Is There a Common Understanding of Dual-Use?: The Case of Cryptography

This article explores the dual-use concept by focusing on the specific case of export controls on cryptographic products. The analysis demonstrates different implementation models and interpretations adopted by states. Although adhering to the same multilateral export control regimes, states employ different approaches when it comes to implementation. The United States and the European Union approach to cryptography are used as case studies to confirm this hypothesis. This paper acknowledges the necessity of revisiting the dual-use concept over time as technology and understanding develop.