[en] The most remarkable feature of the ultraviolet auroras at Jupiter is the ever-present and almost continuous curtain of bright emissions centered on each magnetic pole and called the main emissions. According to the widely accepted theory, it results from an electric current loop transferring momentum from the Jovian ionosphere to the magnetospheric plasma. However, predictions based on this theory have been recently challenged by observations from Juno and the Hubble Space Telescope. Here we review the main contradictory observations, expose their implications for the theory, and discuss promising paths forward.
Research Center/Unit :
STAR - Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research - ULiège
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Bonfond, Bertrand ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Labo de physique atmosphérique et planétaire (LPAP)
Yao, Zhonghua ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Labo de physique atmosphérique et planétaire (LPAP)
Grodent, Denis ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Labo de physique atmosphérique et planétaire (LPAP)
Language :
English
Title :
Six Pieces of Evidence Against the Corotation Enforcement Theory to Explain the Main Aurora at Jupiter
Baron, R. L., Owen, T., Connerney, J. E. P., Satoh, T., & Harrington, J. (1996). Solar wind control of jupiter's H3+ Auroras. Icarus, 120(2), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1996.0063
Bonfond, B., Grodent, D., Gérard, J. C., Stallard, T., Clarke, J. T., Yoneda, M., Radioti, A., & Gustin, J. (2012). Auroral evidence of Io's control over the magnetosphere of Jupiter. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L01105. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050253
Bonfond, B., Gustin, J., Gérard, J. C., Grodent, D., Radioti, A., Palmaerts, B., Badman, S. V., Khurana, K. K., & Tao, C. (2015). The far-ultraviolet main auroral emission at Jupiter—Part 2: Vertical emission profile. Annales Geophysicae, 33(10), 1211–1219. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1211-2015
Bonfond, B., Hess, S., Gérard, J. C., Grodent, D., Radioti, A., Chantry, V., Saur, J., Jacobsen, S., & Clarke, J. T. (2013). Evolution of the Io footprint brightness I: Far-UV observations. Planetary and Space Science, 88, 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.05.023
Bonfond, B., Yao, Z., Gladstone, R., Grodent, D., Gerard, J. C., Matar, J., Palmaerts, B., Greathouse, T., Hue, V., Versteeg, M., Kammer, J., Giles, R., Tao, C., Vogt, M., Mura, A., Adriani, A., Kurth, W., & Bolton, S. (2020). Are Dawn Storms Jupiter’s auroral substorms? Earth and Space Science Open Archive. https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10502511.2
Chané, E., Saur, J., Keppens, R., & Poedts, S. (2017). How is the Jovian main auroral emission affected by the solar wind? Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122, 1960–1978. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023318
Clark, G., Tao, C., Mauk, B. H., Nichols, J., Saur, J., Bunce, E. J., Allegrini, F., Gladstone, R., Bagenal, F., Bolton, S., Bonfond, B., Connerney, J., Ebert, R. W., Gershman, D. J., Haggerty, D., Kimura, T., Kollmann, P., Kotsiaros, S., Kurth, W. S., Levin, S., McComas, D. J., Murakami, G., Paranicas, C., Rymer, A., & Valek, P. (2018). Precipitating electron energy flux and characteristic energies in Jupiter's main auroral region as measured by Juno/JEDI. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123, 7554–7567. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025639
Clarke, J. T., Nichols, J., Gérard, J. C., Grodent, D., Hansen, K. C., Kurth, W., Gladstone, G. R., Duval, J., Wannawichian, S., Bunce, E., Cowley, S. W. H., Crary, F., Dougherty, M., Lamy, L., Mitchell, D., Pryor, W., Retherford, K., Stallard, T., Zieger, B., Zarka, P., & Cecconi, B. (2009). Response of Jupiter's and Saturn's auroral activity to the solar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, A05210. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013694
Connerney, J. E. P., Adriani, A., Allegrini, F., Bagenal, F., Bolton, S. J., Bonfond, B., Cowley, S. W. H., Gerard, J.-C., Gladstone, G. R., Grodent, D., Hospodarsky, G., Jorgensen, J. L., Kurth, W. S., Levin, S. M., Mauk, B., McComas, D. J., Mura, A., Paranicas, C., Smith, E. J., Thorne, R. M., Valek, P., & Waite, J. (2017). Jupiter’s magnetosphere and aurorae observed by the Juno spacecraft during its first polar orbits. Science, 356(6340), 826–832. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam5928
Cowley, S. W. H., & Bunce, E. J. (2001). Origin of the main auroral oval in Jupiter's coupled magnetosphere ionosphere system. Planetary and Space Science, 49(10), 1067–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00167-7
Cowley, S. W. H., & Bunce, E. J. (2003). Modulation of Jovian middle magnetosphere currents and auroral precipitation by solar wind-induced compressions and expansions of the magnetosphere: Initial response and steady state. Planetary and Space Science, 51(1), 31–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00130-7
Cowley, S. W. H., Nichols, J. D., & Andrews, D. J. (2007). Modulation of Jupiter's plasma flow, polar currents, and auroral precipitation by solar wind-induced compressions and expansions of the magnetosphere: A simple theoretical model. Annales Geophysicae, 25(6), 1433–1463. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-1433-2007
Dols, V., Gérard, J. C., Paresce, F., Prangé, R., & Vidal-Madjar, A. (1992). Ultraviolet imaging of the Jovian aurora with the Hubble Space Telescope. Geophysical Research Letters, 19(18), 1803–1806. https://doi.org/10.1029/92GL02104
Dunn, W. R., Branduardi-Raymont, G., Elsner, R. F., Vogt, M. F., Lamy, L., Ford, P. G., Coates, A. J., Gladstone, G. R., Jackman, C. M., Nichols, J. D., Rae, I. J., Varsani, A., Kimura, T., Hansen, K. C., & Jasinski, J. M. (2016). The impact of an ICME on the Jovian X-ray aurora. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121, 2274–2307. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021888
Elliott, S. S., Gurnett, D. A., Kurth, W. S., Mauk, B. H., Ebert, R. W., Clark, G., Valek, P., Allegrini, F., & Bolton, S. J. (2018). The acceleration of electrons to high energies over the Jovian polar cap via whistler-mode wave-particle interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123, 7523–7533. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025797
Gérard, J. C., Bonfond, B., Grodent, D., & Radioti, A. (2016). The color ratio-intensity relation in the Jovian aurora: Hubble observations of auroral components. Planetary and Space Science, 131, 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2016.06.004
Gérard, J. C., Grodent, D., Radioti, A., Bonfond, B., & Clarke, J. T. (2013). Hubble observations of Jupiter's north south conjugate ultraviolet aurora. Icarus, 226(2), 1559–1567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.08.017
Gershman, D. J., Connerney, J. E. P., Kotsiaros, S., DiBraccio, G. A., Martos, Y. M., -Viñas, A. F., Hue, V., Clark, G., Bagenal, F., & Levin, S. (2019). Alfvénic fluctuations associated with Jupiter's auroral emissions. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 7157–7165. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082951
Grodent, D., Bonfond, B., Yao, Z., Gérard, J. C., Radioti, A., Dumont, M., Palmaerts, B., Adriani, A., Badman, S. V., Bunce, E. J., Clarke, J. T., Connerney, J. E. P., Gladstone, G. R., Greathouse, T., Kimura, T., Kurth, W. S., Mauk, B. H., McComas, D. J., Nichols, J. D., Orton, G. S., Roth, L., Saur, J., & Valek, P. (2018). Jupiter's Aurora Observed With HST During Juno Orbits 3 to 7. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123, 3299–3319. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA025046
Gurnett, D. A., Kurth, W. S., Hospodarsky, G. B., Persoon, A. M., Zarka, P., Lecacheux, A., Bolton, S. J., Desch, M. D., Farrell, W. M., Kaiser, M. L., Ladreiter, H.-P., Rucker, H. O., Galopeau, P., Louarn, P., Young, D. T., Pryor, W. R., & Dougherty, M. K. (2002). Control of Jupiter's radio emission and aurorae by the solar wind. Nature, 415(6875), 985–987. https://doi.org/10.1038/415985a
Gustin, J., Gérard, J. C., Grodent, D., Cowley, S. W. H., Clarke, J. T., & Grard, A. (2004). Energy-flux relationship in the FUV Jovian aurora deduced from HST-STIS spectral observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, A10205. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010365
Hill, T. W. (1979). Inertial limit on corotation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84(A11), 6554–6558. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA084iA11p06554
Hill, T. W. (2001). The Jovian auroral oval. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 8101–8108. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA000302
Johnson, R. E., Stallard, T. S., Melin, H., Nichols, J. D., & Cowley, S. W. H. (2017). Jupiter's polar ionospheric flows: High resolution mapping of spectral intensity and line-of-sight velocity of H3+ ions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122, 7599–7618. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024176
Khurana, K. K. (2001). Influence of solar wind on Jupiter's magnetosphere deduced from currents in the equatorial plane. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(A11), 25,999–26,016. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA000352
Khurana, K. K., & Schwarzl, H. K. (2005). Global structure of Jupiter's magnetospheric current sheet. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, A07227. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010757
Kimura, T., Badman, S. V., Tao, C., Yoshioka, K., Murakami, G., Yamazaki, A., Tsuchiya, F., Bonfond, B., Steffl, A. J., Masters, A., Kasahara, S., Hasegawa, H., Yoshikawa, I., Fujimoto, M., & Clarke, J. T.(2015). Transient internally driven aurora at Jupiter discovered by Hisaki and the Hubble Space Telescope. Geophysical Research Letters, 42, 1662–1668. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063272
Kita, H., Kimura, T., Tao, C., Tsuchiya, F., Misawa, H., Sakanoi, T., Kasaba, Y., Murakami, G., Yoshioka, K., Yamazaki, A., Yoshikawa, I., & Fujimoto, M. (2016). Characteristics of solar wind control on Jovian UV auroral activity deciphered by long-term Hisaki EXCEED observations: Evidence of preconditioning of the magnetosphere? Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 6790–6798. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069481
Kita, H., Kimura, T., Tao, C., Tsuchiya, F., Murakami, G., Yamazaki, A., Yoshioka, K., Ebert, R. W., Wilson, R. J., Allegrini, F., Clark, G., Connerney, J. E. P., Gladstone, G. R., Yoshikawa, I., & Fujimoto, M. (2019). Jovian UV aurora's response to the solar wind: Hisaki exceed and Juno observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 10,209–10,218. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026997
Knight, S. (1973). Parallel electric fields. Planetary and Space Science, 21, 741–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(73)90093-7
Kotsiaros, S., Connerney, J. E. P., Clark, G., Allegrini, F., Gladstone, G. R., Kurth, W. S., Mauk, B. H., Saur, J., Bunce, E. J., Gershman, D. J., Martos, Y. M., Greathouse, T. K., Bolton, S. J., & Levin, S. M. (2019). Birkeland currents in Jupiter's magnetosphere observed by the polar-orbiting Juno spacecraft. Nature Astronomy, 3(10), 904–909. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0819-7
Krupp, N., Lagg, A., Livi, S., Wilken, B., Woch, J., Roelof, E. C., & Williams, D. J. (2001). Global flows of energetic ions in Jupiter's equatorial plane: First-order approximation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(A11), 26,017–26,032. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA900138
Kurth, W. S., Mauk, B. H., Elliott, S. S., Gurnett, D. A., Hospodarsky, G. B., Santolik, O., Connerney, J. E. P., Valek, P., Allegrini, F., Gladstone, G. R., Bolton, S. J., & Levin, S. M. (2018). Whistler mode waves associated with broadband auroral electron precipitation at Jupiter. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 9372–9379. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078566
Lorch, C. T. S., Ray, L. C., Arridge, C. S., Khurana, K. K., Martin, C. J., & Bader, A. (2020). Local time asymmetries in Jupiter's magnetodisc currents. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125, e2019JA027455. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027455
Mauk, B. H., Clark, G., Gladstone, G. R., Kotsiaros, S., Adriani, A., Allegrini, F., Bagenal, F., Bolton, S. J., Bonfond, B., Connerney, J. E. P., Ebert, R. W., Haggerty, D. K., Kollmann, P., Kurth, W. S., Levin, S. M., Paranicas, C. P., & Rymer, A. M. (2020). Energetic particles and acceleration regions over Jupiter's polar cap and main aurora: A broad overview. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125, e2019JA027699. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027699
Mauk, B. H., Haggerty, D. K., Paranicas, C., Clark, G., Kollmann, P., Rymer, A. M., Peachey, J. M., Bolton, S. J., Levin, S. M., Adriani, A., Allegrini, F., Bagenal, F., Bonfond, B., Connerney, J. E. P., Ebert, R. W., Gladstone, G. R., Kurth, W. S., McComas, D. J., Ranquist, D., & Valek, P. (2018). Diverse electron and ion acceleration characteristics observed over Jupiter's main aurora. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 1277–1285. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076901
Mauk, B. H., & Saur, J. (2007). Equatorial electron beams and auroral structuring at Jupiter. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, A10221. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012370
Nichols, J. D., Badman, S. V., Bagenal, F., Bolton, S. J., Bonfond, B., Bunce, E. J., Clarke, J. T., Connerney, J. E. P., Cowley, S. W. H., Ebert, R. W., Fujimoto, M., Gérard, J.-C., Gladstone, G. R., Grodent, D., Kimura, T., Kurth, W. S., Mauk, B. H., Murakami, G., McComas, D. J., Orton, G. S., Radioti, A., Stallard, T. S., Tao, C., Valek, P. W., Wilson, R. J., Yamazaki, A., & Yoshikawa, I. (2017). Response of Jupiter's auroras to conditions in the interplanetary medium as measured by the Hubble Space Telescope and Juno. Geophysical Research Letters, 44, 7643–7652. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073029
Nichols, J. D., Bunce, E. J., Clarke, J. T., Cowley, S. W. H., Gérard, J. C., Grodent, D., & Pryor, W. R.(2007). Response of Jupiter's UV auroras to interplanetary conditions as observed by the Hubble Space Telescope during the Cassini flyby campaign. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, A02203. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012005
Nichols, J. D., Clarke, J. T., Gérard, J. C., & Grodent, D. (2009). Observations of Jovian polar auroral filaments. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L08101. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037578
Nichols, J. D., Clarke, J. T., Gérard, J. C., Grodent, D., & Hansen, K. C. (2009). Variation of different components of Jupiter's auroral emission. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, A06210. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014051
Radioti, A., Gérard, J. C., Grodent, D., Bonfond, B., Krupp, N., & Woch, J. (2008). Discontinuity in Jupiter's main auroral oval. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, A01215. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012610
Ray, L. C., Achilleos, N. A., Vogt, M. F., & Yates, J. N. (2014). Local time variations in Jupiter's magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling system. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 119, 4740–4751. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA019941
Ray, L. C., Ergun, R. E., Delamere, P. A., & Bagenal, F. (2010). Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling at Jupiter: Effect of field-aligned potentials on angular momentum transport. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, A09211. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015423
Ray, L. C., Su, Y. J., Ergun, R. E., Delamere, P. A., & Bagenal, F. (2009). Current-voltage relation of a centrifugally confined plasma. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, A04214. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013969
Sarkango, Y., Jia, X., & Toth, G. (2019). Global MHD simulations of the response of Jupiter's magnetosphere and ionosphere to changes in the solar wind and IMF. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 5317–5341. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026787
Saur, J., Janser, S., Schreiner, A., Clark, G., Mauk, B. H., Kollmann, P., Ebert, R. W., Allegrini, F., Szalay, J. R., & Kotsiaros, S. (2018). Wave-particle interaction of Alfvén waves in Jupiter's magnetosphere: Auroral and magnetospheric particle acceleration. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123, 9560–9573. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025948
Sinclair, J. A., Orton, G. S., Fernandes, J., Kasaba, Y., Sato, T. M., Fujiyoshi, T., Tao, C., Vogt, M. F., Grodent, D., Bonfond, B., Moses, J. I., Greathouse, T. K., Dunn, W., Giles, R. S., Tabataba-Vakili, F., Fletcher, L. N., & Irwin, P. G. J. (2019). A brightening of Jupiter's auroral 7.8-μm CH4 emission during a solar-wind compression. Nature Astronomy. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0743-x
Southwood, D. J., & Kivelson, M. G. (2001). A new perspective concerning the influence of the solar wind on the Jovian magnetosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(A4), 6123–6130. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA000236
Stallard, T., Badman, S., Dyudina, U., Grodent, D., & Lamy, L. (2019). Saturn's aurorae. In K. H. Baines, F. M. Flasar, N. Krupp, T. Stallard (Eds.), Saturn in the 21st century (pp. 166–195). Cambridge University Press.
Tao, C., Kimura, T., Badman, S. V., Murakami, G., Yoshioka, K., Tsuchiya, F., André, N, Yoshikawa, I, Yamazaki, A, Shiota, D, Tadokoro, H., & Fujimoto, M. (2016). Variation of Jupiter's aurora observed by Hisaki/EXCEED: 1. Observed characteristics of the auroral electron energies compared with observations performed using HST/STIS. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121, 4041–4054. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021271
Vogt, M. F., Connerney, J. E. P., DiBraccio, G. A., Wilson, R. J., Thomsen, M. F., Ebert, R. W., Clark, G. B., Paranicas, C., Kurth, W. S., Allegrini, F., Valek, P. W., & Bolton, S. J. (2020). Magnetotail reconnection at jupiter: A survey of juno magnetic field observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125, e2019JA027486. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027486
Vogt, M. F., Gyalay, S., Kronberg, E. A., Bunce, E. J., Kurth, W. S., Zieger, B., & Tao, C. (2019). Solar wind interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere: A statistical study of galileo in situ data and modeled upstream solar wind conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 10,170–10,199. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026950
Vogt, M. F., Kivelson, M. G., Khurana, K. K., Walker, R. J., Bonfond, B., Grodent, D., & Radioti, A. (2011). Improved mapping of Jupiter's auroral features to magnetospheric sources. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, A03220. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016148
Yao, Z. H., Bonfond, B., Grodent, D., Chané, E., Dunn, W. R., Kurth, W. S., Connerney, J. E. P., Nichols, J. D., Palmaerts, B., Guo, R. L., Hospodarsky, G. B., Mauk, B. H., Kimura, T., & Bolton, S. J. (2020). Auroral diagnosis of solar wind interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere. arXiv :2004.10140 [physics]. Consulté le 2020-04-22, sur http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.10140 (arXiv : 2004.10140).
Yao, Z. H., Grodent, D., Kurth, W. S., Clark, G., Mauk, B. H., Kimura, T., Bonfond, B., Ye, S.-Y., Lui, A. T., Radioti, A., Palmaerts, B., Dunn, W. R., Ray, L. C., Bagenal, F., Badman, S. V., Rae, I. J., Guo, R. L., Pu, Z. Y., Gérard, J.-C., Yoshioka, K., Nichols, J. D., Bolton, S. J., & Levin, S. M. (2019). On the relation between Jovian aurorae and the loading/unloading of the magnetic flux: Simultaneous measurements from Juno, hubble Space Telescope, and Hisaki. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 11,632–11,641. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084201
Zarka, P., & Genova, F. (1983). Low-frequency Jovian emission and solar wind magnetic sector structure. Nature, 306(5945), 767–768. https://doi.org/10.1038/306767a0