Acharya T, Daar AS, Singer PA. (2003). Biotechnology and the UNs millennium development goals. Nat Biotechnol, 21, 1434-6.
Adams D, Coward EW. (1972). Small farmer development strategies. New York: Agricultural Development Council, New York.
Adcock M. (2007). Intellectual property, genetically modified crops and bioethics. Biotechnol J, 2, 1088-92.
Ali A, Abdulai A. (2010). The adoption of genetically modified cotton and poverty reduction in Pakistan. J Agric Econ, 61, 175-92.
Azadi H, Ho P. (2010). Genetically modified and organic crops in developing countries: A review of options for food security. Biotechnol Adv, 28, 160-8.
Azadi H, Schoonbeek S, Mahmoudi H, et al. (2011). Organic agriculture and sustainable food production system: Main potentials. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 144, 92-4.
Bazuin S, Azadi H, Witlox F. (2011). Application of GM crops in Sub- Saharan Africa: Lessons learned from Green Revolution. Biotechnol Adv, 29, 908-12.
Bennett R, Buthelezi TJ, Ismael Y, Morse S. (2003). Bt cotton, pesticides, labour and health- a case study of smallholder farmers in the Makhathini Flats, Republic of South Africa. Outlook Agric, 32, 123-8.
Bennett R, Ismael Y, Kambhampati U, Morse S. (2005). Economic impact of genetically modified cotton in India. Available at: Http://www.agbioforum.org/v7n3/v7n3a01-morse.htm [last accessed 25 Aug 2014].
Bennett R, Ismael Y, Kambhampati U, Morse S. (2004). Economic impact of genetically modified cotton in India. AgBioForum, 7, 96-100.
Bennett R, Morse S, Ismael Y. (2006). The economic impact of genetically modified cotton on South African smallholders: Yield, profit and health effects. J Dev Stud, 42, 662-77.
Bhorat H, Deressa TT, Felbab-Brown V, Juma C, et al. (2014). Foresight Africa: Top priorities for the Continent in 2014. The Brookings Africa Growth Initiative. 44p. Available at: Http://www.brookings.edu/-/media/Research/Files/Reports/2014/foresight%20africa%202014/Foresight%20Africa-Full%20Report.pdf [last accessed 10 Sep 2014].
Borlaug N. (2007). Feeding a hungry world. Science, 318:359. DOI: 10.1126/science.1151062.
Bouis H. (2007). The potential of genetically modified food crops to improve human nutrition in developing countries. J Dev Stud, 43, 79-96.
Brookes G. (2005). The farm level impact of using Roundup Ready soybeans in Romania. AgBioForum, 8, 235-41.
Brookes G, Barfoot P. (2006). Global impact of biotech crops: Socioeconomic and environmental effects in the first ten years of commercial use. AgBioForum, 9, 139-51.
Brookes G, Barfoot P. (2008). Global impact of biotech crops: Environmental effects, 1996-2008. AgBioForum, 13, 76-94.
Brookes G, Barfoot P. (2009). GM crops: Global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996-2007. UK: PG Economics Ltd.
Byerlee D, Fischer K. (2002). Accessing modern science: Policy and institutional options for agricultural biotechnology in developing countries. World Dev, 30, 931-48.
Charles D. (2001). Lords of the harvest: Biotech, big money, and the future of food. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.
Chataway J, Tait J, Wield D. (2004). Understanding company R&D strategies in agro-biotechnology: Trajectories and blind spots. Res Policy, 33, 6-7, 1041-57.
Chopra P, Kamma A. (2006). Engineering life through synthetic biology. In Silico Biol, 6, 401-10.
CIIR. (2004). What's wrong with GM? CIIR environmental action leaflet, http://www.progressio.org.uk/sites/default/files/whats-wrongwith- GM-2004-0.pdf [last accessed 25 Nov 2014].
Cohen JI. (2005). Poorer nations turn to publicly developed GM crops. Nat Biotechnol, 23, 27-33.
Cohen JI, Paarlberg R. (2004). Unlocking crop biotechnology in developing countries- a report from the field. World Dev, 32, 1563-77.
Commission on Intellectual Property Rights. (2002). Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy. Final report, London, September 2002. Available at: Http://www.iprcommission.org/graphic/documents/final-report.htm [last accessed 17 Sep 2014].
Conway G. (2003). From the Green Revolution to the Biotechnology Revolution: Food for Poor People in the 21st Century. Speech at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Director's Forum. 12 March 2003. Available at: Http://www.rockfound.org/documents/566/Conway.pdf [last accessed 10 Oct 2003].
Conway G. (1998). The doubly green revolution: Food for all in the 21st century, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Defra. (2009). GM crops- frequently asked questions. Available at: Http://www.defra.gov.uk/.
Devendra C. (1993). Sustainable animal production from small farm systems in South-East Asia. FAO Animal Production and Health, Rome, Paper 106. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0757e/t0757e00. htm [last accessed 25 Nov 2014].
Djurfeldt G, Holmes H, Jirström M, Larsson R. (eds) (2005). The African food crisis: Lessons from the Asian Green Revolution. Wallingford, UK: CABI.
Edgerton MD. (2009). Increasing crop productivity to meet global needs for feed, food, and fuel. Plant Physiol, 149, 7-13.
Eicher CK, Maredia K, Sithole-Niang I. (2006). Crop biotechnology and the African farmer. Food Policy, 31, 504-27.
EU. (2003). Regulation (EC) No. 1830/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union 18.10.2003. http://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/en/TXT/?uri= CELEX:32003R1830 [last accessed 25 Nov 2014].
FAO. (2011). Current status and options for crop biotechnologies in developing countries. In: Biotechnologies for agricultural development, Rome: FAO pp. 2-77.
FAO. (2007). The state of food and agriculture. Rome: FAO.
FAO. (2002). What should be the role and focus of biotechnology in the agricultural agendas of developing countries? Vol. 8. Rome: FAO.
FAO/Regional Office for Asia and the Far East (RAFE). (1978). Small farmers development manual. Thailand, Bangkok.
Fernandez-Cornejo J, McBride W. (2000). Genetically engineered crops for pest management in US agriculture. Agricultural Economics Report No. AER786. Washington, DC: Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). pp. 20, Available at: Http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/AER786/.
Fowler C, Smale M, Gaiji S. (2001). Unequal exchange? Recent transfers of agricultural resources and their implications for developing countries. Dev Policy Rev, 19, 181-204.
Fresco LO. (2003). Which road do we take? Harnessing genetic resources and making use of life sciences: A new contract for sustainable agriculture. An address to the European Union Discussion Forum on 'Sustainable Agriculture for Developing Countries: Options from life sciences and biotechnologies', Brussels, 2003 Jan 30-31.
Friends of the Earth International. (2014). Who benefits from GM crops: An industry built on myths. Amsterdam: Friends of the Earth International.
Friends of the Earth International. (2008). Questions and answers: Who benefits from GM crops? Amsterdam: Friends of the Earth International.
Fukuda-Parr S, Amy O. (2012). GM crops for food security in Africa- the path not yet taken. UNDP working paper.
Gepts P. (2006). Plant genetic resources conservation and utilization: The accomplishments and future of a societal insurance policy. Crop Sci, 46, 2278-92.
Glover D. (2009). Undying promise: Agricultural biotechnology's propoor narrative, ten years on. STEPS Working Paper 15. Brighton: STEPS Centre.
Gonzales D. (2005). Harnessing the benefits of biotechnology: The case of Bt corn in the Philippines. Laguna, Philippines: Strive Foundation.
Gouse M. (2007). South Africa: Revealing the potential and obstacles, the private sector model and reaching the traditional sector. In: Fukuda- Parr S, ed. The gene revolution: GM crops and unequal development. London, UK: Earthscan, 175-95.
Gouse M, Pray C, Kirsten JF, Schimmelpfennig D. (2005). A GM subsistence crop in Africa: The case of Bt white maize in S Africa. Int J Biotechnol, 7, 1/2/3.
Gouse M, Pray C, Kirsten J, Schimmelpfennig D. (2004). Impact of Bt white maize on small-scale farmers in South Africa. Paper presented at the 8th International Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology Conference: Agricultural Biotechnology: International Trade and Domestic Production, Ravello, Italy, 2004 July 8-11.
Gouse M, Pray C, Schimmelpfennig D, Kirsten J. (2006). Three seasons of subsistence insect-resistant maize in South Africa: Have smallholders benefited? AgBioForum, 9, 15-22.
Graff GD, Cullen SE, Bradford KJ, et al. (2003). The public-private structure of intellectual property ownership in agricultural biotechnology. Nat Biotechnol, 21, 989-95.
GRAIN (Genetic Resource Action International). (2004). New studies contradict FAO report and show that genetically engineered Bt COTTON Fails to benefit farmers. Available at: Http://www.gene.ch/genet/2004/Jun/msg00072.html [last accessed 17 Oct 2014].
Herdt RW. (2006). Biotechnology in agriculture. Annu Rev Environ Resour, 31, 265-95.
Herrera-Estrella L. (1999). Transgenic plants for tropical regions: Some considerations about their development and their transfer to the small farmer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96, 5978-81.
Huang J, Uang J, Mi JW, et al. (2010). A decade of Bt cotton in Chinese fields: Assessing the direct effects and indirect externalities of Bt cotton adoption in China. Sci China: Life Sci 53:981-91.
Huang J, Hu R, Rozelle S, Pray C. (2005). Insect-resistant GM rice in farmers' fields: Assessing productivity and health effects in China. Science, 308, 688-90.
Huang J, Rozell S, Pray C, Wang Q. (2002). Plant biotechnology in China. Science, 295, 674-7.
ISAAA. (2009). GM crops: Global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996-2007. Available at: Http://www.pgeconomics.co.uk/pdf/2009globalimpactstudy.pdf [last accessed 15 Aug 2014].
Ismael Y, Bennett R, Morse S. (2002). Benefits from Bt cotton use by smallholder farmers in South Africa. AgBioForum, 5, 1-5.
Jacobsen SE, Sorensen M, Pedersen SM, Weiner J. (2013). Feeding the world: Genetically modified crops versus agricultural biodiversity. Agron Sustain Dev, 33: 4, 651-62.
James C. (2011). Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops: 2011. ISAAA Brief No. 43. Ithaca, NY: ISAAA.
James C. (2013). Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops: 2013. ISAAA Brief No. 46. Ithaca, NY: ISAAA.
Juma C. (2011). Preventing hunger: Biotechnology is key. Nature 479: 471-2.
Jensen RT, Miller NH. (2010). A revealed preference approach to measuring hunger and undernutrition. NBER working paper No. 16555. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Kalaitzonakes N, Alston JM, Bradford KJ. (2007). Compliance costs for regulatory approval of new biotech crops. Nat Biotechnol, 25, 509-11.
Kathage J, Qaim M. (2012). Economic impacts and impact dynamics of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton in India. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 109, 11652-6.
Krishna VV, Qaim M. (2012). Bt cotton and sustainability of pesticide reductions in India. Agric Syst, 107, 47-55.
Kvakkestad V. (2009). Institutions and the R&D of GM-crops. Ecol Econ, 68, 2688-95.
Larigauderie A, Mooney HA. (2010). The international year of biodiversity: An opportunity to strengthen the science-policy interface for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Editorial overview. Curr Opin Environ Sustain, 2, 1-2.
Lemaux PG. (2009). Genetically engineered plants and foods: A scientist's analysis of the issues (Part II). Annu Rev Plant Biol, 60, 511-59.
Morris ML, Hoisington D. (2000). Bringing the benefits of biotechnology to the poor: The role of the CGIAR centers. In: Qaim M, Krattiger AF, Von Braun J, eds. Agricultural biotechnology in developing countries: Towards optimizing the benefits for the poor. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 327-56.
Morse S, Bennett RM, Ismael Y. (2005a). Genetically modified insect resistance in cotton: Some farm level economic impacts in India. Crop Protect, 24, 433-40.
Morse S, Bennett RM, Ismael Y. (2005b). Bt-cotton boosts the gross margin of small-scale cotton producers in South Africa. Int J Biotechnol, 7, 72-83.
Morse S, Bennett R, Ismael Y. (2004). Why Bt cotton pays for smallscale producers in South Africa. Nat Biotechnol, 22, 379-80.
Morse S, Mannion AM. (2009). Can genetically modified cotton contribute to sustainable development in Africa? Prog Dev Stud, 9, 225-47.
Naluwairo R. (2011). Investing in orphan crops to improve food and livelihood security of Uganda's rural poor: Policy gaps, opportunities and recommendations. ACODE Policy Research Series, No. 43, Kampala.
Naranjo SE, Ellsworth PC. (2009). Fifty years of the integrated control concept: Moving the model and implementation forward in Arizona. Pest Manag Sci, 65, 1267-86.
Naylor RL, Falcon WP, Goodman RM, et al. (2004). Biotechnology in the developing world: A case for increased investments in orphan crops. Food Policy, 29, 15-44.
Nielsen CP. (2001). Genetically modified foods, trade, and developing countries. TMD discussion paper, No. 77. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. Available at: Http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/16287/1/tm010077.pdf [last accessed 20 Oct 2014].
Nielsen L. (2011). Classifications of countries based on their level of development: How it is done and how it could be done. Catherine Pattillo. Available at: Https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1131.pdf [last accessed 5 Sep 2014].
Nuffield Council on Bioethics. (1999). Genetically modified crops: The ethical and social issues. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics.
Nuffield Council on Bioethics. (2004). The use of genetically modified crops in developing countries. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics.
Omanya GO, Nang'ayo F, Boadi R, et al. (2007). A bridge for delivering innovations to smallholder farmers in Africa. Workshop Programme on Farmer first revisited: Farmer participatory research and development twenty years on. Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, 2007 Dec 12-14.
Paarlberg RL. (2001). The politics of precaution. Genetically modified crops in developing countries. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Paarlberg RL. (2002). The real threat to GM crops in poor countries: Consumer and policy resistance to GM foods in rich countries. Food Policy, 27, 247-50.
Park JR, McFarlane I, Phipps RH, Ceddia MG. (2011). The role of transgenic crops in sustainable development. Plant Biotechnol J, 9, 2-21.
Phipps RH, Park JR. (2002). Environmental benefits of genetically modified crops: Global and European perspectives on their ability to reduce pesticide use. J Anim Feed Sci, 11, 1-18.
Pinstrup-Andersen P, Schioler E. (2001). Seeds of contention. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Potrykus I. (2010). The private sector's role in public sector genetically engineered crop projects. New Biotechnol, 27, 466-72.
Pray C, Huang J, Hu R, Rozelle S. (2002). Five years of Bt cotton in China- the benefits continue. Plant J, 31, 423-30.
Pray C, Ma D, Huang J, Qiao F. (2001). Impact of Bt cotton in China. World Dev, 29, 813-25.
Qaim M, Kouser S. (2013). Genetically modified crops and food security. PLoS One, 8: E64879.
Qaim M. (1998). Transgenic virus resistant potatoes in Mexico: Potential socioeconomic implications of north-south biotechnology transfer. ISAAA Briefs No. 7. ISAAA: Ithaca, NY. pp. 48.
Qaim M. (2009). The economics of genetically modified crops. Annu Rev Resour Econ, 1, 665-93.
Qaim M, De Janvry A. (2005). Bt cotton and pesticide use in Argentina: Economic and environmental effects. Environ Dev Econ, 10, 179-200.
Qaim M, Matuschke I. (2005). Impacts of genetically modified crops in developing countries: A survey. Quart J In Agric, 44, 207-27.
Qaim M, Traxler G. (2005). Roundup ready soybeans in Argentina: Farm level and aggregate welfare effects. Agric Econ, 32, 73-86.
Qaim M, Zilberman D. (2003). Yield effects of genetically modified crops in developing countries. Science, 299, 900-2.
Raney T. (2006). Economic impact of transgenic crops in developing countries. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 17, 174-8.
Ricarda A, Steinbrecher. (2006). V-GURTs (Terminator Technology): Design, Reality and Inherent Risks. EcoNexus and the Federation of German Scientists. Submission to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, Working Group on Article 8(j). Available at: Http://www.econexus.info/sites/econexus/files/ENx-CBD-GURTs- 2006-0.pdf [last accessed 16 Aug 2014].
Schoonbeek S, Azadi H, Mahmoudi H, et al. (2013). Organic agriculture and undernourishment in developing countries: Main potentials and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 53, 917-28.
Serageldin I. (1999). Biotechnology and food security in the 21st century. Science, 285, 387-9.
Shiva V, Jafri AH. (2003). Failure of the GMOs in India. New Delhi: Winter Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology. Available at: Http://www.mindfully.org/GE/2003/India-GMO-Failure- Shiva31may03.htm.
Smale M, Zambrano P, Falck-Zepeda J, Gruere G. (2006). Parables: Applied economics literature about the impact of genetically engineered crop varieties in developing economies. EPT Discussion Paper 158. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Sonnino A, Dhlamini Z, Santucci FM, Warren P. (2009). Socioeconomic impacts of non-transgenic biotechnologies in developing countries. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Srinivasan CS, Thirtle C. (2003). Potential economic impacts of terminator technologies: Policy implications for developing countries. Environ Dev Econ, 8, 187-205.
Steenwinkel WA. (1979). Rural development and external assistance to that sector. ILACQ Symposium Arnhem, The Netherlands, 77-94.
Stones GD. (2007). Agricultural deskilling and the spread of genetically modified cotton in Warangal. Curr Anthropol, 48, 67-103.
Subramanian A, Qaim M. (2009). Village-wide effects of agricultural biotechnology: The case of Bt cotton in India. World Dev, 37, 256-67.
Swennen R. (2002). Sustainable agriculture in the Third World: Defining a role for transgenic crops and research, Proceedings of the Seminar 'Sustainable Agriculture in the Third World: Defining a Role for Transgenic Crops and Research', 26-27 March 2001, Brussels, 109-23.
Tait J. (2009). Risk Governance of Genetically Modified Crops in Europe: Decision nodes and incubation periods in generating a risk governance deficit. International Risk Governance Council.
Thirtle C, Beyers L, Ismaeel Y, Piesse J. (2003). Can GM-technologies help the poor? The impact of Bt cotton in the Makhathini flats of KwaZulu-Natal. World Dev, 31, 717-32.
Thompson J. (2003). Genetically modified food crops for improving agricultural practice and their effects on human health. Trends Food Sci Technol, 14, 210-28.
Traxler G, Godoy-Avila S. (2004). Transgenic cotton in Mexico. AgBioForum, 7, 57-62.
Traxler G, Godoy-Avila S, Falck-Zepeda J, Espinoza-Arellan J. (2001). Transgenic cotton in Mexico: Economic and environmental impacts. Auburn: Auburn University.
Tripp R. (2001). Can biotechnology reach the poor? The adequacy of information and seed delivery. Food Policy, 26, 249-64.
UNDP. (2013). The millennium development goals. Available at: Http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview.html [last accessed 26 Nov 2014].
UNEP. (2007). Opportunities and risks of genetically modified crops in Africa. In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cleveland CJ (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment. http://www.eoearth.org/article/OpportunitiesandrisksofgeneticallymodifiedcropsinAfrica [last accessed 25 Nov 2014].
Union of the German Academies of Science and Humanities. (2006). Are there hazards for the consumer when eating food from genetically modified plants? Report, Inter-Academy Panel Initiative on Genetically Modified Organisms. http://www.hugi.hr/files/akademije- njemacke.pdf [last accessed 25 Nov 2014].
Uphoff N. (2007). Agroecological alternatives: Capitalising on existing genetic potentials. J Dev Stud, 43, 218-36.
Virgin I, Bhagavan M, Komen J, et al. (2007). Agricultural biotechnology and small-scale farmers in Eastern and Southern Africa. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute.
Wang G, Wu Y, Gao W, et al. (2008a). Impact of cotton on farmer livelihood system in China, ISSCRI conference 'Rationales and evolutions of cotton policies', Montpelier, France.
Wang S, Just DR, Pinstrup-Andersen P. (2008b). Bt cotton and secondary pests'. Int J Biotechnol, 10, 113-21.
Wapenham WA. (1979). The big problem of the small farmer. ILACO Symposium, Arnhem, The Netherlands, 29-51.
WHO. (2005). Modern food biotechnology, human health and development: An evidence-based study. Geneva: WHO.
Wu F. (2006). Bt corn's reduction of mycotoxins: Regulatory decisions and public opinion. Int J Biotechnol, 9, 179-200.
Wu F, Butz WF. (2004). The future of genetically modified crops, lessons from the green revolution. Westport, CT: RAND Publishing.
Yang P, Iles M, Yan S, Jolliffe F. (2005a). Farmers' knowledge, perceptions and practices in transgenic Bt cotton in small producer systems in Northern China. Crop Prot, 24, 229-39.
Yang P, Li K, Shi S, et al. (2005b). Impacts of transgenic Bt cotton and integrated pest management education on smallholder cotton farmers'. Int J Pest Manag, 51, 231-44.
Zarrilli S. (2005). International trade in GMOs and GM products: National and multilateral legal frameworks, UNCTAD, Policy issues in international trade and commodities. Study Series No. 29. United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland.
