Agam, A., and Ran, Barkai. 2018a. “ Elephant and Mammoth Hunting During the Paleolithic: A Review of the Relevant Archaeological, Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Records.” Quaternary 1 (1): 3.
Agam, Avian, and Ran, Barkai. 2018b. “ Small Flake Acheulian: Further Insights Into Lithic Recycling at Late Acheulian Revadim, Israel.” Tel Aviv 45 (2): 170–192. doi: 10.1080/03344355.2018.1494783.
Agam, Avian, Ofer, Marder, and Ran, Barkai. 2015. “ Small Flake Production and Lithic Recycling at Late Acheulian Revadim, Israel.” Quaternary International 361: 46–60.
Anzidei, A. P., I., Biddittu, P., Gioia, M., Mussi, and M., Piperno. 2001. “ Lithic and Bone Industries of OIS9 and OIS7 in the Roman Area.” In Proceedings of the 1st International Congress the World of Elephants, edited by G., Cavarretta, P., Gioia, M., Mussi, and M. R., Palombo, 3–9. Roma: CNR.
Anzidei, Anna Paola, Grazia Maria, Bulgarelli, Paola, Catalano, Eugenio, Cerilli, Rosalia, Gallotti, Cristina, Lemorini, Salvatore, Milli, Maria Rita, Palombo, Walter, Pantano, and Ernesto, Santucci. 2012. “ Ongoing Research at the Late Middle Pleistocene Site of La Polledrara Di Cecanibbio (Central Italy), with Emphasis on Human–Elephant Relationships.” Quaternary International 255: 171–187. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.005.
Anzidei, Anna Paola, and Eugenio, Cerilli. 2001. “ The Fauna of La Polledrara Di Cecanibbio and Rebibbia-Casal de’ Pazzi (Rome, Italy) as an Indicator for Site Formation Processes in a Fluvial Environment.” In Proceedings of the 1st International Congress the World of Elephants, edited by G., Cavarretta, P., Gioia, M., Mussi, and Maria Rita, Palombo, 167–171. Rome: CNR.
Aranguren, Biancamaria, Stefano, Grimaldi, Marco, Benvenuti, Chiara, Capalbo, Floriano, Cavanna, Fabio, Cavulli, Francesco, Ciani, et al. 2019. “ Poggetti Vecchi (Tuscany, Italy): A Late Middle Pleistocene Case of Human-Elephant Interaction.” Journal of Human Evolution 133: 32–60.
Aureli, D., A., Contardi, B., Giaccio, V., Modesti, M. R., Palombo, R., Rozzi, and F., Trucco. 2012. “ Straight-tusked Elephants in the Middle Pleistocene of Northern Latium: Preliminary Report on the Ficoncella Site (Tarquinia, Central Italy).” Quaternary International 255: 29–35.
Aureli, D., R., Rocca, C., Lemorini, V., Modesti, S., Scaramucci, S., Milli, B., Giaccio, F., Marano, M. R., Palombo, and A., Contardi. 2016. “ Mode 1 or Mode 2? “Small Tools” in the Technical Variability of the European Lower Palaeolithic: The Site of Ficoncella (Tarquinia, Lazio, Central Italy).” Quaternary International 393: 169–184.
Backwell, Lucinda R., and Francesco, d’Errico. 2005. “ The Origin of Bone Tool Technology and the Identification of Early Hominid Cultural Traditions.” In From Tools to Symbols: From Early Hominids to Modern Humans, edited by Francesco, d’Errico and Lucinda R., Backwell, 238–275. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
Barkai, Ran, Cristina, Lemorini, and Avi, Gopher. 2010. “ Palaeolithic Cutlery 400,000-200,000 Years Ago: Tiny Meat-Cutting Tools from Qesem Cave, Israel.” Antiquity 84 (Project Gallery). http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/barkai325/.
Bello, Silvia M., Simon A., Parfitt, and Chris, Stringer. 2009. “ Quantitative Micromorphological Analyses of Cut Marks Produced by Ancient and Modern Handaxes.” Journal of Archaeological Science 36 (9): 1869–1880.
Blasco, Ruth, Jordi, Rosell, Felipe, Cuartero, Josep Fernández, Peris, Avi, Gopher, and Ran, Barkai. 2013. “ Using Bones to Shape Stones: MIS 9 Bone Retouchers at Both Edges of the Mediterranean Sea.” PLoS ONE 8 (10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076780.
Blumenschine, Robert J., J. A., Cavallo, and Salvatore D., Capaldo. 1994. “ Competition for Carcasses and Early Hominid Behavioral Ecology: A Case Study and Conceptual Framework.” Journal of Human Evolution 27: 197–213.
Boldurian, A. T., 2007. “ Clovis Beveled Rod Manufacture: An Elephant Bone Experiment.” North American Archaeologist 28 (1): 29–57.
Boschian, Giovanni, Davide, Caramella, Daniela, Saccà, and Ran, Barkai. 2019. “ Are There Marrow Cavities in Pleistocene Elephant Limb Bones, and Was Marrow Available to Early Humans? New CT Scan Results from the Site of Castel Di Guido (Italy).” Quaternary Science Reviews 215: 86–97.
Boschian, Giovanni, and Daniela, Saccà. 2010. “ Ambiguities in Human and Elephant Interactions? Stories of Bones, Sand and Water from Castel Di Guido (Italy).” Quaternary International 214 (1–2): 3–16. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2009.10.016.
Braun, D. R., B. L., Pobiner, and J. C., Thompson. 2008. “ An Experimental Investigation of Cut Mark Production and Stone Tool Attrition.” Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (5): 1216–1223.
Burdukiewicz, J. M., and A., Ronen. 2003. Lower Palaeolithic Small Tools in Europe and the Levant. Oxford: BAR International Series 1115.
Cavallo, J. A., and Robert J., Blumenschine. 1989. “ Tree-Stored Leopard Kills: Expanding the Hominid Scavenging Niche.” Journal of Human Evolution 18 (4): 393–399.
Chazan, Michael., 2013. “ Butchering with Small Tools: The Implications of the Evron Quarry Assemblage for the Behaviour of Homo erectus.” Antiquity 87: 350–367.
Daujeard, Camille, Marie-Hélène, Moncel, Ivana, Fiore, Antonio, Tagliacozzo, Peter, Bindon, and Jean-Paul, Raynal. 2014. “ Middle Paleolithic Bone Retouchers in Southeastern France: Variability and Functionality.” Quaternary International 326-327: 492–518.
Demay, Laëtitia, Stéphane, Péan, Valentina I., Belyaeva, Pavel M., Vasil’ev, and Marylène, Patou-Mathis. 2016. “ Zooarchaeological Study of an Upper Palaeolithic Site with Mammoth Remains, Pushkari I 0 Excavation VII (Chernigov Oblast, Ukraine).” Quaternary International 406: 183–201.
Dibble, Harold L., and Shannon P., McPherron. 2006. “ The Missing Mousterian.” Current Anthropology 47 (5): 777–803.
Dobosi, V. T., 2003. “ Changing Environment-Unchanged Culture at Vertesszolos, Hungary.” In Lower Palaeolithic Small Tools in Europe and the Levant, edited by J. M., Burdukiewicz and Avraham, Ronen, 101–112. Oxford: BAR International Series 1115.
Domínguez-Rodrigo, Manuel., 2002. “ Hunting and Scavenging by Early Humans: The State of the Debate.” Journal of World Prehistory 16 (1): 1–54.
Domínguez-Rodrigo, Manuel, and Travis Rayne, Pickering. 2017. “ The Meat of the Matter: An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Carnivory.” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 52 (1): 4–32.
Duffy, K., 1984. Children of the Forest. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co.
Echassoux, A., 2012. “ Comportements de Subsistance et Modifications Osseuses à L’aube de L’Acheuléen à Konso, Éthiopie.” L'Anthropologie 116 (3): 291–320.
Fisher, John W., Jr. 1992. “ Observations on the Late Pleistocene Bone Assemblage from the Lamb Spring Site, Colorado.” In Ice Age Hunters of the Rockies, edited by Dennis J., Stanford and Jane S., Day, 51–82. Denver: Denver Museum of Natural History and Colorado University Press.
Fisher, John W., Jr. 2001. “ Elephant Butchery Practices in the Ituri Forest, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Their Relevance for Interpreting Human Activities at Prehistoric Proboscidean Sites.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Mammoth Site Studies, edited by Dixie, West, 1–10. Lawrence: University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology 22.
Fladerer, Florian A, Tina A, Salcher-Jedrasiak, and Marc, Händel. 2014. “ Hearth-Side Bone Assemblages Within the 27 Ka BP Krems-Wachtberg Settlement: Fired Ribs and the Mammoth Bone-Grease Hypothesis.” Quaternary International 351: 115–133. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.06.030.
Frison, G. C., 1989. “ Experimental Use of Clovis Weaponry and Tools on African Elephants.” American Antiquity 54 (4): 766–784.
García-Medrano, Paula, Andreu, Ollé, Marina, Mosquera, Isabel, Cáceres, Carlos, Díez, and Eudald, Carbonell. 2014. “ The Earliest Acheulean Technology at Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain): Oldest Levels of the Galería Site (GII Unit).” Quaternary International 353: 170–194.
Gaudzinski, S., E., Turner, A. P., Anzidei, E., Àlvarez-Fernández, J., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Cinq-Mars, V. T., Dobosi, et al. 2005. “ The Use of Proboscidean Remains in Every-Day Palaeolithic Life.” Quaternary International 126-128: 179–194.
Germonpré, Mietje, M., Sablin, G. A., Khlopachev, and G. V., Grigorieva. 2008. “ Possible Evidence of Mammoth Hunting During the Epigravettian at Yudinovo, Russian Plain.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27: 475–492.
Gingerich, Joseph A M, and Dennis J., Stanford. 2018. “ Lessons from Ginsberg: An Analysis of Elephant Butchery Tools.” Quaternary International 466 (Part B): 269–283. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.03.025.
Haynes, G., 2002. The Early Settlement of North America: The Clovis Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Haynes, G., and J., Klimowicz. 2015. “ Recent Elephant-Carcass Utilization as a Basis for Interpreting Mammoth Exploitation.” Quaternary International 359-360: 19–37.
Higgins, M. D., and R., Higgins. 1996. A Geological Comparson to Greece and the Aegean. New York: Cornell University Press.
Huckell, Bruce B., 1979. “ Of Chipped Stone Tools, Elephants, and the Clovis Hunters: An Experiment.” Plains Anthropologist 24 (85): 177–190.
Jones, P. R., 1980. “ Experimental Butchery with Modern Stone Tools and Its Relevance for Palaeolithic Archaeology.” World Archaeology 12 (2): 153–165.
Julien, Marie-Anne, Bruce L, Hardy, Mareike C., Stahlschmidt, Brigitte, Urban, Jordi, Serangeli, and Nicholas J., Conard. 2015. “ Characterizing the Lower Paleolithic bone industry from Schöningen 12 II: A multi-proxy study.” Journal of Human Evolution 89: 264–286.
Kaczanowska, Malgorzata, Janusz K, Kozłowski, and Krzysztof, Sobczyk. 2010. “ Upper Paleolithic Human Occupations and Material Culture at Klissoura Cave 1.” Eurasian Prehistory 7 (2): 133–285.
Karakostis, F. A., G., Hotz, V., Tourloukis, and K., Harvati. 2018. “ Evidence for Precision Grasping in Neandertal Daily Activities.” Science Advances 4: eaat2369.
Key, A., and S., Lycett. 2014. “ Are Bigger Flakes Always Better? An Experimental Assessment of Flake Size Variation on Cutting Efficiency and Loading.” Journal of Archaeological Science 41: 140–146.
Key, A., and S., Lycett. 2015. “ Edge Angle as a Variability Influential Factor in Flake Cutting Efficiency: An Experimental Investigation of Its Relationship with Tool Size and Loading.” Archaeometry 57 (5): 911–927.
Kolfschoten, Thijs Van, S., Parfitt, S., Bello, and Jordi, Serangeli. 2015. “ Lower Paleolithic Bones from the ‘Spear Horizon’ at Schöningen (Germany).” Journal of Human Evolution 89: 226–263.
Konidaris, George E, Athanassios, Athanassiou, Vangelis, Tourloukis, Nicholas, Thompson, Domenico, Giusti, Eleni, Panagopoulou, and Katerina, Harvati. 2018. “ The Skeleton of a Straight-Tusked Elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) and Other Large Mammals from the Middle Pleistocene Butchering Locality Marathousa 1 (Megalopolis Basin, Greece): Preliminary Results.” Quaternary International 497: 65–84. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.001.
Kretzoi, M., and V. T., Dobosi. 1990. Vértesszőlős: Man, Site and Culture. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Lemorini, C., 2018. “ Small Tools and the Palaeoloxodon-Homo Interaction in the Lower Palaeolithic: The Contribution of Use-Wear Analysis.” In Palaeolithic Italy. Advanced Studies on Early Human Adaptations in the Apennine Peninsula, edited by Valentina Borgia and Emanuela Cristiani, 27–35. Leiden: Sidestone Press.
Le Vaillant, François., 1790. Travels from the Cape of Good-Hope Into the Interior Parts of Africa. Translation by Elizabeth Helme. London: William Lane.
Mania, D., and U., Mania. 2003. “ Bilzingsleben Homo erectus, His Culture and His Environment. The Most Important Results of Research.” In Lower Palaeolithic Small Tools in Europe and the Levant, edited by J. M., Burdukiewicz and Avraham, Ronen, 29–48. Oxford: BAR International Series 1115.
Manne, Tiina., 2014. “ Early Upper Paleolithic Bone Processing and Insights Into Small-Scale Storage of Fats at Vale Boi, Southern Iberia.” Journal of Archaeological Science 43: 111–123.
Marder, O., I., Milevski, and Z., Matskevich. 2006. “ The Handaxes of Revadim Quarry: Typo-Technological Considerations and Aspects of Intra-Site Variability.” In Axe Age: Acheulian Tool-Making from Quarry to Discard, edited by Naama, Goren-Inbar, and G., Sharon, 223–242. London: Equinox.
McKillop, Heather, and Kazuo, Aoyama. 2018. “ Salt and Marine Products in the Classic Maya Economy from use-Wear Study of Stone Tools.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (43): 10948–10952.
Medlin, Faith., 1975. A Gourmet’s Book of Beasts. New York: PS Eriksson.
Mitchell, J., 1995. “ Studying Biface Utilisation at Boxgrove: Roe Deer Butchery with Replica Handaxes.” The Journal of the Lithic Studies Society 16: 64–69.
Moigne, Anne Marie, Patricia, Valensi, Patrick, Auguste, José, García-Solano, Alain, Tuffreau, Agnès, Lamotte, Cecilio, Barroso, and Marie Hélène, Moncel. 2016. “ Bone Retouchers from Lower Palaeolithic Sites: Terra Amata, Orgnac 3, Cagny-l’Epinette and Cueva Del Angel.” Quaternary International 409: 195–212. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.06.059.
Moncel, M. H., 2003. “ Tata (Hungary): A Microlithic Assemblage from the Beginning of the Upper Pleistocene in Central Europe.” L'Anthropologie 107: 117–151.
Morin, Eugène., 2020. “ Rethinking the Emergence of Bone Grease Procurement.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 59: 101178. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101178.
Nganvongpanit, K., P., Siengdee, K., Buddhachat, J. L., Brown, S., Klinhom, T., Pitakarnnop, T., Angkawanish, and C., Thitaram. 2017. “ Anatomy, Histology and Elemental Profile of Long Bones and Ribs of the Asian Elephant (Elaphas maximus).” Anatomical Science International 92 (4): 554–568.
Pante, M. C., J. K., Njau, B., Hensley-Marschand, T. L., Keevil, C., Martín-Ramos, R. F., Peters, and I., de la Torre. 2018. “ The Carnivorous Feeding Behavior of Early Homo at HWK EE, Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.” Journal of Human Evolution 120: 215–235.
Pargeter, Justin, and John J., Shea. 2019. “ Going Big Versus Going Small: Lithic Miniaturization in Hominin Lithic Technology.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 28: 72–85.
Perlès, Catherine., 1987. Les Industries Lithiques Taillées de Franchthi (Argolide, Grèce). Tome 1: Présentation Générale et Industries Paléolithiques. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Excavations at Franchthi Cave Fascicle 3. Indiana University Press.
Pobiner, Briana L., 2020. “ The Zooarchaeology and Paleoecology of Early Hominin Scavenging.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 29: 68–82.
Rabinovich, Rivka, O., Ackermann, E., Aladjem, R., Barkai, R., Biton, I., Milevski, N., Solodenko, and O., Marder. 2012. “ Elephants at the Middle Pleistocene Acheulian Open-Air Site of Revadim Quarry, Israel.” Quaternary International 276-277: 183–197. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.009.
Rios-Garaizar, J., A., Eixea, and V., Villaverde. 2015. “ Ramification of Lithic Production and the Search of Small Tools in Iberian Peninsula Middle Paleolithic.” Quaternary International 361: 188–199.
Rocca, R., 2016. “ First Settlements in Central Europe: Between Originality and Banality.” Quaternary International 409: 213–221.
Rosell, Jordi, Ruth, Blasco, Josep Fernández, Peris, Eudald, Carbonell, Ran, Barkai, and Avi, Gopher. 2015. “ Recycling Bones in the Middle Pleistocene: Some Reflections from Gran Dolina TD10-1 (Spain), Bolomor Cave (Spain) and Qesem Cave (Israel).” Quaternary International 361: 297–312. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.009.
Rots, Veerle., 2005. “ Wear Traces and the Interpretation of Stone Tools.” Journal of Field Archaeology 30 (1): 61–73.
Rots, Veerle., 2010. Prehension and Hafting Traces on Flint Tools. A Methodology. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press.
Rots, Veerle, Bruce L., Hardy, Jordi, Serangeli, and Nicholas J., Conard. 2015. “ Residue and Microwear Analyses of the Stone Artifacts from Schöningen.” Journal of Human Evolution 89: 298–308.
Saccà, Daniela., 2012. “ Taphonomy of Palaeloxodon antiquus at Castel Di Guido (Rome, Italy): Proboscidean Carcass Exploitation in the Lower Palaeolithic.” Quaternary International 276-277: 27–41. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.03.055.
Santucci, E., F., Marano, E., Cerilli, I., Fiore, C., Lemorini, M. R., Palombo, A. P., Anzidei, and G. M., Bulgarelli. 2016. “ Palaeoloxodon Exploitation at the Middle Pleistocene Site of La Polledrara Di Cecanibbio (Rome, Italy).” Quaternary International 406: 169–182.
Saunders, J. J., 2007. “ Processing Marks on Remains of Mammuthus columbi from the Dent Site, Colorado, in Light of Those from Clovis, New Mexico: Fresh-Carcass Butchery Versus Scavenging? ” In Frontiers in Colorado Paleoindian Archaeology: From the Dent Site to the Rocky Mountains, edited by R. H., Brunswig and B. L., Pitblado, 155–184. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
Saunders, J. J., and E. B., Daeschler. 1994. “ Descriptive Analyses and Taphonomical Observations of Culturally-Modified Mammoths Excavated at ‘The Gravel Pit’ Near Clovis, New Mexico in 1936.” Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 145: 1–28.
Schick, Kathy, and Nicholas, Toth. 1994. Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Segre, A., and A., Ascenzi. 1984. “ Fontana Ranuccio: Italy’s Earliest Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site.” Current Anthropology 25 (2): 230–233.
Sitlivy, Valery, Krzysztof, Sobczyk, Panagiotis, Karkanas, and Margarita, Koumouzelis. 2007. “ Middle Paleolithic Lithic Assemblages of the Klissoura Cave, Peloponnesus, Greece: A Comparative Analysis.” Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 31 (31): 2–15.
Solodenko, Natalya, Andrea, Zupancich, Stella Nunziante, Cesaro, Ofer, Marder, Cristina, Lemorini, and Ran, Barkai. 2015. “ Fat Residue and Use-Wear Found on Acheulian Biface and Scraper Associated with Butchered Elephant Remains at the Site of Revadim, Israel.” PLoS ONE 10 (3): 1–17. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118572.
Stanford, Dennis J., R., Bonnichsen, and R. E., Morlan. 1981. “ The Ginsberg Experiment: Modern and Prehistoric Evidence of a Bone-Flaking Technology.” Science 212 (4493): 438–440.
Stout, Dietrich, Jan, Apel, Julia, Commander, and Mark, Roberts. 2014. “ Late Acheulean Technology and Cognition at Boxgrove, UK.” Journal of Archaeological Science 41: 576–590. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.001.
Toniato, Giulia, Susanne C, Münzel, Britt M., Starkovich, and Nicholas J, Conard. 2018. “ Middle and Upper Palaeolithic Bone Retouchers from the Swabian Jura: Raw Materials, Curation and Use.” In The Origins of Bone Tool Technologies, edited by Jarod M., Hutson, Alejandro, Garvia-Moreno, Elisabeth S., Noack, Elaine, Turner, Aritza, Villaluenga, and Sabine, Gaudzinski-Windheuser, 251–267. Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseums.
Tourloukis, V., N., Thompson, E., Panagopoulou, D., Giusti, G., Konidaris, P., Karkanas, and K., Harvati. 2018. “ Lithic Artifacts and Bone Tools from the Lower Palaeolithic Site Marathousa 1, Megalopolis, Greece: Preliminary Results." Quaternary International 497: 47–64.
Villa, Paola, Enrique, Soto, Manuel, Santonja, Alfredo, Pérez-González, Rafael, Mora, Joaquim, Parcerisas, and Carmen, Sesé. 2005. “ New Data from Ambrona: Closing the Hunting Versus Scavenging Debate.” Quaternary International 126-128: 223–250. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.03.001.
Wei, G., C., He, Y., Hu, K., Yu, S., Chen, L., Pang, Y., Wu, W., Huang, and W., Yuan. 2017. “ First Discovery of a Bone Handaxe in China.” Quaternary International 434: 121–128.
Weissengruber, G. E., G. F., Egger, J. R., Hutchinson, H. B., Groenewald, L., Elsässer, D., Famini, and G., Forstenpointner. 2006. “ The Structure of the Cushions in the Feet of African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana).” Journal of Anatomy 209: 781–792.
Wojtal, Piotr, Gary, Haynes, Janis, Klimowicz, Krzysztof, Sobczyk, Jacek, Tarasiuk, Sebastian, Wroński, and Jarosław, Wilczyński. 2019. “ The Earliest Direct Evidence of Mammoth Hunting in Central Europe - The Kraków Spadzista Site (Poland).” Quaternary Science Reviews 213: 162–166.
Yravedra, José, S., Rubio-Jara, J., Panera, and Juan Antonio, Martos. 2019. “ Hominins and Proboscideans in the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in the Central Iberian Peninsula.” Quaternary International 520: 140–156. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.002.
Zutovski, Katia, and Ran, Barkai. 2015. “ The Use of Elephant Bones for Making Acheulian Handaxes: A Fresh Look at Old Bones.” Quaternary International. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.033.
