hot and humid climate; energy demand for cooling; energy efficiency; building envelope; insulation; thermal mass
Abstract :
[en] Electric appliances for cooling and lighting are responsible for most of the increase in electricity consumption in Karachi, Pakistan. This study aims to investigate the impact of passive energy efficiency measures (PEEMs) on the potential reduction of indoor temperature and cooling energy demand of an architectural campus building (ACB) in Karachi, Pakistan. PEEMs focus on the building envelope’s design and construction, which is a key factor of influence on a building’s cooling energy demand. The existing architectural campus building was modeled using the building information modeling (BIM) software Autodesk Revit. Data related to the electricity consumption for cooling, building masses, occupancy conditions, utility bills, energy use intensity, as well as space types, were collected and analyzed to develop a virtual ACB model. The utility bill data were used to calibrate the DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus base case models of the existing ACB. The cooling energy demand was compared with different alternative building envelope compositions applied as PEEMs in the renovation of the existing exemplary ACB. Finally, cooling energy demand reduction potentials and the related potential electricity demand savings were determined. The quantification of the cooling energy demand facilitates the definition of the building’s electricity consumption benchmarks for cooling with specific technologies.
Research Center/Unit :
Department of Architecture, BUITEMS Quetta, Pakistan. Department of Architecture, DUET Karachi, Pakistan. Department of Architecture, SKKU Korea.
Disciplines :
Architecture
Author, co-author :
Bughio, Mushk; Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan > Department of Architecture
Khan, Muhammad Shoaib; Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea > Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Shoubi, M.V.; Bagchi, A.; Barough, A.S. Reducing the operational energy demand in reducing the operational energy demand in buildings using building information modeling tools and sustainability approaches. Ain Shams Eng. J. 2015, 6, 41–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Yılmaz, Z. Evaluation of energy efficient design strategies for different climatic zones: Comparison of thermal performance of buildings in temperate-humid and hot-dry climate. Energy Build. 2007, 39, 306–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
International Energy Agency. Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction. Available online: Https://www.iea.org/reports/global-status-report-for-buildings-and-construction-2019 (accessed on 12 February 2021).
Ahsan, M.M.; Zulqernain, M.; Ahmad, H.; Wajid, B.A.; Shahzad, S.; Hussain, M. Reducing the operational energy consump-tion in buildings by passive cooling techniques using building information modelling tools. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 2019, 9, 343–353. [Google Scholar]
Ministry of Planning Development and Reform; Government of Pakistan. National Action Plan; Government of Pakistan: Islamabad, Pakistan, 2019.
Ministry of Energy (Petroleum Division). Pakistan Energy Yearbook; Ministry of Energy: Islamabad, Pakistan, 2018.
HIMA Verte. Energy Saving in Pakistan. 2016. Available online: Https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/a53308c6-148c-4dca-b8b1-d0227fe8ea99/downloads/1bp8e88mo_374945.pdf?ver=1616937863780 (accessed on 15 February 2021).
Mahar, W.A.; Verbeeck, G.; Singh, M.K.; Attia, S. An Investigation of Thermal Comfort of Houses in Dry and Semi-Arid Climates of Quetta, Pakistan. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Khalid, A. Design Strategies and Guidelines for Tropical Coast of Pakistan, Using Climate Consultant. Eur. J. Sustain. Dev. 2015, 5, 505–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sadineni, S.B.; Madala, S.; Boehm, R.F. Passive building energy savings: A review of building envelope components. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 3617–3631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Okba, E.M. Building envelope design as a passive cooling technique. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Passive Low Energy Cooling for the Built Environment, Santorini, Greece, 19–21 May 2005; pp. 467–473. [Google Scholar]
Iwaro, J.; Mwasha, A. The impact of sustainable building envelope design on building sustainability using Integrated Performance Model. Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 2013, 2, 153–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sait, H.H. Auditing and analysis of energy consumption of an educational building in hot and humid area. Energy Convers. Manag. 2013, 66, 143–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Iqbal, I.; Al-Homoud, M.S. Parametric analysis of alternative energy conservation measures in an office building in hot and humid climate. Build. Environ. 2007, 42, 2166–2177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Perez, Y.V.; Capeluto, I.G. Climatic considerations in school building design in the hot–humid climate for reducing energy consumption. Appl. Energy 2009, 86, 340–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cheng, V.; Ng, E.; Givoni, B. Effect of envelope colour and thermal mass on indoor temperatures in hot humid climate. Sol. Energy 2005, 78, 528–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mirrahimi, S.; Mohamed, M.F.; Haw, L.C.; Ibrahim, N.L.N.; Yusoff, W.F.M.; Aflaki, A. The effect of building envelope on the thermal comfort and energy saving for high-rise buildings in hot–humid climate. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 53, 1508–1519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cheung, C.; Fuller, R.; Luther, M. Energy-efficient envelope design for high-rise apartments. Energy Build. 2005, 37, 37–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hassan, A.S.; Al-Ashwal, N.T. Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise Apartments in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Int. Trans. J. Eng. Manag. Appl. Sci. Technol. 2015, 6, 91–105. [Google Scholar]
Al-Tamimi, N.; Fadzil, S.F.S. Energy-efficient envelope design for high-rise residential buildings in Malaysia. Arch. Sci. Rev. 2012, 55, 119–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sang, X.; Pan, W.; Kumaraswamy, M. Informing Energy-efficient Building Envelope Design Decisions for Hong Kong. Energy Procedia 2014, 62, 123–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mahar, W.A.; Anwar, N.U.R.; Attia, S. Building Energy Efficiency Policies and Practices in Pakistan: A Literature Review. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (EESD-2018), Jamshoro, Pakistan, 14–16 November 2018. [Google Scholar]
Rehman, A.; Deyuan, Z. Pakistan’s energy scenario: A forecast of commercial energy consumption and supply from different sources through. Energy Sustain. Soc. 2018, 8, 26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Anwar, N.U.R.; Mahar, W.A.; Khan, J.F. Renewable energy technologies in Balochistan: Practice, prospects and challenges. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (EESD-2018), Jamshoro, Pakistan, 14–16 November 2018. [Google Scholar]
Ministry of Finance of Pakistan. Energy. In Pakistan Economic Survey 2019–2020; Ministry of Finance of Pakistan: Islamabad, Pakistan, 2020. [Google Scholar]
Xie, Y.; Fang, C.; Lin, G.C.; Gong, H.; Qiao, B. Tempo-Spatial Patterns of Land Use Changes and Urban Development in Globalizing China: A Study of Beijing. Sensors 2007, 7, 2881–2906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
The Nation News. Unscheduled Load-Shedding Continues in Karachi Despite Government Claims. 2020. Available online: Https://nation.com.pk/15-Jul-2020/unscheduled-load-shedding-continues-in-karachi-despite-govt-claims (accessed on 16 March 2021).
Poel, B.; van Cruchten, G.; Balaras, C.A. Energy performance assessment of existing dwellings. Energy Build. 2007, 39, 393–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Saleem, F. Investigation of Energy Efficiency Opportunities and Assessment of Renewable Energy technologies for a College in the Rural Area of Pakistan: A Case Study of Namal College. Master’s Thesis, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 2016. [Google Scholar]
Kazmi, N.A.; Anjum, N.; Iftikhar, N.; Qureshi, S. User comfort and energy efficiency in public buildings of hot composite climate of Multan, Pakistan. J. Res. Archit. Plan. 2011, 10, 76–95. [Google Scholar]
Mahar, W.A.; Attia, S. Indoor Thermal Comfort in Residential Building Stock: A Study of RCC Houses in Quetta, Pakistan; Techninal Report; Sustainable Building Design SBD Lab/University of Liege: Liege, Belgium, 2018. [Google Scholar]
Mahar, W.A.; Amer, M.; Attia, S. Indoor thermal comfort assessment of residential building stock in Quetta, Pakistan. In Proceedings of the European Network for Housing Research (ENHR) Annual Conference 2018, Uppsala, Sweden, 12–14 September 2018; pp. 1–12. [Google Scholar]
Mahar, W.A.; Verbeeck, G.; Reiter, S.; Attia, S. Sensitivity Analysis of Passive Design Strategies for Residential Buildings in Cold Semi-Arid Climates. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Shaheen, N.; Arif, S.; Khan, A. Thermal Performance of Typical Residential Building in Karachi with Different Materials for Construction. Mehran Univ. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 2015, 35, 189–198. Available online: Http://publications.muet.edu.pk/research_papers/pdf/pdf1275.pdf (accessed on 3 March 2021).
Mahar, W.A. Methodology for the Design of Climate-Responsive Houses for Improved Thermal Comfort in Cold Semi-Arid Climates. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium, 2021. [Google Scholar]
Naeem, A.; Rafeeqi, S.F.A. NED city campus restoration- setting benchmarks for conservation practices. J. Res. Archit. Plan. 2012, 12, 1–12. [Google Scholar]
Bughio, M.; Schuetze, T.; Mahar, W.A. Comparative Analysis of Indoor Environmental Quality of Architectural Campus Buildings’ Lecture Halls and its Perception by Building Users in Karachi, Pakistan. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Autodesk Revit. Understanding Revit 2020. Available online: Https://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2019/ENU/ (accessed on 15 July 2020).
Khan, M.S.; Adil, M.; Khalil, F.; Jamil, I. BIM Based Energy Simulation for Assessment of Buildings: Energy Wastage for Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Sustainability in Process Industry (SPI-2018), Peshawar, Pakistan, 24–25 October 2018; pp. 44–49. [Google Scholar]
Khan, M.S.; Adil, M.; Khan, A. Assessment of structural design capability of building information modeling (BIM) tools in building industry of Pakistan. J. Mech. Contin. Math. Sci. 2019, 14, 385–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Khan, M.S.; Khan, A.; Adil, M.; Khalil, F. Role of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Building Design Industry. In Proceedings of the INUMDC 2018: “Iqra National University Multi-Disciplinary conference”, Peshawar, Pakistan, 7–8 November 2018; pp. 119–123. [Google Scholar]
DesignBuilder. DesignBuilder Revit—gbXML Tutorial 2018. Available online: Http://www.batisim.net/telechargement/documentation-logiciel/444-designbuilder-revit-gbxml-tutorial-v2/file.html (accessed on 5 March 2021).
Kamel, E.; Memari, A.M. Review of BIM’s application in energy simulation: Tools, issues, and solutions. Autom. Constr. 2019, 97, 164–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
DesignBuilder. Software DesignBuilder Simulation + CFD Training Guide. 2008. Available online: Http://www.designbuilder.co.uk/downloadsv1/doc/DesignBuilder-Simulation-Training-Manual.pdf (accessed on 5 March 2021).
National Energy Conservation Centre (ENERCON); Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC); Ministry of Housing and Works. Building Code of Pakistan Energy Provisions (2011). Available online: Https://www.iea.org/policies/2539-building-code-of-pakistan-energy-provisions-2011 (accessed on 18 February 2021).
Trachte, S.; de Herde, A. Sustainable refurbishment—School buildings. In Proceedings of the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, Istanbul, Turkey, 2–4 December 2015. [Google Scholar]
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Measurement of Energy, Demand, and Water Savings; ASHRAE Guideline 14-2014; ASHRAE: Peachtree Corners, GA, USA, 2014; Available online: Https://upgreengrade.ir/admin_panel/assets/images/books/ASHRAE%20Guideline%2014-2014.pdf (accessed on 5 March 2021).
Garwood, T.L.; Hughes, B.R.; O’Connor, D.; Calautit, J.K.; Oates, M.R.; Hodgson, T. A framework for producing gbXML building geometry from Point Clouds for accurate and efficient Building Energy Modelling. Appl. Energy 2018, 224, 527–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Semahi, S.; Benbouras, M.; Mahar, W.; Zemmouri, N.; Attia, S. Development of Spatial Distribution Maps for Energy Demand and Thermal Comfort Estimation in Algeria. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Lotfabadi, P.; Hançer, P. A Comparative Study of Traditional and Contemporary Building Envelope Construction Techniques in terms of Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Hot and Humid Climates. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Bano, F.; Kamal, M.A. Examining the Role of Building Envelope for Energy Efficiency in Office Buildings in India. Archit. Res. 2016, 6, 107–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
McIlvaine, J.; Sutherland, K.; Martin, E. Energy Retrofit Field Study and Best Practices in a Hot-Humid Climate; U.S. Department of Energy: Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
Boostani, H.; Hancer, P. A Model for External Walls Selection in Hot and Humid Climates. Sustainability 2018, 11, 100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Energy Design Guidelines for High Performance Schools. 2002. Available online: Https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/29105.pdf (accessed on 18 February 2021).
Baderia, N. The Role of Thermal Mass in Humid Subtropical Climate: Thermal Performance and EnergyDemand of CSET Building Ningbo. 2014. Available online: Http://www.plea2014.in/wpcontent/uploads/2014/12/Paper_5E_2747_PR.pdf (accessed on 18 February 2021).
Long, L.; Ye, H. The roles of thermal insulation and heat storage in the energy performance of the wall materials: A simulation study. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 24181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ren, J.; Liu, J.; Cao, X.; Hou, Y. Influencing factors and energy-saving control strategies for indoor fine particles in commercial office buildings in six Chinese cities. Energy Build. 2017, 149, 171–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Shaeri, J.; Habibi, A.; Yaghoubi, M.; Chokhachian, A. The Optimum Window-to-Wall Ratio in Office Buildings for Hot‒Humid, Hot‒Dry, and Cold Climates in Iran. Environments 2019, 6, 45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Lee, J.; Jung, H.; Park, J.; Yoon, Y. Optimization of building window system in Asian regions by analyzing solar heat gain and daylighting elements. Renew. Energy 2013, 50, 522–531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gut, P.; Ackerknecht, D. Climate Responsive Building: Appropriate Building Construction in Tropical and Subtropical Regions; SKAT Publications: St. Gallen, Switzerland, 1993. [Google Scholar]
Nicol, J.F.; Raja, I.A.; Allaudin, A.; Jamy, G.N. Climatic variations in comfortable temperatures: The Pakistan projects. Energy Build. 1999, 30, 261–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Chen, Y.; Mae, M.; Taniguchi, K.; Kojima, T.; Mori, H.; Trihamdani, A.R.; Morita, K.; Sasajima, Y. Performance of passive design strategies in hot and humid regions. Case study: Tangerang, Indonesia. J. Asian Arch. Build. Eng. 2020, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Passivhaus Institut. The Passivhaus Estandar in European Warm Climates: Design Guidelines for Comfrotable Low Energy Homes: Part Comfort, Climate and Passive Strategies. 2007. Available online: Http://www.eerg.it/passive-on.org/CD/Tech-nicalGuidelines/Part3/Part3.pdf (accessed on 8 March 2021).
Amecke, H.; Deason, J. Buildings Energy Efficiency in China, Germany and the United States: Climate Policy Initiative; CPI Report; Climate Policy Initiative (CPI): San Francisco, CA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
Szokolay, S.V. Dilemmas of warm-humid climate house design: Heavy vs. lightweight + cooling effect of air movement. In Proceedings of the Passive and Low Energy Architecture conference, Cambridge, UK, 2–5 July 2000. [Google Scholar]
Soebarto, V.I. A ‘New’ Approach to Passive Design for Residential Buildings in a Tropical Climate. In Proceedings of the PLEA ‘99 “Sustaining the Future—Energy, Ecology, Architecture”, Brisbane, Australia, 22–24 September 1999. [Google Scholar]
