slut shaming; gender stereotypes; sexual victimization; violence; adolescence
Résumé :
[en] Slut shaming is defined as the stigmatization of an individual based on his or her appearance,
sexual availability, and actual or perceived sexual behavior. It can take place in physical or virtual spaces. The present study questions the impact of this form of sexism in virtual spaces on girls and interrogates the interaction between the values that girls integrate through their life experiences, especially in the family sphere, and slut shaming victimization. We conducted a paperpencil
questionnaire with 605 girls between the ages of 10 and 18 (average age: 15.18 years). Our
data confirm the impact of slut shaming on the physical and psychological well-being of young
girls as early as adolescence. Second, mediation analyses provide insights into the revictimization
and Poly-victimization processes, from childhood adverse experiences to sexist victimization in
virtual spaces and their combined impact on the physical and psychic health of girls. Finally, we
address prevention strategies and the involvement of socializing institutions in the deconstruction of gender stereotypes.
Disciplines :
Traitement & psychologie clinique
Auteur, co-auteur :
Goblet, Margot ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Psychologie > Psychol. de la Délinqu.,des inadapt.soc.& proces.d'insert.
Glowacz, Fabienne ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Psychologie > Psychol. de la Délinqu.,des inadapt.soc.& proces.d'insert.
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
Slut Shaming in Adolescence: A Violence against Girls and Its Impact on Their Health
Date de publication/diffusion :
juin 2021
Titre du périodique :
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
ISSN :
1660-4601
eISSN :
1661-7827
Maison d'édition :
MDPI, Basel, Suisse
Titre particulier du numéro :
Current Challenges in the Study and Prevention of Sexual Aggression in Youth
Armstrong, E.A.; Hamilton, L.T.; Armstrong, E.M.; Seeley, J.L. “Good girls”: Gender, social class, and slut discourse on campus. Soc. Psychol. Q. 2014, 77, 100–122. [CrossRef]
Daniels, E.; Zurbriggen, E. “It’s not the right way to do stuff on Facebook”: An investigation of adolescent girls’ and young women’s attitudes toward sexualized photos on social media. Sex Cult. 2016, 20, 936–964. [CrossRef]
Van Royen, K. Sexy Detection? Monitoring of Sexual Harassment among Adolescents on Social Networking Sites in an Effective and Desirable Way. Ph.D. Thesis, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium, 2017.
Childnet International. Young People’s Experiences of Online Sexual Harassment. A Cross-Country Report from Project deSHAME. Available online: https://www.childnet.com/ufiles/Project_deSHAME_Dec_2017_Report.pdf (accessed on 4 February 2019).
Goblet, M.; Glowacz, F. Le slut shaming: Etude qualitative d’une forme de sexisme ordinaire dans le discours et les représentations d’adolescents. Enjeux Soc. 2021, 8, 249–276. [CrossRef]
Courtain, A.; Glowacz, F. Peur de l’intimite dans la relation amoureuse adolescente: Implication de l’attachement parental et de l’attachement romantique/Fear of intimacy in teen dating: Parental and romantic attachments’ involvement. Ann. Med. Psychol. 2017, 175, 339.
Ringrose, J.; Harvey, L. Boobs, back-off, six packs and bits: Mediated body parts, gendered reward, and sexual shame in teens’ sexting images. Continuum 2015, 29, 205–217. [CrossRef]
Madigan, S.; Ly, A.; Rash, C.; Van Ouytsel, J.; Temple, J. Prevalence of multiple forms of sexting behavior among youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2018, 172, 327–335. [CrossRef]
Glowacz, F.; Goblet, M. Sexting à l’adolescence: Des frontières de l’intimité du couple à l’extimité à risque. Enfances Fam. Générations 2020, 34. [CrossRef]
Bamberg, M. Form and functions of “slut bashing” in male identity constructions in 15-year-olds. Hum. Dev. 2004, 47, 331–353. [CrossRef]
Lippman, J.; Campbell, S. Damned if you do, damned if you don’t … If you’re a girl: Relational and normative contexts of adolescent sexting in the United States. J. Childr. Media 2014, 8, 371–386. [CrossRef]
Bem, S. Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychol. Rev. 1981, 88, 354–364. [CrossRef]
Ringrose, J. Are you sexy, flirty or a slut? Exploring “sexualization” and how teen girls perform/negotiate digital sexual identity on social networking sites. In New Femininities: Postfeminism, Neoliberalism and Subjectivity; Gill, J.M., Scharff, C., Eds.; Palgrave: London, UK, 2011; pp. 99–116.
Tortajada, I.; Araüna, N.; Martinez, I.J. Advertising stereotypes and gender representation in social networking sites. Comunicar 2013, 21, 177–186. [CrossRef]
Balleys, C.; Coll, S. Being publicly intimate: Teenagers managing online privacy. Media Cult. Soc. 2017, 39, 885–901. [CrossRef]
Tokunaga, R. Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2010, 26, 277–287. [CrossRef]
Gong, L.; Hoffman, A. Sexting and slut shaming: Why prosecution of teens self-sexters harms women. Law Geo. J. Gend. L 2012, 13, 577–589.
Foody, M.; Samara, M.; Carlbring, P. A review on cyberbullying and suggestions for online psychological therapy. Internet Interv. 2015, 2, 235–242. [CrossRef]
Kowalski, R.; Limber, S. Psychological, physical and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. J. Adolesc. Health 2015, 53, 13–20. [CrossRef]
Robinson, K. Reinforcing hegemonic masculinities through sexual harassment: Issues of identity, power and popularity in secondary schools. Gend. Educ. 2005, 17, 19–37. [CrossRef]
Smetana, J.G.; Robinson, J.; Rote, W.M. Socialization in adolescence. In Handbook of Socialization: Theory and Research; Grusec, J.E., Hastings, P.D., Eds.; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2015; pp. 60–84.
Kågesten, A.; Gibbs, S.; Blum, R.; Moreau, C.; Chandra-Mouli, V.; Herbert, A.; Amin, A. Understanding factors that shape gender attitudes in early adolescence globally: A mixed-methods systematic review. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0157805. [CrossRef]
Witt, S. The influence of peers on children’s socialization to gender roles. Early Child Dev. Care 2000, 162, 1–7. [CrossRef]
Rahimi, R.; Liston, D.D. What does she expect when she dresses like that? Teacher interpretation of emerging adolescent female sexuality. Educ. Stud. 2009, 45, 512–533. [CrossRef]
Miller, S. How you bully a girl: Sexual drama and the negotiation of gendered sexuality in high school. Gend. Soc. 2016, 30, 721–744. [CrossRef]
Willem, C.; Araüna, N.; Tortajada, I. Chonis and pijas: Slut-shaming and double standards in online performances among Spanish teens. Sexualities 2019, 22. [CrossRef]
Fischer, D. Parental supervision and delinquency. Percept. Mot. Ski. 1983, 56, 635–640. [CrossRef]
Hoeve, M.; Semon Dubas, J.; Eichelsheim, V.; van der Laan, P.; Smeenk, W.; Gerris, J. The relationship between parenting and delinquency: A meta-analysis. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 2009, 37, 749–755. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Keijsers, L.; Branje, S.; VanderValk, I.; Meeus, W. Reciprocal effects between parental solicitation, parental control, adolescent disclosure, and adolescent delinquency. J. Res. Adolesc. 2010, 20, 88–113. [CrossRef]
Kerr, H.; Stattin, M. Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation. Child Dev. 2000, 71, 1072–1085.
Smahel, D.; Machackova, H.; Mascheroni, G.; Dedkova, L.; Staksrud, E.; Ólafsson, K.; Livingstone, S.; Hasebrink, U. EU Kids Online 2020: Survey Results from 19 Countries; EU Kids Online: London, UK, 2020.
Duerager, A.; Livingstone, S. How can parents support children’s internet safety? In How Can Parents Support Children’s Internet Safety? EU Kids Online: London, UK, 2012.
Mesch, G. Parental mediation, online activities, and cyberbullying. Cyber Psychol. Behav. 2004, 12, 387–393. [CrossRef]
Sasson, H.; Mesch, G. The role of parental mediation and peer norms on the likelihood of cyberbullying. J. Genet. Psychol. 2017, 178, 15–27. [CrossRef]
Carlson, B. Outcomes of physical abuse and observation of marital violence among adolescents in placement. J. Interpers. Violence 1991, 6, 526–534. [CrossRef]
Kitzmann, K.M.; Gaylord, N.K.; Holt, A.R.; Kenny, E.D. Child witnesses to domestic violence: A meta-analytic review. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2003, 71, 339–352. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Evans, S.E.; Davies, C.; DiLillo, D. Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggress Violent Behav. 2008, 13, 131–140. [CrossRef]
Edleston, J.L. Children witnessing of adult domestic violence. J. Interpers. Violence 1999, 14, 839–870. [CrossRef]
McTavish, J.; MacGregor, J.; Wathen, N.; MacMillan, H. Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence: An overview. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 2016, 28, 504–518. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Wolfe, D.A.; Crooks, C.V.; Lee, V.; McIntyre-Smith, A.; Jaffe, P.G. The effects of children’s exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis and critique. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 2003, 6, 171–187. [CrossRef]
Bair-Merritt, M.H.; Blackstone, M.; Feudtner, C. Physical health outcomes of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence: A systematic review. Pediatrics 2006, 117, 278–290. [CrossRef]
Ravi, K.; Casolaro, T. Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence: A qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis. Child Adolesc. Soc. Work J. 2018, 35, 283–295. [CrossRef]
Meyer, S.; Reeves, E.; Fitz-Gibbon, K. The interpersonal transmission of family violence: Mothers’ perceptions of children’s experiences and use of violence at home. Child Fam. Soc. Work 2021. [CrossRef]
Bandura, A. Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis; Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1973.
Powers, R.; Cochran, J.; Maskaly, J.; Sellers, C. Social learning theory, gender, and intimate partner violent victimization: A structural equations approach. J. Interpers. Violence 2017, 35, 3554–3580. [CrossRef]
Bandura, A.; Ross, D.; Ross, S.A. Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 1961, 63, 575–582. [CrossRef]
Lindert, J.; von Ehrenstein, O.S.; Grashow, R.; Gal, G.; Braehler, E.; Weisskopf, M.G. Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Public Health 2014, 59, 359–372. [CrossRef]
Baer, J.; Martinez, C. Child maltreatment and insecure attachment: A meta-analysis. J. Reprod. Infant. Psychol. 2006, 24, 187–197. [CrossRef]
FCADanese, A.; Tan, M. Childhood maltreatment and obesity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol. Psychiatry 2013, 19, 544–554.
Lavi, I.; Katz, L.F.; Ozer, E.J.; Gross, J.J. Emotion reactivity and regulation in maltreated children: A meta-analysis. Child Dev. 2019, 90, 1503–1524. [CrossRef]
Hu, N.; Taylor, C.; Li, J.; Glauert, R. The impact of child maltreatment on the risk of deliberate self-harm among adolescents: A population-wide cohort study using linked administrative records. Child Abus. Negl. 2017, 67, 322–337. [CrossRef]
Noll, J.G.; Trickett, P.K.; Putnam, F.W. A prospective investigation of the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the development of sexuality. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2003, 71, 575–586. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Widom, C.; Czaja, S.; Dutton, M. Childhood victimization and lifetime revictimization. Child Abus. Negl. 2008, 32, 785–796. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Fergusson, D.; Horwood, J.; Lynskey, M. Childhood sexual abuse, adolescent sexual behaviors and sexual revictimization. Child Abus. Negl. 1997, 21, 789–803. [CrossRef]
Hébert, M.; Cénat, J.; Blais, M.; Lavoie, F.; Guerrier, M. Child sexual abuse, bullying, cyberbullying, and mental health problems among high school students: A moderated mediated model. Depress. Anxiety 2016, 33, 623–629. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Straus, M.A.; Gelles, R.J.; Steinmetz, S.K. Behind the Closed Doors: Violence in the American Family; Routledge: Garden City, NY, USA, 1980.
Sell, R.L. Defining and measuring sexual orientation: A review. Arch. Sex Behav. 1997, 26, 643–658. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Goldberg, D.; Hillier, V. A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychol. Med. 1979, 9, 139–145. [CrossRef]
Molina, J.D.; Andrade-Rosa, C.; Gonzalez-Parra, S.; Blasco-Fontecilla, H.; Real, M.A.; Pintor, C. The factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ): A scaled version for general practice in Spain. Eur. Psychiatry 2006, 21, 478–486. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Wernecke, U.; Goldberg, D.P.; Yalcin, I.; Üstün, B.T. The stability of the factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychol. Med. 2000, 30, 823–829. [CrossRef]
Almazan, V.; Bain, S. College students’ perceptions of slut-shaming discourse on campus. Res. High. Educ. J. 2015, 28, 1–9.
Daigneault, I.; Hebert, M.; McDuff, P. Men’s and women’s childhood sexual abuse and victimization in adult partner relationships: A study of risk factors. Child Abus. Negl. 2009, 33, 638–647. [CrossRef]
Gavray, C. Enjeux de citoyenneté et de participation politique des jeunes à la croisée des rapports sociaux. Les Polit. Soc. 2015, 75, 23–46.
Vettenburg, N.; Brondeel, R.; Gavray, C.; Pauwels, L. Societal vulnerability and adolescent offending: The role of violent values, self-control and troublesome youth group involvement. Eur. J. Criminol. 2013, 10, 444–461. [CrossRef]
Brown, E.; Lebugle, A.; Mazuy, M. Les violences conjugales en France: État des lieux, enjeux, points de vigilance. In Violences Intrafamiliales: Entre Volonté et Réalité; Jaffre, J.M., Ed.; Revue de la Gendarmerie Nationale: Paris, France, 2019; pp. 11–17.
Hasinoff, A. Sexting as media production: Rethinking social media and sexuality. New Media Soc. 2013, 15, 449–465. [CrossRef]
Livingstone, S.; Haddon, L. EU Kids Online: Final Report. Available online: http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/EUKidsOnline/(accessed on 18 February 2019).
Caron, C. Vues, Mais non Entendues. Les Adolescentes Québécoises et L’hypersexualisation; Presses de l’Université Laval: Québec, QC, Canada, 2014.
Kantor, L.; Santelli, J.; Teitler, J.; Balmer, R. Abstinence-only policies and programs: An overview. Sex Res. Soc. Policy 2008, 5, 6–17. [CrossRef]
Petersen, J.L.; Hyde, J.S. A longitudinal investigation of peer sexual harassment victimization in adolescence. J. Adolesc. 2009, 32, 1173–1188. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
