[en] Important floristic changes took place during the Early Cretaceous (145.0–100.5 Ma). They are notably marked by a peak in conifer diversity, especially within Pinaceae. This diversification is attested to by the numerous ovulate cone taxa found in the western European and North American fossil records. Exceptional deposits in the Wealden facies (Barremian-Albian, 125.0–100.5 Ma) of western Belgium (La Louvière, Houdeng-Aimeries) have yielded hundreds of exceptionally well-preserved pinaceous ovulate cones, yet most of these remain unstudied. These are presently revised. We investigate the morphological variation of the most abundant species, Pityostrobus andraei (Coemans) Seward 1919, with a morphometric approach. This work applies statistical tests to a large sample (n p 132 fossil cones) for the first time, using 10 measurements to characterize the morphology of the cones. Our analyses recover eight distinct morphotypes included in the original specific concept of P. andraei, and most of the specimens belong to two main morphotypes that represent 50% and 25% of the total specimens analyzed. Our results suggest that the specific diversity of early Pinaceae is underestimated, as it is based on older species concepts. Modern quantitative approaches have the potential to better characterize the breadth and tempo of pinaceous diversification.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
De Brito, Léa ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Evolution and diversity dynamics lab
Prestianni, Cyrille ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Evolution and diversity dynamics lab
Language :
English
Title :
PITYOSTROBUS ANDRAEI (PINACEAE) FROM THE BARREMIAN (LOWER CRETACEOUS) OF BELGIUM: A MORPHOMETRIC REVISION
Publication date :
2021
Journal title :
International Journal of Plant Sciences
ISSN :
1058-5893
eISSN :
1537-5315
Publisher :
University of Chicago Press, United States - Illinois
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
Alvin KL 1953 Three abietaceous cones from the Wealden of Belgium. Inst R Sci Nat Belg Mem 125:1–42.
——— 1957 On the two cones Pseudoaraucaria heeri (Coemans) nov. comb. and Pityostrobus villerotensis nov. sp. from the Wealden of Belgium. Inst R Sci Nat Belg Mem 135:1–27.
——— 1960 Further conifers of the Pinaceae from the Wealden formation of Belgium. Inst R Sci Nat Belg Mem 146:1–39.
——— 1971 Weichselia reticulata (Stokes et Webb) Fontaine. Inst R Sci Nat Belg Mem 166:1–33.
——— 1974 Leaf anatomy of Weichselia based on fusainized material. Palaeontology 17:587–598.
Benca JP, MH Carlisle, S Bergen, CAE Strömberg 2014 Applying morphometrics to early land plant systematics: a new Leclercqia (Lycopsida) species from Washington State, USA. Am J Bot 101:510– 520.
Bommer C 1892 Un nouveau gîte à végétaux découvert dans l’argile wealdienne de Bracquegnies. Bull Soc Belg Geol 6:160–161.
Bonnot E-J, H Des Abbayes, M Chadefaud, Y de Ferré, J Feldmann, H Gaussen, P-P Grasse, C Leredde, P Ozenda, A-R Prévôt 1963 Botanique: anatomie, cycles evolutifs, systematique. Publ Soc Linn Lyon 34:27– 29.
Bray JH, SE Maxwell, SE Maxwell 1985 Multivariate analysis of variance. CS Newbury Park, ed. Sage, London.
Coemans E 1867 Description de la flore fossile du premier étage du terrain crétacé du Hainaut. Mem Acad R Sci Lett B-arts Belg 36:1.
Critchfield WB, EL Little 1966 Geographic distribution of the pines of the world. USDA, Forest Service, Washington, DC.
Dejax J, D Pons, J Yans 2007 Palynology of the dinosaur-bearing Wealden facies in the natural pit of Bernissart (Belgium). Rev Palaeobot Palynol 144:25–38.
——— 2008 Palynology of the Wealden facies from Hautrage quarry (Mons Basin, Belgium). Mem Geol Surv 55:45–52.
Falcon-Lang HJ, V Mages, M Collinson 2016 The oldest Pinus and its preservation by fire. Geology 44:303–306.
Falder AB, GW Rothwell, G Mapes, RH Mapes, LA Doguzhaeva 1998 Pityostrobus milleri sp. nov., a pinaceous cone from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) of southwestern Russia. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 103:253– 261.
Farjon A 2005 Pines: drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus. Brill, Leiden.
Fisher RA 2006 Statistical methods for research workers. Genesis, New Dehli.
Gernandt DS, G Holman, C Campbell, M Parks, S Mathews, LA Raubeson, A Liston, RA Stockey, GW Rothwell 2016 Phylogenetics of extant and fossil Pinaceae: methods for increasing topological stability. Botany 94:863–884.
Gernandt DS, S Magallón, G Geada López, O Zerón Flores, A Willyard, A Liston 2008 Use of simultaneous analyses to guide fossil-based calibrations of Pinaceae phylogeny. Int J Plant Sci 169:1086–1099.
Gernandt DS, C Reséndiz Arias, T Terrazas, X Aguirre Dugua, A Willyard 2018 Incorporating fossils into the Pinaceae tree of life. Am J Bot 105:1329–1344.
Gil L, J Climent, N Nanos, S Mutke, I Ortiz, G Schiller 2002 Cone morphology variation in Pinus canariensis Sm. Plant Syst Evol 235:35– 51.
Herrera F, G Shi, P Knopf, AB Leslie, N Ichinnorov, M Takahashi, PR Crane, PS Herendeen 2017 Cupressaceae conifers from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. Int J Plant Sci 178:19–41.
Herrera F, G Shi, AB Leslie, P Knopf, N Ichinnorov, M Takahashi, PR Crane, PS Herendeen 2015 A new voltzian seed cone from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia and its implications for the evolution of ancient conifers. Int J Plant Sci 176:791–809.
Hervé M 2019 RVAideMemoire: testing and plotting procedures for biostatistics. R package version 0.9-73. http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RVAideMemoire/index.html.
Klymiuk AA, RA Stockey 2012 A Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian) seed cone provides the earliest fossil record for Picea (Pinaceae). Am J Bot 99:1069–1082.
Leslie A 2011 Shifting functional roles and the evolution of conifer pollen-producing and seed-producing cones. Paleobiology 37:587– 602.
Mann H, D Whitney 1947 On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Ann Math Stat 18:50– 60.
Marcysiak K 2004 Interpopulational variability of Pinus uncinata Ramond ex DC. in Lam. & DC. (Pinaceae) cone characters. Den-drobiology 51:43–51.
Miller CN 1976 Early evolution in the Pinaceae. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 21:101–117.
——— 1977 Mesozoic conifers. Bot Rev 43:217–280.
Oyston JW, M Hughes, S Gerber, MA Wills 2016 Why should we investigate the morphological disparity of plant clades? Ann Bot 117:859–879.
Paradis E, K Schliep 2019 ape 5.0: an environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R. Bioinformatics 35: 526–528.
R Core Team 2019 R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
Robaszynski F, VA Dhondt, JWM Jagt 2007 Cretaceous lithostrati-graphic units (Belgium). Geol Belg 4:121–134.
Roth-Nebelsick A, G Grimm, V Mosbrugger, H Hass, H Kerp 2000 Morphometric analysis of Rhynia and Asteroxylon: testing functional aspects of early land plant evolution. Paleobiology 26:405–418.
Rothwell GW, G Mapes, RA Stockey, J Hilton 2012 The seed cone Eathiestrobus gen. nov.: fossil evidence for a Jurassic origin of Pinaceae. Am J Bot 99:708–720.
Rueden CT, J Schindelin, MC Hiner, BE DeZonia, AE Walter, ET Arena, KW Eliceiri 2017 ImageJ2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data. BMC Bioinformatics 18:529.
Ryberg PE, GW Rothwell, RA Stockey, J Hilton, G Mapes, JB Riding 2012 Reconsidering relationships among stem and crown group Pinaceae: oldest record of the genus Pinus from the Early Cretaceous of Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Int J Plant Sci 173:917–932.
Schindelin J, I Arganda-Carreras, E Frise, V Kaynig, M Longair, T Pietzsch, S Preibisch, C Rueden, S Saalfeld, B Schmid 2012 Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 9:676–682.
Schneider CA, WS Rasband, KW Eliceiri 2012 NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9:671.
Seward AC 1919 Fossil plants. Vol 4. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Shapiro SS, MB Wilk 1965 An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52:591–611.
Smith SY, RA Stockey 2002 Permineralized pine cones from the Cretaceous of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Int J Plant Sci 163: 185–196.
Smith SY, RA Stockey, GW Rothwell, SA Little 2017 A new species of Pityostrobus (Pinaceae) from the Cretaceous of California: moving towards understanding the Cretaceous radiation of Pinaceae. J Syst Palaeontol 15:69–81.
Taylor EL, TN Taylor, M Krings 2009 Paleobotany: the biology and evolution of fossil plants. Academic Press, London.
Turland NJ, JH Wiersema, FR Barrie, W Greuter, DL Hawksworth, PS Herendeen, S Knapp, W-H Kusber, D-Z Li, K Marhold 2018 International code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Koeltz Botanical, Glashütten, Germany.
Vetrova VP 2013 Geometric morphometric analysis of shape variation in the cone-scales of Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel (Pinaceae) in Kamchatka. Bot Pac 2:19–26.
Vu VQ 2011 ggbiplot: a ggplot2 based biplot. R Package version 055 342. http://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/ggbiplot/versions/0.55.
Watkins JE, CL Cardelús 2012 Ferns in an angiosperm world: Cretaceous radiation into the epiphytic niche and diversification on the forest floor. Int J Plant Sci 173:695–710.
Wickham H 2016 ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer, Cham, Switzerland.
Wickham H, J Hester, W Chang 2020 devtools: tools to make developing R packages easier. R package version 2.2.2. https://rdrr.io/cran/devtools/.
Wilcoxon F 1945 Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biometr Bull 1:80–83.
Yans J 2007 Lithostratigraphie, minéralogie et diagenèse des sédiments à faciès wealdien du Bassin de Mons (Belgique). Classe des Sciences, Académie Royale de Belgique, Brussels.
Yans J, J Dejax, D Pons, L Taverne, P Bultynck 2006 The iguanodons of Bemissart (Belgium) are middle Barremian to earliest Aptian in age. Bull Inst R Sci Nat Belg Sci Terre 76:91–95.
Yans J, T Gerards, P Gerrienne, P Spagna, J Dejax, J Schnyder, J-Y Storme, E Keppens 2010 Carbon-isotope analysis of fossil wood and dispersed organic matter from the terrestrial Wealden facies of Hautrage (Mons Basin, Belgium). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 291:85–105.
Similar publications
Sorry the service is unavailable at the moment. Please try again later.
This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Read more
Save & Close
Accept all
Decline all
Show detailsHide details
Cookie declaration
About cookies
Strictly necessary
Performance
Strictly necessary cookies allow core website functionality such as user login and account management. The website cannot be used properly without strictly necessary cookies.
This cookie is used by Cookie-Script.com service to remember visitor cookie consent preferences. It is necessary for Cookie-Script.com cookie banner to work properly.
Performance cookies are used to see how visitors use the website, eg. analytics cookies. Those cookies cannot be used to directly identify a certain visitor.
Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites that you visit. Websites use cookies to help users navigate efficiently and perform certain functions. Cookies that are required for the website to operate properly are allowed to be set without your permission. All other cookies need to be approved before they can be set in the browser.
You can change your consent to cookie usage at any time on our Privacy Policy page.
