Recommendations on the measurement and theclinical useof vitamin D metabolites and vitamin D binding protein - A position paper from the IFCC Committee on Bone Metabolism.

Makris, Konstantinos; Bhattoa, Harjit P.; Cavalier, Etienne; Phinney, Karen; Sempos, Christopher T.; Ulmer, Candice Z.; Vasikaran, Samuel D.; Vesper, Hubert; Heijboer, Annemieke C.

doi:10.1016/j.cca.2021.03.002

Article (Scientific journals)

Recommendations on the measurement and theclinical useof vitamin D metabolites and vitamin D binding protein - A position paper from the IFCC Committee on Bone Metabolism.

Makris, Konstantinos; Bhattoa, Harjit P.; Cavalier, Etienne et al.

2021 • In Clinica Chimica Acta

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/2268/262287

DOI
10.1016/j.cca.2021.03.002

PubMed
33713690

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

1-s2.0-S0009898121000784-main.pdf

Publisher postprint (1.68 MB)

Request a copy

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; 25-hydroxyvitamin D,; Immunoassays,; Liquid chromatography,; Mass spectrometry,; Standardization,; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Standardization Program; Vitamin D binding protein

Abstract :

[en] Vitamin D, an important hormone with a central role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, is required for bone and muscle development as well as preservation of musculoskeletal function.The most abundant vitamin D metabolite is 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], which is currently considered the best marker to evaluate overall vitamin D status. 25(OH)D is therefore the most commonly measured metabolite in clinical practice. However, several other metabolites, although not broadly measured, are useful in certain clinical situations. Vitamin D and all its metabolites are circulating in blood bound to vitamin D binding protein, (VDBP). This highly polymorphic protein is not only the major transport protein which, along with albumin, binds over 99% of the circulating vitamin D metabolites, but also participates in the transport of the 25(OH)D into the cell via a megalin/cubilin complex. The accurate measurement of 25(OH)D has proved a difficult task. Although a reference method and standardization program are available for 25(OH)D, the other vitamin D metabolites still lack this. Interpretation of results, creation of clinical supplementation, and generation of therapeutic guidelines require not only accurate measurements of vitamin D metabolites, but also the accurate measurements of several other "molecules" related with bone metabolism. IFCC understood this priority and a committee has been established with the task to support and continue the standardization processes of vitamin D metabolites along with other bone-related biomarkers. In this review, we present the position of this IFCC Committee on Bone Metabolism on the latest developments concerning the measurement and standardization of vitamin D metabolites and its binding protein, as well as clinical indications for their measurement and interpretation of the results.

Disciplines :

Laboratory medicine & medical technology

Author, co-author :

Makris, Konstantinos

Bhattoa, Harjit P.

Cavalier, Etienne ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de pharmacie > Chimie médicale

Phinney, Karen

Sempos, Christopher T.

Ulmer, Candice Z.

Vasikaran, Samuel D.

Vesper, Hubert

Heijboer, Annemieke C.

Language :

English

Title :

Recommendations on the measurement and theclinical useof vitamin D metabolites and vitamin D binding protein - A position paper from the IFCC Committee on Bone Metabolism.

Publication date :

March 2021

Journal title :

Clinica Chimica Acta

ISSN :

0009-8981

eISSN :

1873-3492

Publisher :

Elsevier, Netherlands

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Commentary :

Available on ORBi :

since 26 July 2021

Statistics

Number of views

54 (2 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

3 (3 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Bikle, D.D., Vitamin D and bone. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 10:2 (2012), 151–159.
Glendenning, P., Inderjeeth, C.A., Screening for vitamin D deficiency: defining vitamin D deficiency, target thresholds of treatment and estimating the benefits of treatment. Pathology 44:2 (2012), 160–165.
Souberbielle, J.C., Body, J.J., Lappe, J.M., Plebani, M., Shoenfeld, Y., Wang, T.J., Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., Cavalier, E., Ebeling, P.R., Fardellone, P., Gandini, S., Gruson, D., Guerin, A.P., Heickendorff, L., Hollis, B.W., Ish-Shalom, S., Jean, G., von Landenberg, P., Largura, A., Olsson, T., Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., Pilz, S., Tincani, A., Valcour, A., Zittermann, A., Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: Recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmun. Rev. 9:11 (2010), 709–715.
Bouillon, R., Marcocci, C., Carmeliet, G., Bikle, D., White, J.H., Dawson-Hughes, B., Lips, P., Munns, C.F., Lazaretti-Castro, M., Giustina, A., Bilezikian, J., Skeletal and extraskeletal actions of vitamin D: current evidence and outstanding questions. Endocr. Rev. 40:4 (2019), 1109–1151.
Marino, R., Misra, M., Extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D. Nutrients, 11(7), 2019.
Zerwekh, J.E., Blood biomarkers of vitamin D status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87:4 (2008), 1087S–1091S.
Jenkinson, C., The vitamin D metabolome: an update on analysis and function. Cell Biochem. Funct. 37:6 (2019), 408–423.
Tuckey, R.C., Cheng, C.Y.S., Slominski, A.T., The serum vitamin D metabolome: What we know and what is still to discover. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 186 (2019), 4–21.
Bikle, D.D., Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. Chem. Biol. 21:3 (2014), 319–329.
Houghton, L.A., Vieth, R., The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84:4 (2006), 694–697.
Hollis, B.W., Comparison of equilibrium and disequilibrium assay conditions for ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol and their major metabolites. J. Steroid Biochem. 21:1 (1984), 81–86.
Horst, R.L., Reinhardt, T.A., Ramberg, C.F., Koszewski, N.J., Napoli, J.L., 24-Hydroxylation of 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol. An unambiguous deactivation process. J. Biol. Chem. 261:20 (1986), 9250–9256.
Tripkovic, L., Lambert, H., Hart, K., Smith, C.P., Bucca, G., Penson, S., Chope, G., Hyppönen, E., Berry, J., Vieth, R., Lanham-New, S., Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95:6 (2012), 1357–1364.
Holick, M.F., Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61:3 Suppl (1995), 638S–645S.
Bouillon, R., Suda, T., Vitamin D: calcium and bone homeostasis during evolution. Bonekey Rep., 3, 2014, 480.
Holick, M.F., Biological effects of sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation and vitamin D for health. Anticancer Res. 36:3 (2016), 1345–1356.
Holick, M.F., The photobiology of vitamin D and its consequences for humans. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 453 (1985), 1–13.
Clemens, T.L., Adams, J.S., Henderson, S.L., Holick, M.F., Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3. Lancet 1:8263 (1982), 74–76.
Libon, F., Cavalier, E., Nikkels, A.F., Skin color is relevant to vitamin D synthesis. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 227:3 (2013), 250–254.
M.F. Holick, Chapter 4 - Photobiology of vitamin D, in: D. Feldman (Ed.), Vitamin D, fourth ed., Academic Press, 2018, pp. 45–55.
Xiang, F., Lucas, R., de Gruijl, F., Norval, M., A systematic review of the influence of skin pigmentation on changes in the concentrations of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in plasma/serum following experimental UV irradiation. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci.: Off. J. Eur. Photochem. Assoc. Eur. Soc. Photobiol. 14:12 (2015), 2138–2146.
Bogh, M.K., Schmedes, A.V., Philipsen, P.A., Thieden, E., Wulf, H.C., Vitamin D production after UVB exposure depends on baseline vitamin D and total cholesterol but not on skin pigmentation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 130:2 (2010), 546–553.
Young, A.R., Some light on the photobiology of vitamin D. J. Invest. Dermatol. 130:2 (2010), 346–348.
Christakos, S., Li, S., De La Cruz, J., Bikle, D.D., New developments in our understanding of vitamin metabolism, action and treatment. Metabolism 98 (2019), 112–120.
Zhu, J.G., Ochalek, J.T., Kaufmann, M., Jones, G., Deluca, H.F., CYP2R1 is a major, but not exclusive, contributor to 25-hydroxyvitamin D production in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 110:39 (2013), 15650–15655.
Cheng, J.B., Levine, M.A., Bell, N.H., Mangelsdorf, D.J., Russell, D.W., Genetic evidence that the human CYP2R1 enzyme is a key vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 101:20 (2004), 7711–7715.
Thacher, T.D., Fischer, P.R., Singh, R.J., Roizen, J., Levine, M.A., CYP2R1 mutations impair generation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cause an atypical form of vitamin D deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100:7 (2015), E1005–E1013.
Henry, H.L., Regulation of vitamin D metabolism. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 25:4 (2011), 531–541.
Jones, G., Kottler, M.L., Schlingmann, K.P., Genetic diseases of vitamin D metabolizing enzymes. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 46:4 (2017), 1095–1117.
D.P. Larner, J.S. Adams, M. Hewison, Chapter 8 - Regulation of renal and extrarenal 1α-hydroxylase, in: D. Feldman (Ed.), Vitamin D (Fourth Edition), Academic Press, 2018, pp. 117–137.
Plum, L.A., DeLuca, H.F., The functional metabolism and molecular biology of vitamin D action. Clin. Rev. Bone Mineral Metab. 7:1 (2009), 20–41.
Jones, G., Prosser, D.E., Kaufmann, M., Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of vitamin D. J. Lipid Res. 55:1 (2014), 13–31.
Christakos, S., Dhawan, P., Verstuyf, A., Verlinden, L., Carmeliet, G., Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects. Physiol. Rev. 96:1 (2016), 365–408.
Pike, J.W., Christakos, S., Biology and mechanisms of action of the vitamin D hormone. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 46:4 (2017), 815–843.
Prie, D., Friedlander, G., Reciprocal control of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and FGF23 formation involving the FGF23/Klotho system. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5:9 (2010), 1717–1722.
Adams, J.S., Hewison, M., Extrarenal expression of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-hydroxylase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 523:1 (2012), 95–102.
Takeda, E., Yamamoto, H., Taketani, Y., Miyamoto, K., Vitamin D-dependent rickets type I and type II. Acta Paediatr. Jpn. 39:4 (1997), 508–513.
S. Christakos, D.V. Ajibade, P. Dhawan, A.J. Fechner, L.J. Mady, Vitamin D: metabolism, Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 39(2) (2010) 243–53, table of contents.
Jones, G., Strugnell, S.A., DeLuca, H.F., Current understanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D. Physiol. Rev. 78:4 (1998), 1193–1231.
Bosworth, C., de Boer, I.H., Impaired vitamin D metabolism in CKD. Semin. Nephrol. 33:2 (2013), 158–168.
Jones, G., Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88:2 (2008), 582S–586S.
Tebben, P.J., Singh, R.J., Kumar, R., Vitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia: mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment. Endocr. Rev. 37:5 (2016), 521–547.
Wang, Z., Lin, Y.S., Zheng, X.E., Senn, T., Hashizume, T., Scian, M., Dickmann, L.J., Nelson, S.D., Baillie, T.A., Hebert, M.F., Blough, D., Davis, C.L., Thummel, K.E., An inducible cytochrome P450 3A4-dependent vitamin D catabolic pathway. Mol. Pharmacol. 81:4 (2012), 498–509.
Roizen, J.D., Li, D., O'Lear, L., Javaid, M.K., Shaw, N.J., Ebeling, P.R., Nguyen, H.H., Rodda, C.P., Thummel, K.E., Thacher, T.D., Hakonarson, H., Levine, M.A., CYP3A4 mutation causes vitamin D-dependent rickets type 3. J. Clin. Investig. 128:5 (2018), 1913–1918.
Demay, M.B., The good and the bad of vitamin D inactivation. J. Clin. Invest. 128:9 (2018), 3736–3738.
Zhou, S.F., Drugs behave as substrates, inhibitors and inducers of human cytochrome P450 3A4. Curr. Drug Metab. 9:4 (2008), 310–322.
Gonzalez, F.J., CYP3A4 and pregnane X receptor humanized mice. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 21:4 (2007), 158–162.
Hawkes, C.P., Li, D., Hakonarson, H., Meyers, K.E., Thummel, K.E., Levine, M.A., CYP3A4 induction by rifampin: an alternative pathway for vitamin D inactivation in patients with CYP24A1 mutations. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 102:5 (2017), 1440–1446.
Baecher, S., Leinenbach, A., Wright, J.A., Pongratz, S., Kobold, U., Thiele, R., Simultaneous quantification of four vitamin D metabolites in human serum using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for vitamin D profiling. Clin. Biochem. 45:16–17 (2012), 1491–1496.
Wong, R.G., Myrtle, J.F., Tsai, H.C., Norman, A.W., Studies on calciferol metabolism. V. The occurrence and biological activity of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D 3 in bone. J. Biol. Chem. 247:18 (1972), 5728–5735.
Norman, A.W., Okamura, W.H., Friedlander, E.J., Henry, H.L., Johnson, R.L., Mitra, M.N., Proscal, D.A., Wecksler, W.W., Current concepts of the chemical conformation, metabolism, and interaction of the steroid, vitamin D, with the endocrine system for calcium homeostasis. Calcif. Tissue Res. 21:Suppl (1976), 153–159.
Herrmann, M., Farrell, C.L., Pusceddu, I., Fabregat-Cabello, N., Cavalier, E., Assessment of vitamin D status - a changing landscape. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 55:1 (2017), 3–26.
Colak, A., Toprak, B., Dogan, N., Ustuner, F., Effect of sample type, centrifugation and storage conditions on vitamin D concentration. Biochem. Med. (Zagreb) 23:3 (2013), 321–325.
Lensmeyer, G.L., Wiebe, D.A., Binkley, N., Drezner, M.K., HPLC method for 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement: comparison with contemporary assays. Clin. Chem. 52:6 (2006), 1120–1126.
Elder, P.A., Lewis, J.G., King, R.I., Florkowski, C.M., An anomalous result from gel tubes for vitamin D. Clin. Chim. Acta, 410(1–2), 2009, 95.
Yu, S., Zhou, W., Cheng, X., Fang, H., Zhang, R., Cheng, Q., Han, J., Su, W., Xia, L., Qiu, L., Blood collection tubes and storage temperature should be evaluated when using the siemens ADVIA centaur XP for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D. PLoS ONE, 11(11), 2016, e0166327.
Heureux, N., Vitamin D testing-where are we and what is on the horizon?. Adv. Clin. Chem. 78 (2017), 59–101.
Borai, A., Bahijri, S., Livingstone, C., Nawajha, M., Bawazeer, A., Baarmah, Z., Shanaa, A., Kadam, I., Abdelaal, M., Assessment of Becton Dickinson plain and serum separator tubes in measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) by HPLC and immunoassay methods. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 30:1 (2016), 32–35.
Fraser, W.D., Tang, J.C.Y., Dutton, J.J., Schoenmakers, I., Vitamin D measurement, the debates continue, new analytes have emerged, developments have variable outcomes. Calcif. Tissue Int. 106:1 (2020), 3–13.
Makowski, A.J., Rathmacher, J.A., Horst, R.L., Sempos, C.T., Simplified 25-hydroxyvitamin D standardization and optimization in dried blood spots by LC-MS/MS. J. AOAC Int. 100:5 (2017), 1328–1336.
Lissner, D., Mason, R.S., Posen, S., Stability of vitamin D metabolites in human blood serum and plasma. Clin. Chem., 27(5), 1981, 773.
Wielders, J.P., Wijnberg, F.A., Preanalytical stability of 25(OH)-vitamin D3 in human blood or serum at room temperature: solid as a rock. Clin. Chem. 55:8 (2009), 1584–1585.
Agborsangaya, C., Toriola, A.T., Grankvist, K., Surcel, H.M., Holl, K., Parkkila, S., Tuohimaa, P., Lukanova, A., Lehtinen, M., The effects of storage time and sampling season on the stability of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and androstenedione. Nutr. Cancer 62:1 (2010), 51–57.
Hayden, Y., Pillay, T., Marx, G., de Lange, W., Kuyl, J.M., Pre-analytical stability of 25(OH)-vitamin D in primary collection tubes. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 53:3 (2015), e55–e57.
Mena-Bravo, A., Priego-Capote, F., Luque de Castro, M.D., Study of blood collection and sample preparation for analysis of vitamin D and its metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 879 (2015), 69–76.
Mena-Bravo, A., Calderon-Santiago, M., Luque de Castro, M.D., Priego-Capote, F., Evaluation of short-term storage prior to analysis of vitamin D3 and metabolites in human serum by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 198 (2019), 344–349.
Borai, A., Khalil, H., Alghamdi, B., Alhamdi, R., Ali, N., Bahijri, S., Ferns, G., The pre-analytical stability of 25-hydroxyvitamin D: Storage and mixing effects. J. Clin. Lab. Anal., 34(2), 2020, e23037.
Antoniucci, D.M., Black, D.M., Sellmeyer, D.E., Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is unaffected by multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Clin. Chem. 51:1 (2005), 258–261.
Wielders, J.P.M., Wijnberg, F.A., Preanalytical stability of 25(OH)–vitamin D₃ in human blood or serum at room temperature: solid as a rock. Clin. Chem., 55(8), 2009, 1584.
Hayden, Y., Pillay, T., Marx, G., de Lange, W., Kuyl Johannes, M., Pre-analytical stability of 25(OH)-vitamin D in primary collection tubes. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. (CCLM), 2015, e55.
Calvo, M.S., Whiting, S.J., Barton, C.N., Vitamin D intake: a global perspective of current status. J. Nutrit. 135:2 (2005), 310–316.
Maxwell, J.D., Seasonal variation in vitamin D. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 53:3 (1994), 533–543.
Spiro, A., Buttriss, J.L., Vitamin D: an overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe. Nutrit. Bull. 39:4 (2014), 322–350.
Webb, A.R., Kline, L., Holick, M.F., Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 67:2 (1988), 373–378.
Vuistiner, P., Rousson, V., Henry, H., Lescuyer, P., Boulat, O., Gaspoz, J.M., Mooser, V., Vollenweider, P., Waeber, G., Cornuz, J., Paccaud, F., Bochud, M., Guessous, I., A population-based model to consider the effect of seasonal variation on serum 25(OH)D and vitamin D status. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015, 2015, 168189.
Krzywanski, J., Mikulski, T., Krysztofiak, H., Mlynczak, M., Gaczynska, E., Ziemba, A., Seasonal vitamin D status in polish elite athletes in relation to sun exposure and oral supplementation. PLoS ONE, 11(10), 2016, e0164395.
O'Neill, C.M., Kazantzidis, A., Ryan, M.J., Barber, N., Sempos, C.T., Durazo-Arvizu, R.A., Jorde, R., Grimnes, G., Eiriksdottir, G., Gudnason, V., Cotch, M.F., Kiely, M., Webb, A.R., Cashman, K.D., Seasonal changes in vitamin D-effective UVB availability in europe and associations with population serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Nutrients, 8(9), 2016.
Bolland, M.J., Grey, A.B., Ames, R.W., Mason, B.H., Horne, A.M., Gamble, G.D., Reid, I.R., The effects of seasonal variation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and fat mass on a diagnosis of vitamin D sufficiency. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86:4 (2007), 959–964.
Holick, M.F., Matsuoka, L.Y., Wortsman, J., Age, vitamin D, and solar ultraviolet. Lancet 2:8671 (1989), 1104–1105.
Gallagher, J.C., Vitamin D and aging. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 42:2 (2013), 319–332.
Meehan, M., Penckofer, S., The role of vitamin D in the aging adult. J. Aging Gerontol. 2:2 (2014), 60–71.
Veldurthy, V., Wei, R., Oz, L., Dhawan, P., Jeon, Y.H., Christakos, S., Vitamin D, calcium homeostasis and aging. Bone Res., 4, 2016, 16041.
Gloth, F.M. 3rd, Gundberg, C.M., Hollis, B.W., Haddad, J.G. Jr., Tobin, J.D., Vitamin D deficiency in homebound elderly persons. JAMA 274:21 (1995), 1683–1686.
Guessous, I., Dudler, V., Glatz, N., Theler, J.M., Zoller, O., Paccaud, F., Burnier, M., Bochud, M., G. Swiss Survey on Salt, Vitamin D levels and associated factors: a population-based study in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly, 142, 2012.
Arunabh, S., Pollack, S., Yeh, J., Aloia, J.F., Body fat content and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88:1 (2003), 157–161.
Parikh, S.J., Edelman, M., Uwaifo, G.I., Freedman, R.J., Semega-Janneh, M., Reynolds, J., Yanovski, J.A., The relationship between obesity and serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D concentrations in healthy adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89:3 (2004), 1196–1199.
Lagunova, Z., Porojnicu, A.C., Lindberg, F., Hexeberg, S., Moan, J., The dependency of vitamin D status on body mass index, gender, age and season. Anticancer Res. 29:9 (2009), 3713–3720.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, F., Zhang, W., Wang, C., Yu, C., Zhao, J., Gao, L., Xu, J., The relationship between obesity indices and serum vitamin D levels in Chinese adults from urban settings. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 25:2 (2016), 333–339.
Pereira-Santos, M., Costa, P.R., Assis, A.M., Santos, C.A., Santos, D.B., Obesity and vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. 16:4 (2015), 341–349.
Yao, Y., Zhu, L., He, L., Duan, Y., Liang, W., Nie, Z., Jin, Y., Wu, X., Fang, Y., A meta-analysis of the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and obesity. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 8:9 (2015), 14977–14984.
S. Migliaccio, A. Di Nisio, C. Mele, L. Scappaticcio, S. Savastano, A. Colao, E.R. Obesity Programs of nutrition, G. Assessment, Obesity and hypovitaminosis D: causality or casualty?, Int. J. Obes. Suppl. 9(1) (2019) 20–31.
Hyppönen, E., Power, C., Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85:3 (2007), 860–868.
Compston, J.E., Vedi, S., Ledger, J.E., Webb, A., Gazet, J.C., Pilkington, T.R., Vitamin D status and bone histomorphometry in gross obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34:11 (1981), 2359–2363.
Vanlint, S., Vitamin D and obesity. Nutrients 5:3 (2013), 949–956.
Abboud, M., Gordon-Thomson, C., Hoy, A.J., Balaban, S., Rybchyn, M.S., Cole, L., Su, Y., Brennan-Speranza, T.C., Fraser, D.R., Mason, R.S., Uptake of 25-hydroxyvitamin D by muscle and fat cells. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 144:Pt A (2014), 232–236.
Muscogiuri, G., Barrea, L., Somma, C.D., Laudisio, D., Salzano, C., Pugliese, G., de Alteriis, G., Colao, A., Savastano, S., Sex differences of vitamin D status across BMI classes: an observational prospective cohort study. Nutrients, 11(12), 2019.
Verdoia, M., Schaffer, A., Barbieri, L., Di Giovine, G., Marino, P., Suryapranata, H., De Luca, G., Novara Atherosclerosis Study, G., Impact of gender difference on vitamin D status and its relationship with the extent of coronary artery disease. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 25:5 (2015), 464–470.
Yan, X., Zhang, N., Cheng, S., Wang, Z., Qin, Y., Gender differences in vitamin D status in China. Med. Sci. Monit. 25 (2019), 7094–7099.
Yoshimura, N., Muraki, S., Oka, H., Morita, M., Yamada, H., Tanaka, S., Kawaguchi, H., Nakamura, K., Akune, T., Profiles of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in Japanese men and women: association with biological, environmental, and nutritional factors and coexisting disorders: the ROAD study. Osteoporos. Int. 24:11 (2013), 2775–2787.
Bolland, M.J., Grey, A.B., Ames, R.W., Mason, B.H., Horne, A.M., Gamble, G.D., Reid, I.R., Determinants of vitamin D status in older men living in a subtropical climate. Osteoporos. Int. 17:12 (2006), 1742–1748.
Blaak, E., Gender differences in fat metabolism. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutrit. Metabolic Care, 4(6), 2001.
Gurrici, S., Hartriyanti, Y., Hautvast, J., Deurenberg, P., Relationship between body fat and body mass index: differences between Indonesians and Dutch Caucasians. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52:11 (1998), 779–783.
Gallagher, D., Heymsfield, S.B., Heo, M., Jebb, S.A., Murgatroyd, P.R., Sakamoto, Y., Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am. J. Clin. Nutrit. 72:3 (2000), 694–701.
Wortsman, J., Matsuoka, L.Y., Chen, T.C., Lu, Z., Holick, M.F., Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72:3 (2000), 690–693.
Rabenberg, M., Scheidt-Nave, C., Busch, M.A., Rieckmann, N., Hintzpeter, B., Mensink, G.B., Vitamin D status among adults in Germany–results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1). BMC Public Health, 15, 2015, 641.
Janssen, H.C., Emmelot-Vonk, M.H., Verhaar, H.J., van der Schouw, Y.T., Determinants of vitamin D status in healthy men and women aged 40–80 years. Maturitas 74:1 (2013), 79–83.
Hagenau, T., Vest, R., Gissel, T.N., Poulsen, C.S., Erlandsen, M., Mosekilde, L., Vestergaard, P., Global vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender, skin pigmentation and latitude: an ecologic meta-regression analysis. Osteoporos. Int. 20:1 (2009), 133–140.
Mithal, A., Wahl, D.A., Bonjour, J.P., Burckhardt, P., Dawson-Hughes, B., Eisman, J.A., El-Hajj Fuleihan, G., Josse, R.G., Lips, P., Morales-Torres, J., I.O.F.C.o.S.A.N.W. Group, Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos. Int. 20:11 (2009), 1807–1820.
Hilger, J., Friedel, A., Herr, R., Rausch, T., Roos, F., Wahl, D.A., Pierroz, D.D., Weber, P., Hoffmann, K., A systematic review of vitamin D status in populations worldwide. Br. J. Nutr. 111:1 (2014), 23–45.
Schleicher, R.L., Sternberg, M.R., Looker, A.C., Yetley, E.A., Lacher, D.A., Sempos, C.T., Taylor, C.L., Durazo-Arvizu, R.A., Maw, K.L., Chaudhary-Webb, M., Johnson, C.L., Pfeiffer, C.M., National estimates of serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D and metabolite concentrations measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the US pop during 2007–2010. J. Nutrit. 146:5 (2016), 1051–1061.
Sarafin, K., Durazo-Arvizu, R., Tian, L., Phinney, K.W., Tai, S., Camara, J.E., Merkel, J., Green, E., Sempos, C.T., Brooks, S.P.J., Standardizing 25-hydroxyvitamin D values from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Am. J. Clin. Nutrit. 102:5 (2015), 1044–1050.
Cashman, K.D., Dowling, K.G., Skrabakova, Z., Gonzalez-Gross, M., Valtuena, J., De Henauw, S., Moreno, L., Damsgaard, C.T., Michaelsen, K.F., Molgaard, C., Jorde, R., Grimnes, G., Moschonis, G., Mavrogianni, C., Manios, Y., Thamm, M., Mensink, G.B., Rabenberg, M., Busch, M.A., Cox, L., Meadows, S., Goldberg, G., Prentice, A., Dekker, J.M., Nijpels, G., Pilz, S., Swart, K.M., van Schoor, N.M., Lips, P., Eiriksdottir, G., Gudnason, V., Cotch, M.F., Koskinen, S., Lamberg-Allardt, C., Durazo-Arvizu, R.A., Sempos, C.T., Kiely, M., Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: pandemic?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 103:4 (2016), 1033–1044.
Holick, M.F., Vitamin D deficiency in 2010: health benefits of vitamin D and sunlight: a D-bate. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 7:2 (2011), 73–75.
Manios, Y., Moschonis, G., Lambrinou, C.P., Mavrogianni, C., Tsirigoti, L., Hoeller, U., Roos, F.F., Bendik, I., Eggersdorfer, M., Celis-Morales, C., Livingstone, K.M., Marsaux, C.F.M., Macready, A.L., Fallaize, R., O'Donovan, C.B., Woolhead, C., Forster, H., Walsh, M.C., Navas-Carretero, S., San-Cristobal, R., Kolossa, S., Hallmann, J., Jarosz, M., Surwillo, A., Traczyk, I., Drevon, C.A., van Ommen, B., Grimaldi, K., Matthews, J.N.S., Daniel, H., Martinez, J.A., Lovegrove, J.A., Gibney, E.R., Brennan, L., Saris, W.H.M., Gibney, M., Mathers, J.C., Food4Me, S., Associations of vitamin D status with dietary intakes and physical activity levels among adults from seven European countries: the Food4Me study. Eur. J. Nutr. 57:4 (2018), 1357–1368.
Touvier, M., Deschasaux, M., Montourcy, M., Sutton, A., Charnaux, N., Kesse-Guyot, E., Assmann, K.E., Fezeu, L., Latino-Martel, P., Druesne-Pecollo, N., Guinot, C., Latreille, J., Malvy, D., Galan, P., Hercberg, S., Le Clerc, S., Souberbielle, J.C., Ezzedine, K., Determinants of vitamin D status in Caucasian adults: influence of sun exposure, dietary intake, sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, and genetic factors. J. Invest. Dermatol. 135:2 (2015), 378–388.
Sato, Y., Iwamoto, J., Kanoko, T., Satoh, K., Amelioration of osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D by sunlight exposure in hospitalized, elderly women with Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20:8 (2005), 1327–1333.
Jones, G., Dwyer, T., Bone mass in prepubertal children: gender differences and the role of physical activity and sunlight exposure. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83:12 (1998), 4274–4279.
Thuesen, B., Husemoen, L., Fenger, M., Jakobsen, J., Schwarz, P., Toft, U., Ovesen, L., Jorgensen, T., Linneberg, A., Determinants of vitamin D status in a general population of Danish adults. Bone 50:3 (2012), 605–610.
Guzel, R., Kozanoglu, E., Guler-Uysal, F., Soyupak, S., Sarpel, T., Vitamin D status and bone mineral density of veiled and unveiled Turkish women. J. Women's Health Gender-Based Med. 10:8 (2001), 765–770.
Mishal, A.A., Effects of different dress styles on vitamin D levels in healthy young Jordanian women. Osteoporos. Int. 12:11 (2001), 931–935.
Chakhtoura, M., Rahme, M., Chamoun, N., El-Hajj Fuleihan, G., Vitamin D in the Middle East and North Africa. Bone Rep. 8 (2018), 135–146.
Neale, R.E., Khan, S.R., Lucas, R.M., Waterhouse, M., Whiteman, D.C., Olsen, C.M., The effect of sunscreen on vitamin D: a review. Brit. J. Dermatol. 181:5 (2019), 907–915.
Kritchevsky, S.B., Tooze, J.A., Neiberg, R.H., Schwartz, G.G., Hausman, D.B., Johnson, M.A., Bauer, D.C., Cauley, J.A., Shea, M.K., Cawthon, P.M., Harris, T.B., Rubin, S.M., Tylavsky, F.A., Houston, D.K., Health, A.B.C.S., 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and mortality in black and white older adults: the health ABC study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97:11 (2012), 4156–4165.
Neer, R.M., The evolutionary significance of vitamin D, skin pigment, and ultraviolet light. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 43:3 (1975), 409–416.
Jablonski, N.G., The evolution of human skin and skin color. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 33:1 (2004), 585–623.
Webb, A.R., Who, what, where and when-influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 92:1 (2006), 17–25.
Bonilla, C., Ness, A.R., Wills, A.K., Lawlor, D.A., Lewis, S.J., Davey Smith, G., Skin pigmentation, sun exposure and vitamin D levels in children of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. BMC Public Health, 14, 2014, 597.
Powe, C.E., Evans, M.K., Wenger, J., Zonderman, A.B., Berg, A.H., Nalls, M., Tamez, H., Zhang, D., Bhan, I., Karumanchi, S.A., Powe, N.R., Thadhani, R., Vitamin D-binding protein and vitamin D status of black Americans and white Americans. N. Engl. J. Med. 369:21 (2013), 1991–2000.
Ponchon, G., DeLuca, H.F., The role of the liver in the metabolism of vitamin D. J. Clin. Invest. 48:7 (1969), 1273–1279.
Ponchon, G., Kennan, A.L., DeLuca, H.F., “Activation” of vitamin D by the liver. J. Clin. Invest. 48:11 (1969), 2032–2037.
Bouillon, R., Pauwels, S., The vitamin D-binding protein. Feldman, D., Pike, W.J., Bouillon, R., Giovannucci, E., Goltzman, D., Hewison, M., (eds.) Vitamin D, Volume1: Biochemistry, Physiology and Diagnostics, 2018, Elsevier.
Bouillon, R., Schuit, F., Antonio, L., Rastinejad, F., Vitamin D binding protein: a historic overview. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 10, 2019, 910.
Fisher, L., Fisher, A., Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in outpatients with noncholestatic chronic liver disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5:4 (2007), 513–520.
Arteh, J., Narra, S., Nair, S., Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in chronic liver disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 55:9 (2010), 2624–2628.
Konstantakis, C., Tselekouni, P., Kalafateli, M., Triantos, C., Vitamin D deficiency in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ann Gastroenterol 29:3 (2016), 297–306.
Malham, M., Jorgensen, S.P., Ott, P., Agnholt, J., Vilstrup, H., Borre, M., Dahlerup, J.F., Vitamin D deficiency in cirrhosis relates to liver dysfunction rather than aetiology. World J. Gastroenterol. 17:7 (2011), 922–925.
Heaf, J.G., Hepatic Osteodystrophy. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 20:9 (1985), 1035–1040.
Barchetta, I., Carotti, S., Labbadia, G., Gentilucci, U.V., Muda, A.O., Angelico, F., Silecchia, G., Leonetti, F., Fraioli, A., Picardi, A., Morini, S., Cavallo, M.G., Liver vitamin D receptor, CYP2R1, and CYP27A1 expression: relationship with liver histology and vitamin D3 levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 56:6 (2012), 2180–2187.
Stokes, C.S., Volmer, D.A., Grunhage, F., Lammert, F., Vitamin D in chronic liver disease. Liver Int 33:3 (2013), 338–352.
Costa Silva, M., Erotides Silva, T., de Alentar, M.L., Honorio Coelho, M.S., Wildner, L.M., Bazzo, M.L., Gonzalez-Chica, D.A., Dantas-Correa, E.B., Narciso-Schiavon, J.L., Schiavon Lde, L., Factors associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ann. Hepatol. 14:1 (2015), 99–107.
Bikle, D.D., Gee, E., Halloran, B., Haddad, J.G., Free 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in serum from normal subjects, pregnant subjects, and subjects with liver disease. J. Clin. Invest. 74:6 (1984), 1966–1971.
White, P., Cooke, N., The multifunctional properties and characteristics of vitamin D-binding protein. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 11:8 (2000), 320–327.
Kitson, M.T., Roberts, S.K., D-livering the message: the importance of vitamin D status in chronic liver disease. J. Hepatol. 57:4 (2012), 897–909.
Miroliaee, A., Nasiri-Toosi, M., Khalilzadeh, O., Esteghamati, A., Abdollahi, A., Mazloumi, M., Disturbances of parathyroid hormone-vitamin D axis in non-cholestatic chronic liver disease: a cross-sectional study. Hepatol. Int. 4:3 (2010), 634–640.
Corey, R.L., Whitaker, M.D., Crowell, M.D., Keddis, M.T., Aqel, B., Balan, V., Byrne, T., Carey, E., Douglas, D.D., Harrison, M.E., Vargas, H.E., Rakela, J., Vitamin D deficiency, parathyroid hormone levels, and bone disease among patients with end-stage liver disease and normal serum creatinine awaiting liver transplantation. Clin. Transplant. 28:5 (2014), 579–584.
Wiese, R.J., Uhland-Smith, A., Ross, T.K., Prahl, J.M., DeLuca, H.F., Up-regulation of the vitamin D receptor in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 results from ligand-induced stabilization. J. Biol. Chem. 267:28 (1992), 20082–20086.
Dusso, A.S., Tokumoto, M., Defective renal maintenance of the vitamin D endocrine system impairs vitamin D renoprotection: a downward spiral in kidney disease. Kidney Int. 79:7 (2011), 715–729.
Jean, G., Souberbielle, J.C., Chazot, C., Vitamin D in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients. Nutrients, 9(4), 2017.
Guessous, I., McClellan, W., Kleinbaum, D., Vaccarino, V., Zoller, O., Theler, J.M., Paccaud, F., Burnier, M., Bochud, M., G. Swiss Survey on Salt, Comparisons of serum vitamin D levels, status, and determinants in populations with and without chronic kidney disease not requiring renal dialysis: a 24-hour urine collection population-based study. J. Ren. Nutr. 24:5 (2014), 303–312.
Kim, S.M., Choi, H.J., Lee, J.P., Kim, D.K., Oh, Y.K., Kim, Y.S., Lim, C.S., Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and effects of supplementation with cholecalciferol in patients with chronic kidney disease. J. Ren. Nutr. 24:1 (2014), 20–25.
Melamed, M.L., Astor, B., Michos, E.D., Hostetter, T.H., Powe, N.R., Muntner, P., 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, race, and the progression of kidney disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 20:12 (2009), 2631–2639.
Agarwal, R., Georgianos, P.I., Con: Nutritional vitamin D replacement in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 31:5 (2016), 706–713.
Goldsmith, D.J., Pro: Should we correct vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in chronic kidney disease patients with inactive forms of vitamin D or just treat them with active vitamin D forms?. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 31:5 (2016), 698–705.
Levin, A., Bakris, G.L., Molitch, M., Smulders, M., Tian, J., Williams, L.A., Andress, D.L., Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease. Kidney Int. 71:1 (2007), 31–38.
Lee, S.W., Russell, J., Avioli, L.V., 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: conversion impaired by systemic metabolic acidosis. Science 195:4282 (1977), 994–996.
Hsu, C.H., Patel, S.R., Young, E.W., Vanholder, R., Effects of purine derivatives on calcitriol metabolism in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 260:4 Pt 2 (1991), F596–F601.
Vanholder, R., Patel, S., Hsu, C.H., Effect of uric acid on plasma levels of 1,25(OH)2D in renal failure. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4:4 (1993), 1035–1038.
Bosworth, C.R., Levin, G., Robinson-Cohen, C., Hoofnagle, A.N., Ruzinski, J., Young, B., Schwartz, S.M., Himmelfarb, J., Kestenbaum, B., de Boer, I.H., The serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration, a marker of vitamin D catabolism, is reduced in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 82:6 (2012), 693–700.
Waldron, J.L., Ashby, H.L., Cornes, M.P., Bechervaise, J., Razavi, C., Thomas, O.L., Chugh, S., Deshpande, S., Ford, C., Gama, R., Vitamin D: a negative acute phase reactant. J. Clin. Pathol. 66:7 (2013), 620–622.
Saraf, R., Morton, S.M., Camargo, C.A. Jr., Grant, C.C., Global summary of maternal and newborn vitamin D status - a systematic review. Matern. Child Nutr. 12:4 (2016), 647–668.
Christesen, H.T., Elvander, C., Lamont, R.F., Jorgensen, J.S., The impact of vitamin D in pregnancy on extraskeletal health in children: a systematic review. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 91:12 (2012), 1368–1380.
Christesen, H.T., Falkenberg, T., Lamont, R.F., Jorgensen, J.S., The impact of vitamin D on pregnancy: a systematic review. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 91:12 (2012), 1357–1367.
Urrutia, R.P., Thorp, J.M., Vitamin D in pregnancy: current concepts. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 24:2 (2012), 57–64.
Aghajafari, F., Nagulesapillai, T., Ronksley, P.E., Tough, S.C., O'Beirne, M., Rabi, D.M., Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ, 346, 2013, f1169.
Harvey, N.C., Holroyd, C., Ntani, G., Javaid, K., Cooper, P., Moon, R., Cole, Z., Tinati, T., Godfrey, K., Dennison, E., Bishop, N.J., Baird, J., Cooper, C., Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a systematic review. Health Technol. Assess. 18:45 (2014), 1–190.
Amegah, A.K., Klevor, M.K., Wagner, C.L., Maternal vitamin D insufficiency and risk of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. PLoS ONE, 12(3), 2017, e0173605.
Curtis, E.M., Moon, R.J., Harvey, N.C., Cooper, C., Maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy. Br. Med. Bull. 126:1 (2018), 57–77.
Heijboer, A.C., Blankenstein, M.A., Kema, I.P., Buijs, M.M., Accuracy of 6 routine 25-hydroxyvitamin D assays: influence of vitamin D binding protein concentration. Clin. Chem. 58:3 (2012), 543–548.
Tsuprykov, O., Buse, C., Skoblo, R., Haq, A., Hocher, B., Reference intervals for measured and calculated free 25-hydroxyvitamin D in normal pregnancy. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 181 (2018), 80–87.
Tsuprykov, O., Chen, X., Hocher, C.F., Skoblo, R., Lianghong, Y., Hocher, B., Why should we measure free 25(OH) vitamin D?. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 180 (2018), 87–104.
Ahn, J., Yu, K., Stolzenberg-Solomon, R., Simon, K.C., McCullough, M.L., Gallicchio, L., Jacobs, E.J., Ascherio, A., Helzlsouer, K., Jacobs, K.B., Li, Q., Weinstein, S.J., Purdue, M., Virtamo, J., Horst, R., Wheeler, W., Chanock, S., Hunter, D.J., Hayes, R.B., Kraft, P., Albanes, D., Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels. Hum. Mol. Genet. 19:13 (2010), 2739–2745.
Dickinson, J.L., Perera, D.I., van der Mei, A.F., Ponsonby, A.L., Polanowski, A.M., Thomson, R.J., Taylor, B.V., McKay, J.D., Stankovich, J., Dwyer, T., Past environmental sun exposure and risk of multiple sclerosis: a role for the Cdx-2 Vitamin D receptor variant in this interaction. Mult. Scler. 15:5 (2009), 563–570.
Orton, S.M., Morris, A.P., Herrera, B.M., Ramagopalan, S.V., Lincoln, M.R., Chao, M.J., Vieth, R., Sadovnick, A.D., Ebers, G.C., Evidence for genetic regulation of vitamin D status in twins with multiple sclerosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88:2 (2008), 441–447.
Shea, M.K., Benjamin, E.J., Dupuis, J., Massaro, J.M., Jacques, P.F., D'Agostino, R.B. Sr., Ordovas, J.M., O'Donnell, C.J., Dawson-Hughes, B., Vasan, R.S., Booth, S.L., Genetic and non-genetic correlates of vitamins K and D. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 63:4 (2009), 458–464.
Bahrami, A., Sadeghnia, H.R., Tabatabaeizadeh, S.A., Bahrami-Taghanaki, H., Behboodi, N., Esmaeili, H., Ferns, G.A., Mobarhan, M.G., Avan, A., Genetic and epigenetic factors influencing vitamin D status. J. Cell. Physiol. 233:5 (2018), 4033–4043.
Braithwaite, V.S., Jones, K.S., Schoenmakers, I., Silver, M., Prentice, A., Hennig, B.J., Vitamin D binding protein genotype is associated with plasma 25OHD concentration in West African children. Bone 74 (2015), 166–170.
Prosser, D.E., Jones, G., Enzymes involved in the activation and inactivation of vitamin D. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29:12 (2004), 664–673.
Wang, T.J., Zhang, F., Richards, J.B., Kestenbaum, B., van Meurs, J.B., Berry, D., Kiel, D.P., Streeten, E.A., Ohlsson, C., Koller, D.L., Peltonen, L., Cooper, J.D., O'Reilly, P.F., Houston, D.K., Glazer, N.L., Vandenput, L., Peacock, M., Shi, J., Rivadeneira, F., McCarthy, M.I., Anneli, P., de Boer, I.H., Mangino, M., Kato, B., Smyth, D.J., Booth, S.L., Jacques, P.F., Burke, G.L., Goodarzi, M., Cheung, C.L., Wolf, M., Rice, K., Goltzman, D., Hidiroglou, N., Ladouceur, M., Wareham, N.J., Hocking, L.J., Hart, D., Arden, N.K., Cooper, C., Malik, S., Fraser, W.D., Hartikainen, A.L., Zhai, G., Macdonald, H.M., Forouhi, N.G., Loos, R.J., Reid, D.M., Hakim, A., Dennison, E., Liu, Y., Power, C., Stevens, H.E., Jaana, L., Vasan, R.S., Soranzo, N., Bojunga, J., Psaty, B.M., Lorentzon, M., Foroud, T., Harris, T.B., Hofman, A., Jansson, J.O., Cauley, J.A., Uitterlinden, A.G., Gibson, Q., Jarvelin, M.R., Karasik, D., Siscovick, D.S., Econs, M.J., Kritchevsky, S.B., Florez, J.C., Todd, J.A., Dupuis, J., Hypponen, E., Spector, T.D., Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet 376:9736 (2010), 180–188.
Lips, P., Relative value of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D measurements. J. Bone Miner. Res. 22:11 (2007), 1668–1671.
Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., Willett, W.C., Wong, J.B., Stuck, A.E., Staehelin, H.B., Orav, E.J., Thoma, A., Kiel, D.P., Henschkowski, J., Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Intern. Med. 169:6 (2009), 551–561.
Murad, M.H., Elamin, K.B., Abu Elnour, N.O., Elamin, M.B., Alkatib, A.A., Fatourechi, M.M., Almandoz, J.P., Mullan, R.J., Lane, M.A., Liu, H., Erwin, P.J., Hensrud, D.D., Montori, V.M., Clinical review: the effect of vitamin D on falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96:10 (2011), 2997–3006.
Su, Z., Narla, S.N., Zhu, Y., 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: analysis and clinical application. Clin. Chim. Acta 433 (2014), 200–205.
Bikle, D.D., Vitamin D Assays. Front. Horm. Res. 50 (2018), 14–30.
Holick, M.F., Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application. Ann. Epidemiol. 19:2 (2009), 73–78.
Gil, A., Plaza-Diaz, J., Mesa, M.D., Vitamin D: classic and novel actions. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 72:2 (2018), 87–95.
Wallace, A.M., Gibson, S., de la Hunty, A., Lamberg-Allardt, C., Ashwell, M., Measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the clinical laboratory: current procedures, performance characteristics and limitations. Steroids 75:7 (2010), 477–488.
Altieri, B., Cavalier, E., Bhattoa, H.P., Perez-Lopez, F.R., Lopez-Baena, M.T., Perez-Roncero, G.R., Chedraui, P., Annweiler, C., Della Casa, S., Zelzer, S., Herrmann, M., Faggiano, A., Colao, A., Holick, M.F., Vitamin D testing: advantages and limits of the current assays. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 74:2 (2020), 231–247.
Rezayi, M., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., Tavakoly Sany, S.B., Fani, M., Avan, A., Pasdar, Z., Ferns, G.A., Abouzari-Lotf, E., Amiri, I.S., A comparison of analytical methods for measuring concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in biological samples. Anal. Methods 10:47 (2018), 5599–5612.
Holick, M.F., Binkley, N.C., Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., Gordon, C.M., Hanley, D.A., Heaney, R.P., Murad, M.H., Weaver, C.M., Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency revisited. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97:4 (2012), 1153–1158.
Medicine, I.o., Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. 2011, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
Binkley, N., Krueger, D., Cowgill, C.S., Plum, L., Lake, E., Hansen, K.E., DeLuca, H.F., Drezner, M.K., Assay variation confounds the diagnosis of hypovitaminosis D: a call for standardization. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89:7 (2004), 3152–3157.
Sempos, C.T., Durazo-Arvizu, R.A., Binkley, N., Jones, J., Merkel, J.M., Carter, G.D., Developing vitamin D dietary guidelines and the lack of 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay standardization: The ever-present past. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 164 (2016), 115–119.
Sempos, C.T., Vesper, H.W., Phinney, K.W., Thienpont, L.M., Coates, P.M., Vitamin, D.S.P., Vitamin D status as an international issue: national surveys and the problem of standardization. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl. 243 (2012), 32–40.
Stepman, H.C., Vanderroost, A., Van Uytfanghe, K., Thienpont, L.M., Candidate reference measurement procedures for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 by using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 57:3 (2011), 441–448.
Tai, S.S., Bedner, M., Phinney, K.W., Development of a candidate reference measurement procedure for the determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 in human serum using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 82:5 (2010), 1942–1948.
Stepman, H.C.M., Vanderroost, A., Van Uytfanghe, K., Thienpont, L.M., Candidate reference measurement procedures for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ and 25-hydroxyvitamin D₂ by using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 57:3 (2011), 441–448.
Mineva, E.M., Schleicher, R.L., Chaudhary-Webb, M., Maw, K.L., Botelho, J.C., Vesper, H.W., Pfeiffer, C.M., A candidate reference measurement procedure for quantifying serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(2) using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 407:19 (2015), 5615–5624.
Binkley, N., Sempos, C.T., Vitamin, D.S.P., Standardizing vitamin D assays: the way forward. J. Bone Miner. Res. 29:8 (2014), 1709–1714.
Sempos, C.T., Betz, J.M., Camara, J.E., Carter, G.D., Cavalier, E., Clarke, M.W., Dowling, K.G., Durazo-Arvizu, R.A., Hoofnagle, A.N., Liu, A., Phinney, K.W., Sarafin, K., Wise, S.A., Coates, P.M., General steps to standardize the laboratory measurement of serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J. AOAC Int. 100:5 (2017), 1230–1233.
Stockl, D., Sluss, P.M., Thienpont, L.M., Specifications for trueness and precision of a reference measurement system for serum/plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D analysis. Clin. Chim. Acta 408:1–2 (2009), 8–13.
Depreter, B., Heijboer, A.C., Langlois, M.R., Accuracy of three automated 25-hydroxyvitamin D assays in hemodialysis patients. Clin. Chim. Acta 415 (2013), 255–260.
Cavalier, E., Lukas, P., Bekaert, A.C., Carlisi, A., Le Goff, C., Delanaye, P., Souberbielle, J.C., Analytical and clinical validation of the new Abbot Architect 25(OH)D assay: fit for purpose?. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 55:3 (2017), 378–384.
Cavalier, E., Lukas, P., Crine, Y., Peeters, S., Carlisi, A., Le Goff, C., Gadisseur, R., Delanaye, P., Souberbielle, J.C., Evaluation of automated immunoassays for 25(OH)-vitamin D determination in different critical populations before and after standardization of the assays. Clin. Chim. Acta 431 (2014), 60–65.
Moreau, E., Bacher, S., Mery, S., Le Goff, C., Piga, N., Vogeser, M., Hausmann, M., Cavalier, E., Performance characteristics of the VIDAS(R) 25-OH Vitamin D Total assay - comparison with four immunoassays and two liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods in a multicentric study. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 54:1 (2016), 45–53.
Rousseau, A.F., Damas, P., Janssens, M., Kalin, S., Ledoux, D., Le Goff, C., Gadisseur, R., Delanaye, P., Cavalier, E., Critical care and vitamin D status assessment: what about immunoassays and calculated free 25OH-D?. Clin. Chim. Acta 437 (2014), 43–47.
Shu, I., Pina-Oviedo, S., Quiroga-Garza, G., Meng, Q.H., Wang, P., Influence of vitamin D2 percentage on accuracy of 4 commercial total 25-hydroxyvitamin D assays. Clin. Chem. 59:8 (2013), 1273–1275.
Binkley, N., Gemar, D., Engelke, J., Gangnon, R., Ramamurthy, R., Krueger, D., Drezner, M.K., Evaluation of ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol dosing, 1,600 IU daily or 50,000 IU monthly in older adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96:4 (2011), 981–988.
Cashman, K.D., Hayes, A., Galvin, K., Merkel, J., Jones, G., Kaufmann, M., Hoofnagle, A.N., Carter, G.D., Durazo-Arvizu, R.A., Sempos, C.T., Significance of serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the assessment of vitamin D status: a double-edged sword?. Clin. Chem. 61:4 (2015), 636–645.
Carter, G.D., Jones, J.C., Shannon, J., Williams, E.L., Jones, G., Kaufmann, M., Sempos, C., 25-Hydroxyvitamin D assays: potential interference from other circulating vitamin D metabolites. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 164 (2016), 134–138.
Phinney, K.W., Sempos, C.T., Tai, S.S., Camara, J.E., Wise, S.A., Eckfeldt, J.H., Hoofnagle, A.N., Carter, G.D., Jones, J., Myers, G.L., Durazo-Arvizu, R., Miller, W.G., Bachmann, L.M., Young, I.S., Pettit, J., Caldwell, G., Liu, A., Brooks, S.P.J., Sarafin, K., Thamm, M., Mensink, G.B.M., Busch, M., Rabenberg, M., Cashman, K.D., Kiely, M., Galvin, K., Zhang, J.Y., Kinsella, M., Oh, K., Lee, S.W., Jung, C.L., Cox, L., Goldberg, G., Guberg, K., Meadows, S., Prentice, A., Tian, L., Brannon, P.M., Lucas, R.M., Crump, P.M., Cavalier, E., Merkel, J., Betz, J.M., Baseline assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D reference material and proficiency testing/external quality assurance material commutability: a vitamin D standardization program study. J. AOAC Int. 100:5 (2017), 1288–1293.
Wise, S.A., Phinney, K.W., Tai, S.S., Camara, J.E., Myers, G.L., Durazo-Arvizu, R., Tian, L., Hoofnagle, A.N., Bachmann, L.M., Young, I.S., Pettit, J., Caldwell, G., Liu, A., Brooks, S.P.J., Sarafin, K., Thamm, M., Mensink, G.B.M., Busch, M., Rabenberg, M., Cashman, K.D., Kiely, M., Kinsella, M., Galvin, K., Zhang, J.Y., Oh, K., Lee, S.W., Jung, C.L., Cox, L., Goldberg, G., Guberg, K., Prentice, A., Carter, G.D., Jones, J., Brannon, P.M., Lucas, R.M., Crump, P.M., Cavalier, E., Merkel, J., Betz, J.M., Sempos, C.T., Baseline assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay performance: a vitamin D standardization program (VDSP) interlaboratory comparison study. J. AOAC Int. 100:5 (2017), 1244–1252.
Dirks, N.F., Ackermans, M.T., Lips, P., de Jongh, R.T., Vervloet, M.G., de Jonge, R., Heijboer, A.C., The when, what & how of measuring vitamin D metabolism in clinical medicine. Nutrients, 10(4), 2018.
Zalewski, A., Ma, N.S., Legeza, B., Renthal, N., Fluck, C.E., Pandey, A.V., Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1 caused by mutations in CYP27B1 affecting protein interactions with adrenodoxin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 101:9 (2016), 3409–3418.
A gene (PEX) with homologies to endopeptidases is mutated in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. The HYP Consortium, Nat Genet 11(2) (1995) 130–6.
Imel, E.A., DiMeglio, L.A., Hui, S.L., Carpenter, T.O., Econs, M.J., Treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia with calcitriol and phosphate increases circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 concentrations. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95:4 (2010), 1846–1850.
P.J. Malloy, D. Feldman, Genetic disorders and defects in vitamin d action, Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 39(2) (2010) 333–46, table of contents.
Abreu, M.T., Kantorovich, V., Vasiliauskas, E.A., Gruntmanis, U., Matuk, R., Daigle, K., Chen, S., Zehnder, D., Lin, Y.C., Yang, H., Hewison, M., Adams, J.S., Measurement of vitamin D levels in inflammatory bowel disease patients reveals a subset of Crohn's disease patients with elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and low bone mineral density. Gut 53:8 (2004), 1129–1136.
Karakelides, H., Geller, J.L., Schroeter, A.L., Chen, H., Behn, P.S., Adams, J.S., Hewison, M., Wermers, R.A., Vitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia in slack skin disease: evidence for involvement of extrarenal 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21:9 (2006), 1496–1499.
Donovan, P.J., Sundac, L., Pretorius, C.J., d'Emden, M.C., McLeod, D.S., Calcitriol-mediated hypercalcemia: causes and course in 101 patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98:10 (2013), 4023–4029.
Adams, J.S., Rafison, B., Witzel, S., Reyes, R.E., Shieh, A., Chun, R., Zavala, K., Hewison, M., Liu, P.T., Regulation of the extrarenal CYP27B1-hydroxylase. J. Steroid Biochemi. Mol. Biol. 144 (2014), 22–27.
Hawkes, C.P., Schnellbacher, S., Singh, R.J., Levine, M.A., 25-Hydroxyvitamin D can interfere with a common assay for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in vitamin D intoxication. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100:8 (2015), 2883–2889.
Zittermann, A., Ernst, J.B., Becker, T., Dreier, J., Knabbe, C., Gummert, J.F., Kuhn, J., Measurement of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D: comparison of an automated method with a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Int. J. Anal. Chem., 2016, 2016, 8501435.
Valcour, A., Zierold, C., Podgorski, A.L., Olson, G.T., Wall, J.V., DeLuca, H.F., Bonelli, F., A novel, fully-automated, chemiluminescent assay for the detection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in biological samples. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 164 (2016), 120–126.
Pauwels, S., Jans, I., Billen, J., Heijboer, A., Verstuyf, A., Carmeliet, G., Mathieu, C., Maestro, M., Waelkens, E., Evenepoel, P., Bouillon, R., Vanderschueren, D., Vermeersch, P., 1beta,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: a new vitamin D metabolite in human serum. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 173 (2017), 341–348.
Dirks, N.F., Martens, F., Vanderschueren, D., Billen, J., Pauwels, S., Ackermans, M.T., Endert, E., Heijer, M.D., Blankenstein, M.A., Heijboer, A.C., Determination of human reference values for serum total 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D using an extensively validated 2D ID-UPLC-MS/MS method. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 164 (2016), 127–133.
Petkovich, M., Jones, G., CYP24A1 and kidney disease. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 20:4 (2011), 337–344.
Leeuwenkamp, O.R., van der Wiel, H.E., Lips, P., van der Vijgh, W.J., Barto, R., Greuter, H., Netelenbos, J.C., Human pharmacokinetics of orally administered (24 R)-hydroxycalcidiol. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 31:7 (1993), 419–426.
Pike, J.W., Meyer, M.B., Regulation of mouse Cyp24a1 expression via promoter-proximal and downstream-distal enhancers highlights new concepts of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) action. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 523:1 (2012), 2–8.
de Boer, I.H., Sachs, M.C., Chonchol, M., Himmelfarb, J., Hoofnagle, A.N., Ix, J.H., Kremsdorf, R.A., Lin, Y.S., Mehrotra, R., Robinson-Cohen, C., Siscovick, D.S., Steffes, M.W., Thummel, K.E., Tracy, R.P., Wang, Z., Kestenbaum, B., Estimated GFR and circulating 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentration: a participant-level analysis of 5 cohort studies and clinical trials. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 64:2 (2014), 187–197.
Berg, A.H., Powe, C.E., Evans, M.K., Wenger, J., Ortiz, G., Zonderman, A.B., Suntharalingam, P., Lucchesi, K., Powe, N.R., Karumanchi, S.A., Thadhani, R.I., 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 and vitamin D status of community-dwelling black and white Americans. Clin. Chem. 61:6 (2015), 877–884.
Endo, H., Kiyoki, M., Kawashima, K., Naruchi, T., Hashimoto, Y., Vitamin D3 metabolites and PTH synergistically stimulate bone formation of chick embryonic femur in vitro. Nature 286:5770 (1980), 262–264.
van Driel, M., Koedam, M., Buurman, C.J., Roelse, M., Weyts, F., Chiba, H., Uitterlinden, A.G., Pols, H.A., van Leeuwen, J.P., Evidence that both 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-hydroxylated D3 enhance human osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. J. Cell. Biochem. 99:3 (2006), 922–935.
Ornoy, A., Goodwin, D., Noff, D., Edelstein, S., 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D is a metabolite of vitamin D essential for bone formation. Nature 276:5687 (1978), 517–519.
Norman, A.W., Henry, H.L., Malluche, H.H., 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are both indispensable for calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Life Sci. 27:3 (1980), 229–237.
Norman, A.W., Okamura, W.H., Bishop, J.E., Henry, H.L., Update on biological actions of 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (rapid effects) and 24R,25(OH)2-vitamin D3. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 197:1–2 (2002), 1–13.
Howard, G.A., Turner, R.T., Sherrard, D.J., Baylink, D.J., Human bone cells in culture metabolize 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J. Biol. Chem. 256:15 (1981), 7738–7740.
Zhou, S., LeBoff, M.S., Glowacki, J., Vitamin D metabolism and action in human bone marrow stromal cells. Endocrinology 151:1 (2010), 14–22.
Geng, S., Zhou, S., Glowacki, J., Effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) on proliferation and osteoblast differentiation of human marrow stromal cells require CYP27B1/1α-hydroxylase. J. Bone Miner. Res. 26:5 (2011), 1145–1153.
Curtis, K.M., Aenlle, K.K., Roos, B.A., Howard, G.A., 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 promotes the osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 28:5 (2014), 644–658.
van Driel, M., van Leeuwen, J.P.T.M., Vitamin D endocrine system and osteoblasts. Bonekey Rep, 3, 2014, 493.
Henry, H.L., The 25(OH)D(3)/1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)-24R-hydroxylase: a catabolic or biosynthetic enzyme?. Steroids 66:3–5 (2001), 391–398.
Ketha, H., Kumar, R., Singh, R.J., LC-MS/MS for identifying patients with CYP24A1 mutations. Clin. Chem. 62:1 (2016), 236–242.
Carpenter, T.O., CYP24A1 loss of function: clinical phenotype of monoallelic and biallelic mutations. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 173 (2017), 337–340.
Tebben, P.J., Milliner, D.S., Horst, R.L., Harris, P.C., Singh, R.J., Wu, Y., Foreman, J.W., Chelminski, P.R., Kumar, R., Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and elevated calcitriol concentrations with autosomal dominant transmission due to CYP24A1 mutations: effects of ketoconazole therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97:3 (2012), E423–E427.
Schlingmann, K.P., Kaufmann, M., Weber, S., Irwin, A., Goos, C., John, U., Misselwitz, J., Klaus, G., Kuwertz-Bröking, E., Fehrenbach, H., Wingen, A.M., Güran, T., Hoenderop, J.G., Bindels, R.J., Prosser, D.E., Jones, G., Konrad, M., Mutations in CYP24A1 and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 365:5 (2011), 410–421.
Jacobs, T.P., Kaufman, M., Jones, G., Kumar, R., Schlingmann, K.-P., Shapses, S., Bilezikian, J.P., A lifetime of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, finally explained. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99:3 (2014), 708–712.
Kaufmann, M., Gallagher, J.C., Peacock, M., Schlingmann, K.-P., Konrad, M., DeLuca, H.F., Sigueiro, R., Lopez, B., Mourino, A., Maestro, M., St-Arnaud, R., Finkelstein, J.S., Cooper, D.P., Jones, G., Clinical Utility of simultaneous quantitation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by LC-MS/MS involving derivatization with DMEQ-TAD. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99:7 (2014), 2567–2574.
Ketha, H., Thacher, T.D., Oberhelman, S.S., Fischer, P.R., Singh, R.J., Kumar, R., Comparison of the effect of daily versus bolus dose maternal vitamin D(3) supplementation on the 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) to 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) ratio. Bone 110 (2018), 321–325.
Molin, A., Baudoin, R., Kaufmann, M., Souberbielle, J.C., Ryckewaert, A., Vantyghem, M.C., Eckart, P., Bacchetta, J., Deschenes, G., Kesler-Roussey, G., Coudray, N., Richard, N., Wraich, M., Bonafiglia, Q., Tiulpakov, A., Jones, G., Kottler, M.-L., CYP24A1 mutations in a cohort of hypercalcemic patients: evidence for a recessive trait. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100:10 (2015), E1343–E1352.
Selamet, U., Katz, R., Ginsberg, C., Rifkin, D.E., Fried, L.F., Kritchevsky, S.B., Hoofnagle, A.N., Bibbins-Domingo, K., Drew, D., Harris, T., Newman, A., Gutiérrez, O.M., Sarnak, M.J., Shlipak, M.G., Ix, J.H., Serum Calcitriol Concentrations and Kidney Function Decline. Heart Failure, and Mortality in Elderly Community-Living Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 72:3 (2018), 419–428.
Wagner, D., Hanwell, H.E., Schnabl, K., Yazdanpanah, M., Kimball, S., Fu, L., Sidhom, G., Rousseau, D., Cole, D.E., Vieth, R., The ratio of serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) to 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) is predictive of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) response to vitamin D(3) supplementation. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 126:3–5 (2011), 72–77.
Tang, J.C.Y., Nicholls, H., Piec, I., Washbourne, C.J., Dutton, J.J., Jackson, S., Greeves, J., Fraser, W.D., Reference intervals for serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and the ratio with 25-hydroxyvitamin D established using a newly developed LC-MS/MS method. J. Nutr. Biochem. 46 (2017), 21–29.
Fabregat-Cabello, N., Farre-Segura, J., Huyghebaert, L., Peeters, S., Le Goff, C., Souberbielle, J.-C., Cavalier, É., A fast and simple method for simultaneous measurements of 25(OH)D, 24,25(OH)2D and the Vitamin D Metabolite Ratio (VMR) in serum samples by LC-MS/MS. Clin. Chim. Acta 473 (2017), 116–123.
Jones, G., Kaufmann, M., Vitamin D metabolite profiling using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). J. Steroid Biochem. Mole. Biol. 164 (2016), 110–114.
N.F. Dirks, M.T. Ackermans, R. de Jonge, A.C. Heijboer, Reference values for 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and the 25-hydroxyvitamin D/24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D ratio, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. (2019).
Tai, S.S., Nelson, M.A., Candidate reference measurement procedure for the determination of (24R),25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human serum using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 87:15 (2015), 7964–7970.
Wise, S.A., Tai, S.S., Burdette, C.Q., Camara, J.E., Bedner, M., Lippa, K.A., Nelson, M.A., Nalin, F., Phinney, K.W., Sander, L.C., Betz, J.M., Sempos, C.T., Coates, P.M., Role of the national institute of standards and technology (NIST) in support of the vitamin D initiative of the national institutes of health, office of dietary supplements. J. AOAC Int. 100:5 (2017), 1260–1276.
Wise, S.A., Tai, S.S., Nelson, M.A., Burdette, C.Q., Camara, J.E., Hoofnagle, A.N., Laha, T.J., Carter, G.D., Jones, J., Williams, E.L., Barclay, Z.J., Jones, G., Kaufmann, M., Binkley, N., Kapoor, A., Ziegler, T., Cashman, K.D., Dowling, K.G., Sempos, C.T., Interlaboratory comparison for the determination of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in human serum using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J. AOAC Int. 100:5 (2017), 1308–1317.
Phinney, K.W., Bedner, M., Tai, S.S., Vamathevan, V.V., Sander, L.C., Sharpless, K.E., Wise, S.A., Yen, J.H., Schleicher, R.L., Chaudhary-Webb, M., Pfeiffer, C.M., Betz, J.M., Coates, P.M., Picciano, M.F., Development and certification of a standard reference material for vitamin D metabolites in human serum. Anal. Chem. 84:2 (2012), 956–962.
Reddy, G.S., Muralidharan, K.R., Okamura, W.H., Tserng, K.Y., McLane, J.A., Metabolism of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and its C-3 epimer 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D(3) in neonatal human keratinocytes. Steroids 66:3–5 (2001), 441–450.
Kamao, M., Tatematsu, S., Reddy, G.S., Hatakeyama, S., Sugiura, M., Ohashi, N., Kubodera, N., Okano, T., Isolation, identification and biological activity of 24R,25-dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D3: a novel metabolite of 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 produced in rat osteosarcoma cells (UMR 106). J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 47:2 (2001), 108–115.
Kamao, M., Tatematsu, S., Hatakeyama, S., Sakaki, T., Sawada, N., Inouye, K., Ozono, K., Kubodera, N., Reddy, G.S., Okano, T., C-3 epimerization of vitamin D3 metabolites and further metabolism of C-3 epimers: 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is metabolized to 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and subsequently metabolized through C-1alpha or C-24 hydroxylation. J. Biol. Chem. 279:16 (2004), 15897–15907.
Al-Zohily, B., Al-Menhali, A., Gariballa, S., Haq, A., Shah, I., Epimers of vitamin D: a review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21(2), 2020.
Kamao, M., Hatakeyama, S., Sakaki, T., Sawada, N., Inouye, K., Kubodera, N., Reddy, G.S., Okano, T., Measurement and characterization of C-3 epimerization activity toward vitamin D3. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 436:1 (2005), 196–205.
Bailey, D., Veljkovic, K., Yazdanpanah, M., Adeli, K., Analytical measurement and clinical relevance of vitamin D(3) C3-epimer. Clin. Biochem. 46:3 (2013), 190–196.
Brown, A.J., Ritter, C.S., Weiskopf, A.S., Vouros, P., Sasso, G.J., Uskokovic, M.R., Wang, G., Reddy, G.S., Isolation and identification of 1alpha-hydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D3, a potent suppressor of parathyroid hormone secretion. J. Cell. Biochem. 96:3 (2005), 569–578.
Molnár, F., Sigüeiro, R., Sato, Y., Araujo, C., Schuster, I., Antony, P., Peluso, J., Muller, C., Mouriño, A., Moras, D., Rochel, N., 1α,25(OH)2-3-Epi-vitamin D3, a natural physiological metabolite of vitamin D3: its synthesis, biological activity and crystal structure with its receptor. PLoS ONE, 6(3), 2011, e18124.
Singh, R.J., Taylor, R.L., Reddy, G.S., Grebe, S.K., C-3 epimers can account for a significant proportion of total circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants, complicating accurate measurement and interpretation of vitamin D status. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91:8 (2006), 3055–3061.
Cooke, D.J., Cooke, B.R., Bell, D.A., Vasikaran, S.D., Glendenning, P., 25-Hydroxyvitamin D C3-epimer is universally present in neonatal Western Australian samples but is unlikely to contribute to diagnostic misclassification. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 53:Pt 5 (2016), 593–598.
Stepman, H.C., Vanderroost, A., Stockl, D., Thienpont, L.M., Full-scan mass spectral evidence for 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) in serum of infants and adults. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 49:2 (2011), 253–256.
Lensmeyer, G., Poquette, M., Wiebe, D., Binkley, N., The C-3 epimer of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) is present in adult serum. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97:1 (2012), 163–168.
Cashman, K.D., Kinsella, M., Walton, J., Flynn, A., Hayes, A., Lucey, A.J., Seamans, K.M., Kiely, M., The 3 epimer of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is present in the circulation of the majority of adults in a nationally representative sample and has endogenous origins. J. Nutrit. 144:7 (2014), 1050–1057.
Glendenning, P., Issues of standardization and assay-specific clinical decision limits for the measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77:2 (2003), 522–523.
Roth, H.J., Schmidt-Gayk, H., Weber, H., Niederau, C., Accuracy and clinical implications of seven 25-hydroxyvitamin D methods compared with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as a reference. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 45:Pt 2 (2008), 153–159.
van den Ouweland, J.M., Beijers, A.M., van Daal, H., Overestimation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by increased ionisation efficiency of 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in LC-MS/MS methods not separating both metabolites as determined by an LC-MS/MS method for separate quantification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 in human serum. J. Chromatogr. B, Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 967 (2014), 195–202.
van den Ouweland, J.M., Beijers, A.M., van Daal, H., Elisen, M.G., Steen, G., Wielders, J.P., Evaluation of 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 cross-reactivity in the Roche Elecsys Vitamin D Total protein binding assay. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 52:3 (2014), 373–380.
Chouinard, C.D., Cruzeiro, V.W.D., Beekman, C.R., Roitberg, A.E., Yost, R.A., Investigating differences in gas-phase conformations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 sodiated epimers using ion mobility-mass spectrometry and theoretical modeling. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 28:8 (2017), 1497–1505.
Farrell, C.J., Martin, S., McWhinney, B., Straub, I., Williams, P., Herrmann, M., State-of-the-art vitamin D assays: a comparison of automated immunoassays with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods. Clin. Chem. 58:3 (2012), 531–542.
Farrell, C., Soldo, J., Williams, P., Herrmann, M., 25-Hydroxyvitamin D testing: challenging the performance of current automated immunoassays. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 50:11 (2012), 1953–1963.
Chun, R.F., Peercy, B.E., Orwoll, E.S., Nielson, C.M., Adams, J.S., Hewison, M., Vitamin D and DBP: the free hormone hypothesis revisited. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 144 Pt A (2014), 132–137.
Bikle, D.D., Schwartz, J., Vitamin D binding protein, total and free vitamin D levels in different physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Front. Endocrinol., 10, 2019, 317.
Mendel, C.M., The free hormone hypothesis: a physiologically based mathematical model. Endocr. Rev. 10:3 (1989), 232–274.
Hirschfeld, J., Immune-electrophoretic demonstration of qualitative differences in human sera and their relation to the haptoglobins. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 47 (1959), 160–168.
Daiger, S.P., Schanfield, M.S., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Group-specific component (Gc) proteins bind vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 72:6 (1975), 2076–2080.
Speeckaert, M., Huang, G., Delanghe, J.R., Taes, Y.E., Biological and clinical aspects of the vitamin D binding protein (Gc-globulin) and its polymorphism. Clin. Chim. Acta 372:1–2 (2006), 33–42.
Bhan, I., Vitamin d binding protein and bone health. Int. J. Endocrinol., 2014, 2014, 561214.
Adebanjo, O.A., Moonga, B.S., Haddad, J.G., Huang, C.L., Zaidi, M., A possible new role for vitamin D-binding protein in osteoclast control: inhibition of extracellular Ca2+ sensing at low physiological concentrations. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 249:3 (1998), 668–671.
Chun, R.F., New perspectives on the vitamin D binding protein. Cell Biochem. Funct. 30:6 (2012), 445–456.
Delanghe, J.R., Speeckaert, R., Speeckaert, M.M., Behind the scenes of vitamin D binding protein: more than vitamin D binding. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 29:5 (2015), 773–786.
Cooke, N.E., Haddad, J.G., Vitamin D binding protein (Gc-globulin). Endocr. Rev. 10:3 (1989), 294–307.
Hagenfeldt, Y., Carlström, K., Berlin, T., Stege, R., Effects of orchidectomy and different modes of high dose estrogen treatment on circulating “free” and total 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in patients with prostatic cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 39:2 (1991), 155–159.
Møller, U.K., Streym, S., Heickendorff, L., Mosekilde, L., Rejnmark, L., Effects of 25OHD concentrations on chances of pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: a cohort study in healthy Danish women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 66:7 (2012), 862–868.
Zhang, J.Y., Lucey, A.J., Horgan, R., Kenny, L.C., Kiely, M., Impact of pregnancy on vitamin D status: a longitudinal study. Br. J. Nutr. 112:7 (2014), 1081–1087.
Moller, U.K., Streym, S., Jensen, L.T., Mosekilde, L., Schoenmakers, I., Nigdikar, S., Rejnmark, L., Increased plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites and vitamin D binding protein in women using hormonal contraceptives: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients 5:9 (2013), 3470–3480.
Jassil, N.K., Sharma, A., Bikle, D., Wang, X., Vitamin D binding protein and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: emerging clinical applications. Endocr. Pract. 23:5 (2017), 605–613.
Wang, X., Shapses, S.A., Al-Hraishawi, H., Free and bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr. Pract. 23:1 (2017), 66–71.
Bjorkhem-Bergman, L., Torefalk, E., Ekstrom, L., Bergman, P., Vitamin D binding protein is not affected by high-dose vitamin D supplementation: a post hoc analysis of a randomised, placebo-controlled study. BMC Res. Notes, 11(1), 2018, 619.
Arnaud, J., Constans, J., Affinity differences for vitamin D metabolites associated with the genetic isoforms of the human serum carrier protein (DBP). Hum. Genet. 92:2 (1993), 183–188.
Lauridsen, A.L., Vestergaard, P., Nexo, E., Mean serum concentration of vitamin D-binding protein (Gc globulin) is related to the Gc phenotype in women. Clin. Chem. 47:4 (2001), 753–756.
Bouillon, R., Van Assche, F.A., Van Baelen, H., Heyns, W., De Moor, P., Influence of the vitamin D-binding protein on the serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Significance of the free 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentration. J. Clin. Invest. 67:3 (1981), 589–596.
Bouillon, R., Free or Total 25OHD as marker for vitamin D status?. J. Bone Miner. Res. 31:6 (2016), 1124–1127.
Vieth, R., Simple method for determining specific binding capacity of vitamin D-binding protein and its use to calculate the concentration of “free” 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Clin. Chem. 40:3 (1994), 435–441.
R.F. Chun, C.M. Nielson, Free vitamin D: concepts, assays, outcomes and prospects, in: D. Feldman, J. Wesley Pike, R. Bouillon, E. Giovannucci, D. Goltzman, M. Hewison (Eds.), Vitamin D volume 1: biochemistry, Physiology and Diagnosis, Elsevier, 2017.
Christensen, E.I., Birn, H., Megalin and cubilin: multifunctional endocytic receptors. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3:4 (2002), 256–266.
Nielsen, R., Christensen, E.I., Birn, H., Megalin and cubilin in proximal tubule protein reabsorption: from experimental models to human disease. Kidney Int. 89:1 (2016), 58–67.
Schwartz, J.B., Lai, J., Lizaola, B., Kane, L., Weyland, P., Terrault, N.A., Stotland, N., Bikle, D., Variability in free 25(OH) vitamin D levels in clinical populations. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 144 Pt A (2014), 156–158.
Bhan, I., Powe, C.E., Berg, A.H., Ankers, E., Wenger, J.B., Karumanchi, S.A., Thadhani, R.I., Bioavailable vitamin D is more tightly linked to mineral metabolism than total vitamin D in incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 82:1 (2012), 84–89.
Bikle, D.D., Siiteri, P.K., Ryzen, E., Haddad, J.G., Serum protein binding of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D: a reevaluation by direct measurement of free metabolite levels. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 61:5 (1985), 969–975.
Bikle, D.D., Halloran, B.P., Gee, E., Ryzen, E., Haddad, J.G., Free 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are normal in subjects with liver disease and reduced total 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. J. Clin. Invest. 78:3 (1986), 748–752.
Heureux, N., Lindhout, E., Swinkels, L., A direct assay for measuring free 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J. AOAC Int. 100:5 (2017), 1318–1322.
Bikle, D.D., Gee, E., Halloran, B., Kowalski, M.A., Ryzen, E., Haddad, J.G., Assessment of the free fraction of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum and its regulation by albumin and the vitamin D-binding protein. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 63:4 (1986), 954–959.
Feldman, H., Rodbard, D., Levine, D., Mathematical theory of cross-reactive radioimmunoassay and ligand-binding systems of equilibrium. Anal. Biochem. 45:2 (1972), 530–556.
Dunn, J.F., Computer simulation of vitamin D transport. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 538 (1988), 69–76.
Chen, H., Wiepjes, C.M., van Schoor, N.M., Heijboer, A.C., de Jongh, R.T., den Heijer, M., Lips, P., Changes of vitamin D-binding protein, and total, bioavailable, and free 25-hydroxyvitamin D in transgender people. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 104:7 (2019), 2728–2734.
Schwartz, J.B., Lai, J., Lizaola, B., Kane, L., Markova, S., Weyland, P., Terrault, N.A., Stotland, N., Bikle, D., A comparison of measured and calculated free 25(OH) vitamin D levels in clinical populations. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99:5 (2014), 1631–1637.
C.M. Nielson, K.S. Jones, R. Bouillon, G. Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Research, R.F. Chun, J. Jacobs, Y. Wang, M. Hewison, J.S. Adams, C.M. Swanson, C.G. Lee, D. Vanderschueren, S. Pauwels, A. Prentice, R.D. Smith, T. Shi, Y. Gao, J.M. Zmuda, J. Lapidus, J.A. Cauley, I. Schoenmakers, E.S. Orwoll, Role of assay type in determining free 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in diverse populations, N. Engl. J. Med. 374(17) (2016) 1695–6.
C.M. Nielson, K.S. Jones, R.F. Chun, J.M. Jacobs, Y. Wang, M. Hewison, J.S. Adams, C.M. Swanson, C.G. Lee, D. Vanderschueren, S. Pauwels, A. Prentice, R.D. Smith, T. Shi, Y. Gao, A.A. Schepmoes, J.M. Zmuda, J. Lapidus, J.A. Cauley, R. Bouillon, I. Schoenmakers, E.S. Orwoll, G. Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Research, Free 25-hydroxyvitamin D: impact of vitamin D binding protein assays on racial-genotypic associations, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 101(5) (2016) 2226–34.
M'Buyamba-Kabangu, J.R., Fagard, R., Lijnen, P., Bouillon, R., Lissens, W., Amery, A., Calcium, vitamin D-endocrine system, and parathyroid hormone in black and white males. Calcif. Tissue Int. 41:2 (1987), 70–74.
Winters, S.J., Chennubhatla, R., Wang, C., Miller, J.J., Influence of obesity on vitamin D-binding protein and 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in African American and white women. Metabolism 58:4 (2009), 438–442.
Henderson, C.M., Lutsey, P.L., Misialek, J.R., Laha, T.J., Selvin, E., Eckfeldt, J.H., Hoofnagle, A.N., Measurement by a novel LC-MS/MS methodology reveals similar serum concentrations of vitamin D-binding protein in blacks and whites. Clin. Chem. 62:1 (2016), 179–187.
Hoofnagle, A.N., Eckfeldt, J.H., Lutsey, P.L., Vitamin D-binding protein concentrations quantified by mass spectrometry. N. Engl. J. Med. 373:15 (2015), 1480–1482.
M.R. Denburg, A.N. Hoofnagle, S. Sayed, J. Gupta, I.H. de Boer, L.J. Appel, R. Durazo-Arvizu, K. Whitehead, H.I. Feldman, M.B. Leonard, i. Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study, Comparison of Two ELISA methods and mass spectrometry for measurement of vitamin D-binding protein: implications for the assessment of bioavailable vitamin D concentrations across genotypes, J. Bone Miner. Res. 31(6) (2016) 1128–36.
Kilpatrick, L.E., Phinney, K.W., Quantification of total vitamin-D-binding protein and the glycosylated isoforms by liquid chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry. J. Proteome Res. 16:11 (2017), 4185–4195.
Volmer, D.A., Mendes, L.R., Stokes, C.S., Analysis of vitamin D metabolic markers by mass spectrometry: current techniques, limitations of the “gold standard” method, and anticipated future directions. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 34:1 (2015), 2–23.
Bjerg, L.N., Halgreen, J.R., Hansen, S.H., Morris, H.A., Jorgensen, N.R., An evaluation of total 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay standardization: Where are we today?. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 190 (2019), 224–233.
Holick, M.F., Vitamin D deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 357:3 (2007), 266–281.
Holick, M.F., Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J. Clin. Investig. 116:8 (2006), 2062–2072.
Jäpelt, R.B., Jakobsen, J., Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci., 4, 2013, 136.
Schmid, A., Walther, B., Natural vitamin D content in animal products. Adv. Nutrit. (Bethesda Md.) 4:4 (2013), 453–462.
Haffner, D., Emma, F., Eastwood, D.M., Duplan, M.B., Bacchetta, J., Schnabel, D., Wicart, P., Bockenhauer, D., Santos, F., Levtchenko, E., Harvengt, P., Kirchhoff, M., Di Rocco, F., Chaussain, C., Brandi, M.L., Savendahl, L., Briot, K., Kamenicky, P., Rejnmark, L., Linglart, A., Clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of X-linked hypophosphataemia. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 15:7 (2019), 435–455.
Beck-Nielsen, S.S., Mughal, Z., Haffner, D., Nilsson, O., Levtchenko, E., Ariceta, G., de Lucas Collantes, C., Schnabel, D., Jandhyala, R., Makitie, O., FGF23 and its role in X-linked hypophosphatemia-related morbidity. Orphanet. J. Rare Dis., 14(1), 2019, 58.
Yu, O.B., Arnold, L.A., Calcitroic acid-a review. ACS Chem. Biol. 11:10 (2016), 2665–2672.
R. St-Arnaud, G. Jones, Chapter 6 - CYP24A1: Structure, Function, And Physiological Role, in: D. Feldman (Ed.), Vitamin D (Fourth Edition), Academic Press, 2018, pp. 81–95.
Toell, A., Gonzalez, M.M., Ruf, D., Steinmeyer, A., Ishizuka, S., Carlberg, C., Different molecular mechanisms of vitamin D(3) receptor antagonists. Mol. Pharmacol. 59:6 (2001), 1478–1485.
Ishizuka, S., Norman, A.W., Metabolic pathways from 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3–26,23-lactone. Stereo-retained and stereo-selective lactonization. J. Biol. Chem. 262:15 (1987), 7165–7170.