[en] Introduction: Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have a complex relationship with the kidney so that their use in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has long been challenged.Areas covered: SGLT2is in patients with DKD are discussed: renal mechanisms of action, PK/PD characteristics, clinical use in patients with stage 3 DKD, effects on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria, cardiovascular, and renal outcomes according to renal function, overall and renal safety, SGLT2is new place in updated guidelines.Expert opinion: Whereas initial concerns (reduced glucose-lowering efficacy, early reduction in eGFR) led to restrictions in the use of SGLT2is in patients with DKD, recent positive observations have completely reversed the scene. Indeed, albuminuria is reduced and eGFR is preserved in the long term by SGLT2is. A significant reduction in cardiovascular events and hard renal outcomes was reported even in patients with eGFR 30-60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). The overall safety profile of SGLT2is is not altered in patients with mild to moderate DKD, with a reduced (rather than increased) risk of acute renal injury. This positive benefit/risk balance led recent guidelines to recommend SGLT2is in patients with T2DM and mild to moderate DKD, especially if albuminuria.
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
Gregg EW, Li Y, Wang J, et al. Changes in diabetes-related complications in the United States, 1990–2010. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1514–1523.
Perkovic V, Agarwal R, Fioretto P, et al. Management of patients with diabetes and CKD: conclusions from a “kidney disease: improving global outcomes” (KDIGO) controversies conference. Kidney Int. 2016;90:1175–1183.
Tuttle KR, Bakris GL, Bilous RW, et al. Diabetic kidney disease: a report from an ADA Consensus Conference. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64:510–533.
Delanaye P, Scheen AJ., Preventing and treating kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019;20:277–294.
Scheen AJ. Pharmacokinetic considerations for the treatment of diabetes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2013;9:529–550.
Roussel R, Lorraine J, Rodriguez A, et al. Overview of data concerning the safe use of antihyperglycemic medications in type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Adv Ther. 2015;32:1029–1064.
Lo C, Toyama T, Wang Y, et al. Insulin and glucose-lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;9:CD011798.
Scheen AJ. Evaluating SGLT2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: pharmacokinetic and toxicological considerations. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2014;10:647–663.
Scheen AJ. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015;54:691–708.
Dekkers CCJ, Gansevoort RT, Heerspink HJL. New diabetes therapies and diabetic kidney disease progression: the role of SGLT-2 inhibitors. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18:27.
Alicic RZ, Johnson EJ, Tuttle KR. SGLT2 inhibition for the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease: a review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;72:267–277.
Heerspink HJL, Kosiborod M, Inzucchi SE, et al. Renoprotective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Kidney Int. 2018;94:26–39.
Nespoux J, Vallon V. SGLT2 inhibition and kidney protection. Clin Sci (Lond). 2018;132:1329–1339.
Scheen AJ. Effects of glucose-lowering agents on renal surrogate endpoints and hard clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2019;45:110–121.
Toyama T, Neuen BL, Jun M, et al. Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular, renal and safety outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21:1237–1250.
Zanoli L, Granata A, Lentini P, et al. Sodium-glucose linked transporter-2 inhibitors in chronic kidney disease. ScientificWorldJournal. 2015;2015:317507.
Vlotides G, Mertens PR. Sodium-glucose cotransport inhibitors: mechanisms, metabolic effects and implications for the treatment of diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30:1272–1276.
Abdul-Ghani MA, Norton L, Defronzo RA. Role of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT 2) inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev. 2011;32:515–531.
Scheen AJ. Pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2015;75:33–59.
Ferrannini E. Sodium-glucose co-transporters and their inhibition: clinical physiology. Cell Metab. 2017;26:27–38.
Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Metabolic effects of SGLT2 inhibitors beyond increased glucosuria: a review of clinical evidence. Diabetes Metab. 2014;40:S4–S11.
DeFronzo RA, Norton L, Abdul-Ghani M. Renal, metabolic and cardiovascular considerations of SGLT2 inhibition. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017;13:11–26.
van Bommel EJ, Muskiet MH, Tonneijck L, et al. SGLT2 inhibition in the diabetic kidney-From mechanisms to clinical outcome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12:700–710.
Bonnet F, Scheen AJ. Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on systemic and tissue low-grade inflammation: potential contribution for diabetic complications and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Metab. 2018;44:457–464.
Davidson JA. SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal disease: overview of current evidence. Postgrad Med. 2019;131:251–260.
Devineni D, Curtin CR, Marbury TC, et al. Effect of hepatic or renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor. Clin Ther. 2015;37:610–628.
Kasichayanula S, Liu X, Pe Benito M, et al. The influence of kidney function on dapagliflozin exposure, metabolism and pharmacodynamics in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;76:432–444.
Macha S, Mattheus M, Halabi A, et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, in subjects with renal impairment. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16:215–222.
Sahasrabudhe V, Terra SG, Hickman A, et al. The effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ertugliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;57:1432–1443.
Veltkamp SA, van Dijk J, Krauwinkel W, et al. The effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and urinary glucose excretion of the SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin (ASP1941) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetes 2011;published on line;doi: posterpresentation at the 71st Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), San Diego, CA; June 24–28, 2011. Abstract Number: 1127-P.
Samukawa Y, Haneda M, Seino Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of luseogliflozin, a selective SGLT2 Inhibitor, in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes with mild to severe renal impairment. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2018;7:820–828.
Ikeda S, Takano Y, Schwab D, et al. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tofogliflozin (a selective SGLT2 inhibitor) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drug Res. 2019;69:314–322.
Kelly MS, Lewis J, Huntsberry AM, et al. Efficacy and renal outcomes of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Postgrad Med. 2019;131:31–42.
Inagaki N, Kondo K, Yoshinari T, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of canagliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and moderate renal impairment. Clin Drug Investig. 2014;34:731–742.
Sarashina A, Ueki K, Sasaki T, et al. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2014;36:1606–1615.
Yale JF, Bakris G, Cariou B, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:463–473.
Yale JF, Bakris G, Cariou B, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin over 52 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16:1016–1027.
Yamout H, Perkovic V, Davies M, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and stage 3 nephropathy. Am J Nephrol. 2014;40:64–74.
Kohan DE, Fioretto P, Tang W, et al. Long-term study of patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment shows that dapagliflozin reduces weight and blood pressure but does not improve glycemic control. Kidney Int. 2014;85:962–971.
Fioretto P, Del Prato S, Buse JB, et al. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment (chronic kidney disease stage 3A): the DERIVE Study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:2532–2540.
Dekkers CCJ, Wheeler DC, Sjostrom CD, et al. Effects of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and Stages 3b-4 chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018;33:1280.
Barnett AH, Mithal A, Manassie J, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin added to existing antidiabetes treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:369–384.
Grunberger G, Camp S, Johnson J, et al. Ertugliflozin in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the VERTIS RENAL randomized study. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9:49–66.
Kashiwagi A, Takahashi H, Ishikawa H, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on long-term efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and renal impairment: results of the long-term ASP1941 Safety evaluation in patients with type 2 diabetes with renal impairment (LANTERN) study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:152–160.
Haneda M, Seino Y, Inagaki N, et al. Influence of renal function on the 52-week efficacy and safety of the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor luseogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2016;38:66–88 e20.
Seidu S, Kunutsor SK, Cos X, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes with or without renal impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim Care Diabetes. 2018;12:265–283.
Bae JH, Park EG, Kim S, et al. Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2019;9:13009.
Wanner C, Heerspink HJL, Zinman B, et al. Empagliflozin and kidney function decline in patients with type 2 diabetes: a slope analysis from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29:2755–2769.
Perkovic V, Zeeuw D, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: results from the CANVAS Program randomised clinical trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:691–704.
Mosenzon O, Wiviott SD, Cahn A, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin on development and progression of kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the DECLARE-TIMI 58 randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7:606–617.
Fioretto P, Stefansson BV, Johnsson E, et al. Dapagliflozin reduces albuminuria over 2 years in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and renal impairment. Diabetologia. 2016;59:2036–2039.
Heerspink HJL, Sjostrom CD, Inzucchi SE, et al. Reduction in albuminuria with dapagliflozin cannot be predicted by baseline clinical characteristics or changes in most other risk markers. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21:720–725.
Pollock C, Stefansson B, Reyner D, et al. Albuminuria-lowering effect of dapagliflozin alone and in combination with saxagliptin and effect of dapagliflozin and saxagliptin on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (DELIGHT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7:429–441.
Cherney DZI, Zinman B, Inzucchi SE, et al. Effects of empagliflozin on the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease: an exploratory analysis from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:610–621.
Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2117–2128.
Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:644–657.
Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:347–357.
Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:323–334.
Radholm K, Wu JH, Wong MG, et al. Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiovascular disease, death and safety outcomes in type 2 diabetes - A systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;140:118–128.
Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2019;393:31–39.
Neuen BL, Young T, Heerspink HJL, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for the prevention of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7:845–854.
Butler J, Zannad F, Fitchett D, et al. Empagliflozin improves kidney outcomes in patients with or without heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2019;12:e005875.
Mayer GJ, Wanner C, Weir MR, et al. Analysis from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME((R)) trial indicates empagliflozin may assist in preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes irrespective of medications that alter intrarenal hemodynamics. Kidney Int. 2019;96:489–504.
Cooper ME, Inzucchi SE, Zinman B, et al. Glucose control and the effect of empagliflozin on kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019;74:713–715.
Inzucchi SE, Fitchett D, Jurisic-Erzen D, et al. Are the cardiovascular and kidney benefits of empagliflozin influenced by baseline glucose-lowering therapy? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019. published on line. DOI:10.1111/dom.13938.
Kadowaki T, Nangaku M, Hantel S, et al. Empagliflozin and kidney outcomes in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease: results from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME((R)) trial. J Diabetes Investig. 2019;10:760–770.
Wanner C, Zinman B, von Eynatten M, et al. Effects of empagliflozin vs placebo on cardiorenal outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes and proteinuric kidney disease: insights from EMPA-REG OUTCOME (abstract). Kidney Int Rep. 2019;4(Suppl):S136.
Neuen BL, Ohkuma T, Neal B, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with canagliflozin according to baseline kidney function. Circulation. 2018;138:1537–1550.
Neuen BL, Ohkuma T, Neal B, et al. Effect of canagliflozin on renal and cardiovascular outcomes across different levels of albuminuria: data from the CANVAS program. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;30:2229–2242.
McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;81:1995–2008.
Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:2295–2306.
Mahaffey KW, Jardine MJ, Bompoint S, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease in primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention groups. Circulation. 2019;140:739–750.
Cannon CP, Perkovic V, Agarwal R, et al. Evaluating the effects of canagliflozin on cardiovascular and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease according to baseline HbA1c, including those with HbA1c <7%: results from the CREDENCE trial. Circulation. 2020;141:407–410.
Scheen AJ. Why not adding a glucose-lowering agent with proven cardioprotection in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes at HbA1c target on metformin? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;147:169–171.
Buse JB, Wexler DJ, Tsapas A, et al. 2019 update to: management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American diabetes association (ADA) and the European association for the study of diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2020;63:221–228.
Heerspink HJL, Karasik A, Thuresson M, et al. Kidney outcomes associated with use of SGLT2 inhibitors in real-world clinical practice (CVD-REAL 3): a multinational observational cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:27–35.
Lin YH, Huang YY, Hsieh SH, et al. Renal and glucose-lowering effects of empagliflozin and dapagliflozin in different chronic kidney disease stages. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:820.
Whittaker CF, Miklich MA, Patel RS, et al. Medication safety principles and practice in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13:1738–1746.
Scheen AJ. An update on the safety of SGLT2 inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Safety. 2019;18:295–311.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug safety communications. Interim clinical trial results find increased risk of leg and foot amputations, mostly affecting the toes, with the diabetes medicine canagliflozin (Invokana, Invokamet); FDA to investigate. 2016;published on line;https://www.fda.gov/media/98075/download.
Watts NB, Bilezikian JP, Usiskin K, et al. Effects of canagliflozin on fracture risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:157–166.
Scheen AJ. SGLT2 inhibition: efficacy and safety in type 2 diabetes treatment. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14:1879–1904.
Puckrin R, Saltiel MP, Reynier P, et al. SGLT-2 inhibitors and the risk of infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Diabetol. 2018;55:503–514.
Carlson CJ, Santamarina ML. Update review of the safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016;15:1401–1412.
Liu XY, Zhang N, Chen R, et al. Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials for 1 to 2 years. J Diabetes Complications. 2015;29:1295–1303.
Kufel WD, Scrimenti A, Steele JM. A case of septic shock due to Serratia marcescens pyelonephritis and bacteremia in a patient receiving empagliflozin. J Pharm Pract. 2017;30:672–675.
Zhang XL, Zhu QQ, Chen YH, et al. Cardiovascular safety, long-term noncardiovascular safety, and efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systemic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e007165.
Jabbour S, Seufert J, Scheen A, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled analysis of safety data from phase IIb/III clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:620–628.
Vasilakou D, Karagiannis T, Athanasiadou E, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:262–274.
Baker WL, Smyth LR, Riche DM, et al. Effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2014;8:262–75 e9.
Mikhail N. Safety of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Drug Saf. 2014;9:127–132.
Mikhail N. Use of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. South Med J. 2015;108:91–96.
Szalat A, Perlman A, Muszkat M, et al. Can SGLT2 inhibitors cause acute renal failure? Plausible role for altered glomerular hemodynamics and medullary hypoxia. Drug Saf. 2018;41:239–252.
Briasoulis A, Al Dhaybi O, Bakris GL. SGLT2 inhibitors and mechanisms of hypertension. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2018;20:1.
Wanner C. EMPA-REG OUTCOME: the nephrologist’s point of view. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120:S59–S67.
Hahn K, Ejaz AA, Kanbay M, et al. Acute kidney injury from SGLT2 inhibitors: potential mechanisms. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12:711–712.
Desai M, Yavin Y, Balis D, et al. Renal safety of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19:897–900.
Saly DL, Perazella MA. Harnessing basic and clinic tools to evaluate SGLT2 inhibitor nephrotoxicity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2017;313:F951–F54.
Perlman A, Heyman SN, Matok I, et al. Acute renal failure with sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2 inhibitors: analysis of the FDA adverse event report system database. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27:1108–1113.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA strengthens kidney warnings for diabetes medicines canagliflozin (Invokana, Invokamet) and dapagliflozin (Farxiga, Xigduo XR). 2016;published on line; https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-strengthens-kidney-warnings-diabetes-medicines-canagliflozin.
Gilbert RE, Thorpe KE. Acute kidney injury with sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors: a meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21:1996–2000.
Donnan JR, Grandy CA, Chibrikov E, et al. Comparative safety of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e022577.
Chu C, Lu YP, Yin L, et al. The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin might be a new approach for the prevention of acute kidney injury. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2019;44:149–157.
Matthews DR, Li Q, Perkovic V, et al. Effects of canagliflozin on amputation risk in type 2 diabetes: the CANVAS Program. Diabetologia. 2019;62:926–938.
Scheen AJ. Does lower-limb amputation concern all SGLT-2 inhibitors? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14:326–328.
Potier L, Roussel R, Velho G, et al. Lower limb events in individuals with type 2 diabetes: evidence for an increased risk associated with diuretic use. Diabetologia. 2019;62:939–947.
Zhou Z, Jardine M, Perkovic V, et al. Canagliflozin and fracture risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes: results from the CANVAS Program. Diabetologia. 2019;62:1854–1867.
Davies MJ, D’Alessio DA, Fradkin J, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American diabetes association (ADA) and the European association for the study of diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2018;61:2461–2498.
Scheen AJ. Series: implications of the recent CVOTs in type 2 diabetes: impact on guidelines: the endocrinologist point of view. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 published on line;doi: May 17. S0168-8227(19)30607–2. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.05.005.
Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2019;2020(41):255–323.
Scheen AJ. Challenging 2019 ESC guidelines for the management of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2019. published on line. DOI:10.1016/j.diabet.2019.10.006.
Tuttle KR, Cherney DZ. Diabetic kidney disease task force of the american society of nephrology. sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition heralds a call-to-action for diabetic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15:285–288.
Lamos EM, Hedrington M, Davis SN. An update on the safety and efficacy of oral antidiabetic drugs: DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT-2 inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2019;18:691–701.
Scheen AJ. Cardiovascular effects of new oral glucose-lowering agents: DPP-4 and SGLT-2 inhibitors. Circ Res. 2018;122:1439–1459.
Scheen AJ. SGLT2 inhibitors: benefit/risk balance. Curr Diab Rep. 2016;16:92.
Feng C, Wu M, Chen Z, et al. Effect of SGLT2 inhibitor on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Urol Nephrol. 2019;51:655–669.
Heerspink HJL, Stefansson BV, Chertow GM, et al. Rationale and protocol of the dapagliflozin and prevention of adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease (DAPA-CKD) randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35:274–282.
Herrington WG, Preiss D, Haynes R, et al. The potential for improving cardio-renal outcomes by sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibition in people with chronic kidney disease: a rationale for the EMPA-KIDNEY study. Clin Kidney J. 2018;11:749–761.
Scheen AJ. Cardiovascular and renal protection with sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors: new paradigm in type 2 diabetes management … and potentially beyond. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(Suppl 3):S132.
Scheen AJ. Sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. in press;2020:15.
Similar publications
Sorry the service is unavailable at the moment. Please try again later.
This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Read more
Save & Close
Accept all
Decline all
Show detailsHide details
Cookie declaration
About cookies
Strictly necessary
Performance
Strictly necessary cookies allow core website functionality such as user login and account management. The website cannot be used properly without strictly necessary cookies.
This cookie is used by Cookie-Script.com service to remember visitor cookie consent preferences. It is necessary for Cookie-Script.com cookie banner to work properly.
Performance cookies are used to see how visitors use the website, eg. analytics cookies. Those cookies cannot be used to directly identify a certain visitor.
Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites that you visit. Websites use cookies to help users navigate efficiently and perform certain functions. Cookies that are required for the website to operate properly are allowed to be set without your permission. All other cookies need to be approved before they can be set in the browser.
You can change your consent to cookie usage at any time on our Privacy Policy page.
