Jupiter

Jupiter is the most massive and largest planet of the solar system, mainly composed of hydrogen. Its atmosphere is characterized by the presence of ammonia clouds that at mid/low latitudes are arranged in bands with alternating wind motions and storms of different size, highlighting very complex dynamics. Gradations of its distinctive ochre color are the result of the different thickness and altitude of the clouds and the presence of other minor gaseous species. Recently polar vortices systems have been discovered on both the north and south poles, with an unexpected geometry and stability. The weather layer extends much deeper into the planet than previously though. Polar regions are confirmed to be darker, with unique configurations of cyclones and several other amazing features. New results also show that the core is not homogenous, with heavy elements mixed within the hydrogen and helium envelope. Jupiter has the faintest ring system among the solar system outer planets. So far 79 satellites have been detected, the 4 largest moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede, Calisto) were observed in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and provided a clear proof that the Earth is not the center of the solar system, opening a new era in the astronomy studies. Jupiter's strong magnetic field interacts with the moons and rings, accelerating charged particles that in the polar regions of the planet give rise to intense auroral emissions. Europa, the smallest among the Galilean satellites, is one of the most exciting astrobiological targets in our solar system.