Gessler, A., Hommel, R., Poschenrieder, W., and Priesack, E., Importance of tree height and social position for drought-related stress on tree growth and mortality, Trees, 30, 1467-1482, 2016.
Grossiord, C., Granier, A., Ratcliffe, S., Bouriaud, O., Bruelheide, H., Chécko, E., Forrester, D. I., Muhie Dawud S., Finer, L., Pollastrini, M., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Valladares, F., Bonal, D., and Gessler, A., Tree diversity does not always improve resistance of forest ecosystems to drought, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 14812-14815, 2014.
Grossiord, C., Having the right neighbors, how tree species diversity modulates drought impacts on forests, New Phytol., https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15667, online first, 2018.
Gutsch, M., Lasch-Born, P., Suckow, F., and Reyer, C., Modeling of two different water uptake approaches for mono-And mixedspecies forest stands, Forests, 6, 2125-2147, 2015.
Hänninen, H., Modelling bud dormancy release in trees from cool and temperate regions, Acta For. Fenn., 213, 1-47, 1990.
Hanson, P. J., Amthor, J. S., Wullschleger, S. D., Wilson, K. B., Grant, R. F., Hartley, A., Hui, D., Hunt, R., Johnson, D., and Kimball, J., Oak forest carbon and water simulations, model intercomparisons and evaluations against independent data, Ecol. Monogr., 74, 443-489, 2004.
Hardie, M. A., Cotching, W. E., Doyle, R. B., Holz, G., Lisson, S., and Mattern, K., Effect of antecedent soil moisture on preferential flow in a texture-contrast soil, J. Hydrol., 398, 191-201, 2011.
Hassan, R., Scholes, R., and Ash, N., Millennium Ecosystem Assessment-Ecosystems and Human Well-Being, Current State and Trends, Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, 2005.
Heil, K., Wasserhaushalt und Stoffumsatz in Fichten-(Picea abies (L.) Karst.) und Buchenökosystemen (Fagus sylvatica L.) der höheren Lagen des Bayer, Waldes, Doctoral dissertation, Univ. Mönchen, 1996.
Herbst, M., Eschenbach, C., and Kappen, L., Water use in neighbouring stands of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), Ann. For. Sci., 56, 107-120, 1999.
Herbst, M., Rosier, P. T., Morecroft, M. D., and Gowing, D. J., Comparative measurements of transpiration and canopy conductance in two mixed deciduous woodlands differing in structure and species composition, Tree Physiol., 28, 959-970, 2008.
Herr, A., Dambacher, J. M., Pinkard, E., Glen, M., Mohammed, C., and Wardlaw, T., The uncertain impact of climate change on forest ecosystems-How qualitative modelling can guide future research for quantitative model development, Environ. Model. Softw., 76, 95-107, 2016.
Hörmann, G., Branding, A., Clemen, T., Herbst, M., Hinrichs, A., and Thamm, F., Calculation and simulation of wind controlled canopy interception of a beech forest in Northern Germany, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 79, 131-148, 1996.
Jacob, D., Petersen, J., Eggert, B., Alias, A., Christensen, O. B., Bouwer, L., Braun, A., Colette, A., Déqué, M., Georgievski, G., Georgopoulou, E., Gobiet, A., Menut, L., Nikulin, G., Haensler, A., Hempelmann, N., Jones, C., Keuler, K., Kovats, S., Kröner, N., Kotlarski, S., Kriegsmann, A., Martin, E., van Meijgaard, E., Moseley, C., Pfeifer, S., Preuschmann, S., Radermacher, C., Radtke, K., Rechid, D., Rounsevell, M., Samuelsson, P., Somot, S., Soussana, J.-F., Teichmann, C., Valentini, R., Vautard, R., Weber, B., and Yiou, P., EURO-CORDEX, new high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research, Reg. Environ. Change 14, 563-578, 2014.
Jacob, D., Kotova, L., Teichmann, C., Sobolowski, S. P., Vautard, R., Donnelly, C., Koutroulis, A. G., Grillakis, M. G., Tsanis, I. K., Damm, A., Sakalli, A., and van Vliet, M., Climate impacts in Europe under C1.5 C global warming, Earths Future, 6, 264-285, 2018.
Jactel, H., Bauhus, J., Boberg, J., Bonal, D., Castagneyrol, B., Gardiner, B., Gonzalez-Olabarria, J. R., Koricheva, J., Meurisse, N., and Brockerhoff, E. G., Tree diversity drives forest stand resistance to natural disturbances, Curr. For. Rep., 3, 223-243, 2017.
Jetten, V. G., Interception of tropical rain forest, performance of a canopy water balance model, Hydrol. Process., 10, 671-685, 1996.
Jolly, W. M., Nemani, R., and Running, S. W., Enhancement of understory productivity by asynchronous phenology with overstory competitors in a temperate deciduous forest, Tree Physiol., 24, 1069-1071, 2004.
Jonard, F., André, F., Ponette, Q., Vincke, C., and Jonard, M., Sap flux density and stomatal conductance of European beech and common oak trees in pure and mixed stands during the summer drought of 2003, J. Hydrol., 409, 371-381, 2011.
Jonard, M., HETEROFOR-1.0-LGPL-FINAL, Sixth release of HETEROFOR (Version HETEROFOR-1.0-FinalVersion), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3647920, 2020.
Jonard, M., André, F., and Ponette, Q., Modeling leaf dispersal in mixed hardwood forests using a ballistic approach, Ecology, 87, 2306-2318, 2006.
Jonard, M., André, F., Jonard, F., Mouton, N., Procès, P., and Ponette, Q., Soil carbon dioxide efflux in pure and mixed stands of oak and beech, Ann. For. Sci., 64, 141-150, 2007.
Jonard, M., André, F., and Ponette, Q., Tree species mediated effects on leaf litter dynamics in pure and mixed stands of oak and beech, Can. J. Forest Res., 38, 528-538, 2008.
Jonard, M., André, F., and de Wergifosse, L., Code of HETEROFOR 1.0, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3591348, 2019.
Jonard, M., André, F., de Coligny, F., deWergifosse, L., Beudez, N., Davi, H., Ligot, G., Ponette, Q., and Vincke, C., HETEROFOR 1.0, a spatially explicit model for exploring the response of structurally complex forests to uncertain future conditions-Part 1, Carbon fluxes and tree dimensional growth, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 905-935, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-905-2020, 2020a.
Jonard, M., André, F., and de Wergifosse, L., Installer of HETEROFOR 1.0, http://amap-dev.cirad.fr/projects/capsis/files, last access, 29 February 2020b.
Jones, H. G., Hillis, R. M., Gordon, S. L., and Brennan, R. M., An approach to the determination of winter chill requirements for different Ribes cultivars, Plant Biol., 15, 18-27, 2013.
Knoche, D., Embacher, A., and Katzur, J.:Water and element fluxes of red oak ecosystems during stand development on post-mining sites (Lusatian Lignite District), Water Air Soil Poll., 141, 219-231, 2002.
Kornhuber, K., Osprey, S., Coumou, D., Petri, S., Petoukhov, V., Rahmstorf, S., and Gray, L., Extreme weather events in early summer 2018 connected by a recurrent hemispheric wave-7 pattern, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 054002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab13bf, 2019.
Kovats, R. S., Valentini, R., Bouwer, L. M., Georgopoulou, E., Jacob, D., Martin, E., Rounsevell, M., and Soussana, J.-F., Europe, in, Climate Change 2014, Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B, Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 1267-1326, 2014.
Kramer, K., Selecting a model to predict the onset of growth of Fagus sylvatica, J. Appl. Ecol., 172-181, 1994.
Ladekarl, U. L., Rasmussen, K. R., Christensen, S., Jensen, K. H., and Hansen, B., Groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration for two natural ecosystems covered with oak and heather, J. Hydrol., 300, 76-99, 2005.
Leinonen, I. and Kramer, K., Applications of phenological models to predict the future carbon sequestration potential of boreal forests, Clim. Change, 55, 99-113, 2002.
Lemée, G., Recherches sur les ecosystemes des reserves biologiques de la foret de Fontainebleau, IV. Entrees d?elements mineraux par les precipitations et transfert au sol par le pluviolessivage, Oecolog. Plantar., 1974.
Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R. M., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Hauck, J., Pongratz, J., Pickers, P. A., Korsbakken, J. I., Peters, G. P., Canadell, J. G., Arneth, A., Arora, V. K., Barbero, L., Bastos, A., Bopp, L., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Ciais, P., Doney, S. C., Gkritzalis, T., Goll, D. S., Harris, I., Haverd, V., Hoffman, F. M., Hoppema, M., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G., Ilyina, T., Jain, A. K., Johannessen, T., Jones, C. D., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Goldewijk, K. K., Landschötzer, P., Lefèvre, N., Lienert, S., Liu, Z., Lombardozzi, D., Metzl, N., Munro, D. R., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S., Neill, C., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Patra, P., Peregon, A., Peters, W., Peylin, P., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., Rocher, M., Rödenbeck, C., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sutton, A., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tubiello, F. N., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Walker, A. P., Wiltshire, A. J., Wright, R., Zaehle, S., and Zheng, B., Global Carbon Budget 2018, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 2141-2194, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018, 2018.
Leuschner, C., Walddynamik in der Löneburger Heide, Ursachen, Mechanismen und die Rolle der Ressourcen, Habilitation thesis, Univ. Götingen, 1994.
Levia Jr., D. F. and Herwitz, S. R., Physical properties of water in relation to stemflow leachate dynamics, implications for nutrient cycling, Can. J. Forest Res., 30, 662-666, 2000.
Lindner, M., Fitzgerald, J. B., Zimmermann, N. E., Reyer, C., Delzon, S., van der Maaten, E., Schelhaas, M. J., Lasch, P., Eggers, J., van der Maaten-Theunissen, M., Suckow, F., Psomas, A., Poulter, B., and Hanewinkel, M., Climate change and European forests, what do we know, what are the uncertainties, and what are the implications for forest management?, J. Environ. Manage., 146, 69-83, 2014.
Liu, Q., Piao, S., Janssens, I. A., Fu, Y., Peng, S., Lian, X., Ciais, P., Myneni, R. B., Pe nuelas, J., and Wang, T., Extension of the growing season increases vegetation exposure to frost, Nat. Commun., 9, 426, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02690-y, 2018.
Lopez, O. R., Farris-Lopez, K., Montgomery, R. A., and Givnish, T. J., Leaf phenology in relation to canopy closure in southern Appalachian trees, Am. J. Bot., 95, 1395-1407, 2008.
Martin-StPaul, N., Delzon, S., and Cochard, H., Plant resistance to drought depends on timely stomatal closure, Ecol. Lett., 20, 1437-1447, 2017.
Martínez-Vilalta, J. and Lloret, F., Drought-induced vegetation shifts in terrestrial ecosystems, the key role of regeneration dynamics, Glob. Planet. Change, 144, 94-108, 2016.
Matzner, E. and Ulrich, B., Bilanzierung jährlicher Elementflösse in Waldökosystemen im Solling, Z. Pflanz. Bodenkunde, 144, 660-681, 1981.
McDowell, N. G. and Allen, C. D., Darcy?s law predicts widespread forest mortality under climate warming, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 669-672, 2015.
Meir, P., Wood, T. E., Galbraith, D. R., Brando, P. M., Da Costa, A. C., Rowland, L., and Ferreira, L. V., Threshold responses to soil moisture deficit by trees and soil in tropical rain forests, insights from field experiments, BioScience, 65, 882-892, 2015.
Messier, C., Puettmann, K., Chazdon, R., Andersson, K. P., Angers, V. A., Brotons, L., Filotas, E., Tittler, R., Parrot, L., and Levin, S. A., From management to stewardship, viewing forests as complex adaptive systems in an uncertain world, Conserv. Lett., 8, 368-377, 2015.
Metropolis, N., Rosenbluth, A.W., Rosenbluth, M. N., Teller, A. H., and Teller, E., Equation of state calculations by fast computing machines, J. Chem. Phys., 21, 1087-1092, 1953.
Michopoulos, P., Baloutsos, G., Nakos, G., and Economou, A., Effects of bulk precipitation pH and growth period on cation enrichment in precipitation beneath the canopy of a beech (Fagus moesiaca) forest stand, Sci. Total Environ., 281, 79-85, 2001.
Monteith, J. L., Evaporation and environment, Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 19, 205-234, 1965.
Mosello, R., Brizzio, M. C., Kotzias, D., Marchetto, A., Rembges, D., and Tartari, G., The chemistry of atmospheric deposition in Italy in the framework of the National Programme for Forest Ecosystems Control (CONECOFOR), J. Limnol., 61, 77-92, 2002.
Möller, J. and Bolte, A., The use of lysimeters in forest hydrology research in north-east Germany, Agr. Forest Res., 59, 1-10, 2009.
Murphy, E. M., Ginn, T. R., and Phillips, J. L., Geochemical estimates of paleorecharge in the Pasco Basin, Evaluation of the chloride mass balance technique, Water Resour. Res., 32, 2853-2868, 1996.
Muzylo, A., Llorens, P., Valente, F., Keizer, J. J., Domingo, F., and Gash, J. H. C., A review of rainfall interception modelling, J. Hydrol., 370, 191-206, 2009.
Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Breon, F. M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J., Huang, J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J. F., Lee, D., Mendoza, B., Nakajima, T., Robock, A., Stephens, G., Takemura, T., and Zhang, H., Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing, in, Climate Change 2013, The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 659-740, 2013.
Nagy, L., Data to the precipitation interception of a Galatello-Quercetum roboris (forest steppe-forest) at Ujszentmargita, Acta Bot., 20, 327-332, 1974.
Neal, C., Robson, A. J., Bhardwaj, C. L., Conway, T., Jeffery, H. A., Neal, M., Ryland, G. P., Smith, C. J., and Walls, J., Relationships between precipitation, stemflow and throughfall for a lowland beech plantation, Black Wood, Hampshire, southern England, findings on interception at a forest edge and the effects of storm damage, J. Hydrol., 146, 221-233, 1993.
Nizinski, G. and Saugier, B., Mesures et modélisation de l?interception nette dans une futaie de chênes, Oecolog. Plantar., 9, 311-329, 1988.
Nkotagu, H., Application of environmental isotopes to groundwater recharge studies in a semi-Arid fractured crystalline basement area of Dodoma, Tanzania, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 22, 443-457, 1996.
Norby, R. J., Warren, J. M., Iversen, C. M., Medlyn, B. E., and McMurtrie, R. E., CO2 enhancement of forest productivity con-strained by limited nitrogen availability, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 19368-19373, 2010.
Öberg G M., The biogeochemistry of chlorine in soil, in, Natural production of organohalogen compounds 43-62 2003
Obiefuna, G. I. and Orazulike, D. M., Application and comparison of groundwater recharge estimation methods for the semiarid Yola area, northeast, Nigeria, Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 9, 177-204, 2011.
Pacala, S.W. and Deutschman, D. H., Details that matter, the spatial distribution of individual trees maintains forest ecosystem function, Oikos, 357-365, 1995.
Päivänen, J., Hydraulic conductivity and water retention in peat soils, Suomen metsätieteellinen seura, 129, 7563, https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7563, 1973.
Park, T., Ganguly, S., Tømmervik, H., Euskirchen, E. S., Høgda, K. A., Karlsen, S. R., Brovkin, V., Nemani, R., and Myneni, R. B., Changes in growing season duration and productivity of northern vegetation inferred from long-Term remote sensing data, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 084001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084001, 2016.
Pedro, M. S., Rammer, W., and Seidl, R., Tree species diversity mitigates disturbance impacts on the forest carbon cycle, Oecologia, 177, 619-630, 2015.
Petri?tan, A. M., von Löpke, B., and Petri?tan, I. C., Influence of light availability on growth, leaf morphology and plant architecture of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) saplings, Eur. J. For. Res., 128, 61-74, 2009.
Ping, J., Nichol, C., and Wei, X., Quantification of groundwater recharge using the chloride mass balance method in a semi-Arid mountain terrain, South Interior British Columbia, Canada, J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 6, 383-388, 2014.
Pletsers, A., Caffarra, A., Kelleher, C. T., and Donnelly, A., Chilling temperature and photoperiod influence the timing of bud burst in juvenile Betula pubescens Ehrh. and Populus tremulaL.trees, Ann. For. Sci., 72, 941-953, 2015.
Poncelet, L., Climat de la Belgique, Planches 12, 13, 14 et commentaires, Atlas de Belgique, Comité national de Géographie, 1956.
Pretzsch, H., Grote, R., Reineking, B., Rötzer, T. H., and Seifert, S. T., Models for forest ecosystem management, a European perspective, Ann. Bot.-London, 101, 1065-1087, 2007.
Pretzsch, H., Schötze, G., and Uhl, E., Resistance of European tree species to drought stress in mixed versus pure forests, evidence of stress release by inter-specific facilitation, Plant Biol., 15, 483-495, 2013.
Primack, R. B., Ibá nez, I., Higuchi, H., Lee, S. D., Miller-Rushing, A. J., Wilson, A. M., and Silander Jr, J. A., Spatial and interspecific variability in phenological responses to warming temperatures, Biol. Conserv., 142, 2569-2577, 2009.
Rasche, L., Fahse, L., and Bugmann, H., Key factors affecting the future provision of tree-based forest ecosystem goods and services, Clim. Change, 118, 579-593, 2013.
Risser, D. W., Gburek, W. J., and Folmar, G. J., Comparison of recharge estimates at a small watershed in east-central Pennsylvania, USA, Hydrogeol. J., 17, 287-298, 2009.
Roberts, J. and Rosier, P., The effect of broadleaved woodland on Chalk groundwater resources, Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeo., 39, 197-207, 2006.
Roberts, A. M., Tansey, C., Smithers, R. J., and Phillimore, A. B., Predicting a change in the order of spring phenology in temperate forests, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 2603-2611, 2015.
Rötzer, T., Grote, R., and Pretzsch, H., Effects of environmental changes on the vitality of forest stands, Eur. J. For. Res., 124, 349-362, 2005.
Rötzer, T., Leuchner, M., and Nunn, A. J., Simulating stand climate, phenology, and photosynthesis of a forest stand with a processbased growth model, Int. J. Biometeorol., 54, 449-464, 2010.
Rötzer, T., Biber, P., Moser, A., Schäfer, C., and Pretzsch, H., Stem and root diameter growth of European beech and Norway spruce under extreme drought, Forest Ecol. Manag., 406, 184-195, 2017.
Rowe, L. K., Rainfall interception by an evergreen beech forest, Nelson, New Zealand, J. Hydrol., 66, 143-158, 1983.
Ryan, M. G. and Yoder, B. J., Hydraulic limits to tree height and tree growth, Bioscience, 47, 235-242, 1997.
Sammis, T. W., Evans, D. D., and Warrick, A. W., Comparison of methods to estimate deep percolation rates 1, JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. As., 18, 465-470, 1982.
Sanz-Pérez, V. and Castro-Díez, P, Summer water stress and shade alter bud size and budburst date in three Mediterranean Quercus species, Trees, 24, 89-97, 2010.
Scanlon, B. R., Healy, R.W., and Cook, P. G., Choosing appropriate techniques for quantifying groundwater recharge, Hydrogeol. J., 10, 18-39, 2002.
Schaber, J. and Badeck, F.W., Physiology-based phenology models for forest tree species in Germany, Int. J. Biometeorol., 47, 193-201, 2003.
Schäfer, K. V. R., Oren, R., and Tenhunen, J. D., The effect of tree height on crown level stomatal conductance, Plant, Cell Environ., 23, 365-375, 2000.
Schäfer, C., Thurm, E. A., Rötzer, T., Kallenbach, C., and Pretzsch, H., Daily stem water deficit of Norway spruce and European beech in intra-And interspecific neighborhood under heavy drought, Scand. J. For. Res., 33, 568-582, 2018.
Schieber, B., Spring phenology of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in a submountain beech stand with different stocking in 1995-2004, J. For. Sci., 52, 208-216, 2006.
Schipka, F., Heimann, J., and Leuschner, C., Regional variation in canopy transpiration of Central European beech forests, Oecolog., 143, 260-270, 2005.
Schmidt, M., Nagel, J., and Skovsgaard, J. P., Evaluating individual tree growth models, in, Sustainable Forest Management, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 151-163, 2006.
Schmidt, M., Canopy transpiration of beech forests in Northern Bavaria-Structure and function in pure and mixed stands with oak at colline and montane sites, Doctoral dissertation, Univ. of Bayreuth, 2007.
Shvidenko, A., Barber, C., and Persson, R., Forest and woodland systems, in, Ecosystems and human well-being, current state and trends, Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, 2005.
Schwendenmann, L., Pendall, E., Sanchez-Bragado, R., Kunert, N., and Hölscher, D., Tree water uptake in a tropical plantation varying in tree diversity, interspecific differences, seasonal shifts and complementarity, Ecohydrology, 8, 1-12, 2015.
Seidl, R., Rammer, W., Scheller, R. M., and Spies, T. A., An individual-based process model to simulate landscape-scale forest ecosystem dynamics, Ecol. Model., 231, 87-100, 2012.
Seiwa, K., Changes in leaf phenology are dependent on tree height in Acer mono, a deciduous broad-leaved tree, Ann. Bot., 83, 355-361, 1999a.
Seiwa, K., Ontogenetic changes in leaf phenology of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, a deciduous broad-leaved tree, Tree Physiol., 19, 793-797, 1999b.
Simioni, G., Marie, G., and Huc, R., Influence of vegetation spatial structure on growth and water fluxes of a mixed forest, Results from the NOTG 3D model, Ecol. Model., 328, 119-135, 2016.
Soares, P., Tomé, M., Skovsgaard, J. P., and Vanclay, J. K., Evaluating a growth model for forest management using continuous forest inventory data, Forest Ecol. Manag., 71, 251-265, 1995.
Staelens, J., De Schrijver, A., Verheyen, K., and Verhoest, N. E., Rainfall partitioning into throughfall, stemflow, and interception within a single beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) canopy, influence of foliation, rain event characteristics, and meteorology, Hydrol. Process., 22, 33-45, 2008.
Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Climate change 2013, The physical science basis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 25 pp., 2013.
Szabo, M., Net precipitation in a Hungarian oak forest ecosystem, Acta Bot., 21, 151-165, 1975.
Tarazona, T., Santa Regina, I., and Calvo, R., Interception, throughfall and stemflow in two forests of the "Sierra de la Demanda" in the Province of Burgos, Pirineos, 147, 27-40, 1996.
Teh, C., Introduction to mathematical modeling of crop growth. How the equations are derived and assembled into a computer program, BrownWalker Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 2006.
Teskey, R., Wertin, T., Bauweraerts, I., Ameye, M., McGuire, M. A., and Steppe, K., Responses of tree species to heat 786 waves and extreme heat events, Plant Cell Environ., 38, 1699-1712, 2015.
Ting, C. S., Kerh, T., and Liao, C. J., Estimation of groundwater recharge using the chloride mass-balance method, Pingtung Plain, Taiwan, Hydrogeol. J., 6, 282-292, 1998.
Todd, D. K. and Mays, L.W., Groundwater hydrology edition, John Willey Sons, New York, USA, 2005
Topp, G. C., Davis, J. L., and Annan, A. P., Electromagnetic determination of soil water content, Measurements in coaxial transmission lines, Water Resour. Res., 16, 574-582, 1980.
Tuzet, A., Perrier, A., and Leuning, R., A coupled model of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration, Plant Cell Envir., 26, 1097-1116, 2003.
Tyler, S.W. andWalker, G. R., Root zone effects on tracer migration in arid zones, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 58, 25-31, 1994.
Ulrich, E., Lelong, N., Lanier, M., and Schneider, A., Interception des pluies en forêt, facteurs déterminants, Bulletin technique, 33-45, 1995.
Vanclay, J. K. and Skovsgaard, J. P., Evaluating forest growth models, Ecol. Model., 98, 1-12, 1997.
Van der Perre, R., Bythell, S., Bogaert, P., Claessens, H., Ridremont, F., Tricot, C., Vincke, C., and Ponette, Q., La carte bioclimatique de Wallonie, un nouveau découpage écologique du territoire pour le choix des essences forestières, Forêt-Nature, 135, 47-58, 2015.
Van Der Salm, C., Reinds, G. J., and De Vries, W., Assessment of the water balance of European forests, a model study, In Biogeochemical Investigations of Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Wetland Ecosystems across the Globe, Springer, Dordrecht, 175-190, 2004.
Van Stan, J. T. and Gordon, D. A., Mini-Review, Stemflow as a Resource Limitation to Near-Stem Soils, Front Plant Sci., 9, 248, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00248, 2018.
Vincke, C., Granier, A., Breda, N., and Devillez, F., Evapotranspiration of a declining Quercus robur (L.) stand from 1999 to 2001. II. Daily actual evapotranspiration and soil water reserve, Ann. For. Sci., 62, 615-623, 2005.
Vitasse, Y., Ontogenic changes rather than difference in temperature cause understory trees to leaf out earlier, New Phytol., 198, 149-155, 2013.
Vitasse, Y. and Basler, D., What role for photoperiod in the bud burst phenology of European beech, Eur. J. Forest Res., 132, 1-8, 2013.
Walker, J. P., Willgoose, G. R., and Kalma, J. D., In situ measurement of soil moisture, a comparison of techniques, J. Hydrol., 293, 85-99, 2004.
Weynants, M., Vereecken, H., and Javaux, M., Revisiting Vereecken pedotransfer functions, Introducing a closed-form hydraulic model, Vadose Zone J., 8, 86-95, 2009.
Willis, T. M., Black, A. S., and Meyer, W. S., Estimates of deep percolation beneath cotton in the Macquarie Valley, Irrig. Sci., 17, 141-150, 1997.
Wolkovich, E. M., Cook, B. I., Allen, J. M., Crimmins, T. M., Betancourt, J. L., Travers, S. E., Pau, S., Regetz, J., Davies T. J., Kraft N. J., Ault, T. R., Bolmgren, K., Mazer, S. J., McCabe, G. J., McGill, B. J., Parmesan, C., Salamin, N., Schwartz, M. D., and Cleland, E. E., Warming experiments underpredict plant phenological responses to climate change, Nature, 485, 494-497, 2012.
Xie, Y., Wang, X., Wilson, A. M., and Silander Jr., J. A., Predicting autumn phenology, how deciduous tree species respond to weather stressors, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 250, 127-137, 2018.
Yuang, Z., Tao, Y., Wenbao, M., Cheng, T., Zhipeng, S., and Junqing, L., Morphological and physiological response of Acer catalpifolium Rehd. Seedlings to water and light stresses, Glob. Ecol. Conserv., e00660, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00660, 2019.
Zapater, M., Hossann, C., Bréda, N., Bréchet, C., Bonal, D., and Granier, A., Evidence of hydraulic lift in a young beech and oak mixed forest using 18 O soil water labelling, Trees, 25, 885, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-011-0563-9, 2011.