[en] Drifting snow, or the wind-driven transport of snow particles originating from clouds and the surface below and above 2 m above ground and their concurrent sublimation, is a poorly documented process on the Antarctic ice sheet, which is inherently lacking in most climate models. Since drifting snow mostly results from erosion of surface particles, a comprehensive evaluation of this process in climate models requires a concurrent assessment of simulated drifting-snow transport and the surface mass balance (SMB). In this paper a new version of the drifting-snow scheme currently embedded in the regional climate model MAR (v3.11) is extensively described. Several important modifications relative to previous version have been implemented and include notably a parameterization for drifting-snow compaction of the uppermost snowpack layer, differentiated snow density at deposition between precipitation and drifting snow, and a rewrite of the threshold friction velocity above which snow erosion initiates. Model results at high resolution (10 km) over Adélie Land, East Antarctica, for the period 2004–2018 are presented and evaluated against available near-surface meteorological observations at half-hourly resolution and annual SMB estimates. The evaluation demonstrates that MAR resolves the local drifting-snow frequency and transport up to the scale of the drifting-snow event and captures the resulting observed climate and SMB variability, suggesting that this model version can be used for continent-wide applications.
Agosta, C., Favier, V., Genthon, C., Gallée, H., Krinner, G., Lenaerts, J. T. M., and van den Broeke, M. R.: A 40-year accumulation dataset for Adelie Land, Antarctica and its application for model validation, Clim. Dynam., 38, 75-86, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1103-4, 2012.
Agosta, C., Amory, C., Kittel, C., Orsi, A., Favier, V., Gallée, H., van den Broeke, M. R., Lenaerts, J. T. M., vanWessem, J. M., van de Berg, W. J., and Fettweis, X.: Estimation of the Antarctic surface mass balance using the regional climate model MAR (1979-2015) and identification of dominant processes, The Cryosphere, 13, 281-296, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-281-2019, 2019.
Aksamit, N. O. and Pomeroy, J. W.: The Effect of Coherent Structures in the Atmospheric Surface Layer on Blowing-Snow Transport, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 167, 211-233, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-017-0318-2, 2018.
Amory, C.: Drifting-snow statistics from multiple-year autonomous measurements in Adélie Land, East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 14, 1713-1725, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1713-2020, 2020.
Amory, C.: Amory et al. (2020), Geoscientific Model Development: data, model outputs and source code, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4314872 2020.
Amory, C. and Kittel, C.: Brief communication: Rare ambient saturation during drifting snow occurrences at a coastal location of East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 13, 3405-3412, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3405-2019, 2019.
Amory, C., Trouvilliez, A., Gallée, H., Favier, V., Naaim-Bouvet, F., Genthon, C., Agosta, C., Piard, L., and Bellot, H.: Comparison between observed and simulated aeolian snow mass fluxes in Adélie Land, East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 9, 1373-1383, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1373-2015, 2015.
Amory, C., Naaim-Bouvet, F., Gallée, H., and Vignon, E.: Brief communication: Two well-marked cases of aerodynamic adjustment of sastrugi, The Cryosphere, 10, 743-750, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-743-2016, 2016.
Amory, C., Gallée, H., Naaim-Bouvet, F., Favier, V., Vignon, E., Picard, G., Trouvillez, A., Piard, L., Genthon, C., and Bellot, H.: Seasonal variations in drag coefficient over a sastrugcovered snowfield in coastal East Antarctica, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 164, 107-133, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-017-0242-5, 2017.
Amory, C., Genthon, C., and Favier, V.: A drifting snow data set (2010-2018) from coastal Adelie Land, eastern Antarctica, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3630497, 2020.
Andreas, E. L. and Claffey, K. J.: Air-ice drag coefficients in the western weddell sea. 1. Values deduced from profile measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4821-4831, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC02015, 1995.
Barral, H., Genthon, C., Trouvilliez, A., Brun, C., and Amory, C.: Blowing snow in coastal Adélie Land, Antarctica: three atmospheric-moisture issues, The Cryosphere, 8, 1905-1919, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1905-2014, 2014.
Bintanja, R.: On the glaciological, meteorological, and climatological significance of Antarctic blue ice areas, Rev. Geophys., 37, 337-359, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG900007, 1999.
Bintanja, R.: Snowdrift suspension and atmospheric turbulence. Part I: Theoretical background and model description, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 95, 343-368, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002676804487, 2000.
Bintanja, R.: Snowdrift suspension and atmospheric turbulence. Part II: Results of model simulations, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 95, 369-395, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002643921326, 2000.
Bintanja, R.: Snowdrift Sublimation in a Katabatic Wind Region of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 1952-1966, 2001.
Budd, W. F.: The Drifting of Nonuniform Snow Particles, in: Studies in Antarctic Meteorology, edited by: Rubin, M. J., 9, 59-70, https://doi.org/10.1029/AR009p0059, 1966.
Das, I., Bell, R. E., Scambos, T. A., Wolovick, M., Creyts, T. T., Studinger, M., Frearson, N., Nicolas, J. P., Lenaerts, J. T. M., and van den Broeke, M. R.: Influence of persistent wind scour on the surface mass balance of Antarctica, Nat. Geosci., 6, 367-371, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1766, 2013.
Dattler, M. E., Lenaerts, J. T. M., and Medley, B.: Significant Spatial Variability in Radar-Derived West Antarctic Accumulation Linked to Surface Winds and Topography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 13126-13134, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085363, 2019.
De Ridder, K. and Gallée, H.: Land surface-induced regional climate change in Southern Israel, J. Appl. Meteorol., 37, 1470-1485, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037-1470:LSIRCC-2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Favier, V.: Surface mass balance data, GLACIOCLIM-SAMBA [data set], available at: http://pp.ige-grenoble.fr/pageperso/ faviervi/stakeline.php, last access: 23 May 2021.
Favier, V., Agosta, C., Genthon, C., Arnaud, L., Trouvillez, A., and Gallée, H.: Modeling the mass and surface heat budgets in a coastal blue ice area of Adelie Land, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 116, F03017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JF001939, 2011.
Fettweis, X., Box, J. E., Agosta, C., Amory, C., Kittel, C., Lang, C., van As, D., Machguth, H., and Gallée, H.: Reconstructions of the 1900-2015 Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate MAR model, The Cryosphere, 11, 1015-1033, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1015-2017, 2017.
Fettweis, X., Hofer, S., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Amory, C., Aoki, T., Berends, C. J., Born, A., Box, J. E., Delhasse, A., Fujita, K., Gierz, P., Goelzer, H., Hanna, E., Hashimoto, A., Huybrechts, P., Kapsch, M.-L., King, M. D., Kittel, C., Lang, C., Langen, P. L., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Liston, G. E., Lohmann, G., Mernild, S. H., Mikolajewicz, U., Modali, K., Mottram, R. H., Niwano, M., Noël, B., Ryan, J. C., Smith, A., Streffing, J., Tedesco, M., van de Berg, W. J., van den Broeke, M., van de Wal, R. S. W., van Kampenhout, L., Wilton, D., Wouters, B., Ziemen, F., and Zolles, T.: GrSMBMIP: intercomparison of the modelled 1980-2012 surface mass balance over the Greenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 14, 3935-3958, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3935-2020, 2020.
Fretwell, P., Pritchard, H. D., Vaughan, D. G., Bamber, J. L., Barrand, N. E., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Callens, D., Conway, H., Cook, A. J., Corr, H. F. J., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., Fujita, S., Gim, Y., Gogineni, P., Griggs, J. A., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Holmlund, P., Holt, J. W., Jacobel, R. W., Jenkins, A., Jokat, W., Jordan, T., King, E. C., Kohler, J., Krabill, W., Riger-Kusk, M., Langley, K. A., Leitchenkov, G., Leuschen, C., Luyendyk, B. P., Matsuoka, K., Mouginot, J., Nitsche, F. O., Nogi, Y., Nost, O. A., Popov, S. V., Rignot, E., Rippin, D. M., Rivera, A., Roberts, J., Ross, N., Siegert, M. J., Smith, A. M., Steinhage, D., Studinger, M., Sun, B., Tinto, B. K., Welch, B. C., Wilson, D., Young, D. A., Xiangbin, C., and Zirizzotti, A.: Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 7, 375-393, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-375-2013, 2013.
Frezzotti, M., Pourchet, M., Flora, O., Gandolfi, S., Gay, M., Urbini, S., Vincent, C., Becagli, S., Gragnani, R., Proposito, M., Severi, M., Traversi, R., Udisti, R., and Fily, M.: New estimations of precipitation and surface sublimation in East Antarctica from snow accumulation measurements, Clim. Dynam., 23, 803-813, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0462-5, 2004.
Frezzotti, M., Urbini, S., Proposito, M., Scarchilli, C., and Gandolfi, S.: Spatial and temporal variability of surface mass balance near Talos Dome, East Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F02032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000638, 2007.
Gallée, H.: Simulation of the Mesocyclonic Activity in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 2051-2069, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123-2051:SOTMAI-2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Gallée, H.: Simulation of blowing snow over the Antarctic ice sheet, Ann. Glaciol., 26, 203-206, https://doi.org/10.3189/1998AoG26-1-203-206, 1998.
Gallée, H. and Duynkerke, P.: Air-Snow Interactions and the Surface Energy and Mass Balance over the Melting Zone of West Greenland during GIMEX, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13813-13824, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD03358, 1997.
Gallée, H. and Gorodetskaya, I. V.: Validation of a limited area model over Dome C, Antarctic Plateau, during winter, Clim. Dynam., 34, 61-72, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0499-y, 2010.
Gallée, H. and Schayes, G.: Development of a Three-Dimensional Meso-Primitive Equation Model: Katabatic Winds Simulation in the Area of Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 671-685, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122-0671:DOATDM-2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Gallée, H., Guyomarc'h, G., and Brun, E.: Impact Of Snow Drift On The Antarctic Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance: Possible Sensitivity To Snow-Surface Properties, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018776422809, 2001.
Gallée, H., Peyaud, V., and Goodwin, I.: Simulation of the net snow accumulation along the Wilkes Land transect, Antarctica, with a regional climate model, Ann. Glaciol., 41, 17-22, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813230, 2005.
Gallée, H., Trouvilliez, A., Agosta, C., Genthon, C., Favier, V., and Naaim-Bouvet, F.: Transport of Snow by the Wind: A Comparison Between Observations in Adélie Land, Antarctica, and Simulations Made with the Regional Climate Model MAR, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 146, 133-147, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-012-9764-z, 2013.
Gallée, H., Preunkert, S., Argentini, S., Frey, M. M., Genthon, C., Jourdain, B., Pietroni, I., Casasanta, G., Barral, H., Vignon, E., Amory, C., and Legrand, M.: Characterization of the boundary layer at Dome C (East Antarctica) during the OPALE summer campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6225-6236, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6225-2015, 2015.
Genthon, C., Lardeux, P., and Krinner, G.: The surface accumulation and ablation of a coastal blue-ice area near Cap Prudhomme, Terre Adélie, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 53, 635-645, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214307784409333, 2007.
Goff, J. A. and Gratch, S.: Thermodynamic properties of moist air, Trans. ASHVE, 51, 125-157, 1945.
Gossart, A., Souverijns, N., Gorodetskaya, I. V., Lhermitte, S., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Schween, J. H., Mangold, A., Laffineur, Q., and van Lipzig, N. P. M.: Blowing snow detection from ground-based ceilometers: application to East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 11, 2755-2772, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2755-2017, 2017.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., , Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., , Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., , Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999-2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hillebrandt, W. and Kupka, F.: An introduction to turbulence, in: Interdisciplinary Aspects of Turbulence, Lect. Notes Phys. 756, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78961-1, 2009.
Huang, N., Sang, J., and Han, K.: A numerical simulation of the effects of snow particle shapes on blowing snow development, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D22206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016657, 2011.
Huang, N., Dai, X., and Zhang, J.: The impacts of moisture transport on drifting snow sublimation in the saltation layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7523-7529, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7523-2016, 2016.
Kausch, T., Lhermitte, S., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Wever, N., Inoue, M., Pattyn, F., Sun, S., Wauthy, S., Tison, J.-L., and van de Berg, W. J.: Impact of coastal East Antarctic ice rises on surface mass balance: insights from observations and modeling, The Cryosphere, 14, 3367-3380, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3367-2020, 2020.
King, J. C., Anderson, P. S., Vaughan, D. G., Mann, G. W., Mobbs, S. D., and Vosper, S. B.: Wind-borne redistribution of snow across an Antarctic ice rise, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D11104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004361, 2004.
Kittel, C., Amory, C., Agosta, C., Delhasse, A., Doutreloup, S., Huot, P.-V., Wyard, C., Fichefet, T., and Fettweis, X.: Sensitivity of the current Antarctic surface mass balance to sea surface conditions using MAR, The Cryosphere, 12, 3827-3839, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3827-2018, 2018.
Kittel, C., Amory, C., Agosta, C., Jourdain, N. C., Hofer, S., Delhasse, A., Doutreloup, S., Huot, P.-V., Lang, C., Fichefet, T., and Fettweis, X.: Diverging future surface mass balance between the Antarctic ice shelves and grounded ice sheet, The Cryosphere, 15, 1215-1236, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1215-2021, 2021.
Lefebre, F., Gallée, H., van Ypersele, J.-P., and Greuell, W.: Modeling of snow and ice melt at ETH camp (west Greenland): A study of surface albedo, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4231, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001160, 2003.
Lenaerts, J. T. M. and van den Broeke, M. R.: Modeling drifting snow in Antarctica with a regional climate model: 2. Results, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D05109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015419, 2012.
Lenaerts, J. T. M., van den Broeke, M. R., Déry, S. J., van Meijgaard, E., van de Berg, W. J., Palm, S. P., and Sanz Rodrigo, J.: Modeling drifting snow in Antarctica with a regional climate model: 1. Methods and model evaluation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D05108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016145, 2012.
Lenaerts, J. T. M., van den Broeke, M. R., Scarchilli, C., and Agosta, C.: Impact of model resolution on simulated wind, drifting snow and surface mass balance in Terre Adelie, East Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 58, 821-829, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG12J020, 2012.
Lenaerts, J. T. M., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Nishimura, K., Eijkelboom, M., Boot, W., van den Broeke, M. R., and van de Berg, W. J.: Drifting snow measurements on the Greenland Ice Sheet and their application for model evaluation, The Cryosphere, 8, 801-814, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-801-2014, 2014.
Lenaerts, J. T. M., Medley, B., van den Broeke, M. R., and Wouters, B.: Observing and Modeling Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance, Rev. Geophys., 57, 376-420, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000622, 2019.
Le Toumelin, L., Amory, C., Favier, V., Kittel, C., Hofer, S., Fettweis, X., Gallée, H., and Kayetha, V.: Sensitivity of the surface energy budget to drifting snow as simulated by MAR in coastal Adelie Land, Antarctica, The Cryosphere Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-329, in review, 2020.
Li, L. and Pomeroy, J. W.: Estimates of Threshold Wind Speeds for Snow Transport Using Meteorological Data, J. Appl. Meteorol., 36, 205-213, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036-0205:EOTWSF-2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Libois, Q., Picard, G., Arnaud, L., Morin, S., and Brun, E.: Modeling the impact of snow drift on the decameterscale variability of snow properties on the Antarctic Plateau, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 11662-11681, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022361, 2014.
Lin, Y.-L., Farley, R. D., and Orville, H. D.: ulk Parameterization of the Snow Field in a Cloud Model, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 22, 1065-1091, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022-1065:BPOTSF-2.0.CO;2, 1983.
Liston, G. E., Haehnel, R. B., Sturm, M., Hiemstra, C. A., Berezovskaya, S., and Tabler, R. D.: Simulating complex snow distributions in windy environments using SnowTran-3D, J. Glaciol., 53, 241-256, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756507782202865, 2007.
Locatelli, J. D. and Hobbs, P. V.: Fall speeds and masses of solid precipitation particles, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 2185-2197, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC079i015p02185, 1974.
Mahesh, A., Eager, R., Campbell, J. R., and Spinhirne, J. D.: Observations of blowing snow at the South Pole, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003327, 2003.
Mann, G. W., Anderson, P. S., and Mobbs, S. D.: Profile measurements of blowing snow at Halley, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24491-24508, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900247, 2000.
MAR Team: MAR source code, v3.11.3, GitLab [code], available at: https://gitlab.com/Mar-Group/MARv3.7, last access: 23 May 2021.
Markus, T., Neumann, T., Martino, A., Abdalati, W., Brunt, K., Csatho, B., Farrell, S., Fricker, H., Gardner, A., Harding, D., Jasinski, M., Kwok, R., Magruder, L., Lubin, D., Luthcke, S., Morison, J., Nelson, R., Neuenschwander, A., Palm, S., Popescu, S., Shum, C., Schutz, B. E., Smith, B., Yang, Y., and Zwally, J.: The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2): Science requirements, concept, and implementation, Remote Sens. Environ., 190, 260-273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.12.029, 2017.
Marticorena, B. and Bergametti, G.: Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1. Design of a soil-derived dust emission scheme, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16415-16430, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD00690, 1995.
Morcrette, J.-J.: Assessment of the ECMWF Model Cloudiness and Surface Radiation Fields at the ARM SGP Site, Mon.Weather Rev., 130, 257-277, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130-0257:AOTEMC-2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Mottram, R., Hansen, N., Kittel, C., van Wessem, M., Agosta, C., Amory, C., Boberg, F., van de Berg, W. J., Fettweis, X., Gossart, A., van Lipzig, N. P. M., van Meijgaard, E., Orr, A., Phillips, T., Webster, S., Simonsen, S. B., and Souverijns, N.: What is the Surface Mass Balance of Antarctica? An Intercomparison of Regional Climate Model Estimates, The Cryosphere Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-333, in review, 2020.
Nemoto, M. and Nishimura, K.: Numerical simulation of snow saltation and suspension in a turbulent boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004657, 2004.
Nishimura, K. and Nemoto, M.: Blowing snow at Mizuho station, Antarctica, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 363, 1647-1662, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1599, 2005.
Palm, S. P., Kayetha, V., Yang, Y., and Pauly, R.: Blowing snow sublimation and transport over Antarctica from 11 years of CALIPSO observations, The Cryosphere, 11, 2555-2569, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2555-2017, 2017.
Palm, S. P., Kayetha, V., and Yang, Y.: Toward a Satellite-Derived Climatology of Blowing Snow Over Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 10301-10313, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028632, 2018.
Parish, T. R. and Wendler, G.: The katabatic wind regime at Adelie Land, Antarctica, Int. J. Climatol., 11, 97-107, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370110108, 1991.
Pomeroy, J. W.: A process-based model of snow drifting, Ann. Glaciol., 13, 237-240, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500007965, 1989.
Pomeroy, J. W. and Male, D. H.: Steady-State Suspension of Snow, J. Hydrol., 136, 275-301, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90015-N, 1992.
Radok, U.: Snow drift, J. Glaciol., 19, 123-139, 1977.
Rousseau, D.: A new skill score for the evaluation of yes/no forecasts, WMO Symposium on "Probabilistic and statisticalmethods in weather forecasting", 8-12 September 1980, Nice, France, 167-174, 1980.
Sato, T., Kosugi, K., Mochizuki., S., and Nemoto, M.: Wind speed dependences of fracture and accumulation of snowflakes on snow surface, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 51, 229-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.05.004, 2008.
Scambos, T., Frezzotti, M., Haran, T., Bohlander, J., Lenaerts, J. T. M., van den Broeke, M. R., Jezek, K., Long, D., Urbini, S., Farness, K., Neumann, T., Albert, M., and Winther, J.-G.: Extent of low-accumulation "wind glaze" areas on the East Antarctic plateau: implications for continental ice mass balance, J. Glaciol., 58, 633-647, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J232, 2012.
Scarchilli, C., Frezzotti, M., Grigioni, P., De Silvestri, L., Agnoletto, L., and Dolci, S.: Extraordinary blowing snow transport events in East Antarctica, Clim. Dynam., 34, 1195-1206, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0601-0, 2010.
Schmidt, R. A.: Threshold wind-speeds and elastic impact in snow transport, J. Glaciol., 26, 453-467, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000010972, 1980.
Sommer, C. G.,Wever, N., Fierz, C., and Lehning, M.: Investigation of a wind-packing event in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 12, 2923-2939, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2923-2018, 2018.
Trouvilliez, A., Naaim-Bouvet, F., Bellot, H., Genthon, C., and Gallée, H.: Evaluation of the FlowCapt Acoustic Sensor for the Aeolian Transport of Snow, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 32, 1630-1641, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00104.1, 2015.
van de Berg, W. J. and Medley, B.: Brief Communication: Upper-air relaxation in RACMO2 significantly improves modelled interannual surface mass balance variability in Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 10, 459-463, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-459-2016, 2016.
van de Berg, W. J., van den Broeke, M. R., Reijmer, C. H., and van Meijgaard, E.: Reassessment of the Antarctic surface mass balance using calibrated output of a regional atmospheric climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006495, 2006.
vanWessem, J. M., van de Berg,W. J., Noël, B. P. Y., van Meijgaard, E., Amory, C., Birnbaum, G., Jakobs, C. L., Krüger, K., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Lhermitte, S., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Medley, B., Reijmer, C. H., van Tricht, K., Trusel, L. D., van Ulft, L. H., Wouters, B., Wuite, J., and van den Broeke, M. R.: Modelling the climate and surface mass balance of polar ice sheets using RACMO2-Part 2: Antarctica (1979-2016), The Cryosphere, 12, 1479-1498, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1479-2018, 2018.
Vignon, E., Genthon, C., Barral, H., Amory, C., Picard, G., Gallée, H., Casasanta, G., and Argentini, S.: Momentumand Heat-Flux Parametrization at Dome C, Antarctica: A Sensitivity Study, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 162, 341-367, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-016-0192-3, 2017.
Vionnet, V., Brun, E., Morin, S., Boone, A., Faroux, S., Le Moigne, P., Martin, E., and Willemet, J.-M.: The detailed snowpack scheme Crocus and its implementation in SURFEX v7.2, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 773-791, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-773-2012, 2012.
Vionnet, V., Guyomarc'h, G., Naaim Bouvet, F., Martin, E., Durand, Y., Bellot, H., Bel, C., and Puglièse, P.: Occurrence of blowing snow events at an alpine site over a 10-year period: Observations and modelling, Adv. Water Resour., 55, 53-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.05.004, 2013.
Wendler, G., André, J.-C., Pettré, P., Gosink, J., and Parish, T.: Katabatic winds in Adélie Coast, in: Antarctic Research Series, edited by: Bromwich, D. H. and Stearns, C. R., American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., vol. 61, 23-46, https://doi.org/10.1029/AR061p0023, 1993.
Yamanouchi, T. and Kawaguchi, S.: Longwave radiation balance under a strong surface inversion in the Katabatic Wind Zone, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 89, 11771-11778, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD089iD07p11771, 1984.
