atmospheric effects; techniques: photometric; planets and satellites: detection; Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics; Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics; Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Résumé :
[en] We conducted a global analysis of the TRAPPIST Ultra-Cool Dwarf Transit Survey - a prototype of the SPECULOOS transit search conducted with the TRAPPIST-South robotic telescope in Chile from 2011 to 2017 - to estimate the occurrence rate of close-in planets such as TRAPPIST-1b orbiting ultra-cool dwarfs. For this purpose, the photometric data of 40 nearby ultra-cool dwarfs were reanalysed in a self-consistent and fully automated manner starting from the raw images. The pipeline developed specifically for this task generates differential light curves, removes non-planetary photometric features and stellar variability, and searches for transits. It identifies the transits of TRAPPIST-1b and TRAPPIST-1c without any human intervention. To test the pipeline and the potential output of similar surveys, we injected planetary transits into the light curves on a star-by-star basis and tested whether the pipeline is able to detect them. The achieved photometric precision enables us to identify Earth-sized planets orbiting ultra-cool dwarfs as validated by the injection tests. Our planet-injection simulation further suggests a lower limit of 10 per cent on the occurrence rate of planets similar to TRAPPIST-1b with a radius between 1 and 1.3 R[SUB]⊕[/SUB] and the orbital period between 1.4 and 1.8 d.
Albrecht S., Winn J. N., Marcy G. W., Howard A. W., Isaacson H., Johnson J. A., 2013, ApJ, 771, 11
Bailer-Jones C. A. L., Lamm M., 2003, MNRAS, 339, 477
Benedict G. F. et al., 2016, AJ, 152, 141
Berta Z. K., Irwin J., Charbonneau D., 2013, ApJ, 775, 91
Berta Z. K., Irwin J., Charbonneau D., Burke C. J., Falco E. E., 2012, AJ, 144, 145
Broeg C., Fernández M., Neuhaüser R., 2005, Astron. Nachr., 326, 134
Burdanov A., Delrez L., Gillon M., Jehin E., 2018, in Deeg H., Belmonte J., eds, SPECULOOS Exoplanet Search and Its Prototype on TRAPPIST, Handbook of Exoplanets, Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, p. 1007
Byrd R. H., Lu P., Nocedal J., Zhu C., 1995, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 16, 1190
Chabrier G., Baraffe I., 1997, A&A, 327, 1039
Chaplin W. J. et al., 2013, ApJ, 766, 101
Claret A., Bloemen S., 2011, A&A, 529, A75
Dalal S., Hébrard G., Lecavelier des Etangs A., Petit A. C., Bourrier V., Laskar J., König P. C., Correia A. C. M., 2019, A&A, 631, A28
Damasso M., Giacobbe P., Calcidese P., Sozzetti A., Lattanzi M. G., Bernagozzi A., Bertolini E., Smart R. L., 2010, PASP, 122, 1077
Davenport J. R. A. et al., 2014, ApJ, 797, 122
Delrez L. et al., 2018a, MNRAS, 475, 3577
Delrez L. et al., 2018b, in Marshall H. K., Spyromilio J., eds, Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. Vol. 10700, Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes VII, SPIE, Bellingham, p. 107001I Demory B.-O., Queloz D., Alibert Y., Gillen E., Gillon M., 2016, ApJ, 825, L25
de Wit J., Seager S., 2013, Science, 342, 1473
Dieterich S. B., Henry T. J., JaoW.-C., Winters J. G., Hosey A. D., Riedel A. R., Subasavage J. P., 2014, AJ, 147, 94
Dressing C. D., Charbonneau D., 2013, ApJ, 767, 95
Dressing C. D., Charbonneau D., 2015, ApJ, 807, 45
Ducrot E. et al., 2020, preprint (arXiv:2006.13826)
Fletcher R., 1987, Practical Methods of Optimization. Wiley, New York
Foreman-Mackey D., Agol E., Ambikasaran S., Angus R., 2017, AJ, 154, 220
Gaia Collaboration, 2016, A&A, 595, A1
Gaia Collaboration, 2018, A&A, 616, A1
Giacobbe P. et al., 2012, MNRAS, 424, 3101
Gillon M., 2018, Nat. Astron., 2, 344
Gillon M., Jehin E., Fumel A., Magain P., Queloz D., 2013, EPJ Web Conf., 03001
Gillon M., Jehin E., Magain P., Chantry V., Hutsemékers D., Manfroid J., Queloz D., Udry S., 2011, EPJ Web Conf., 06002
Gillon M. et al., 2016, Nature, 533, 221
Gillon M. et al., 2017, Nature, 542, 456
Gillon M. et al., 2020, preprint (arXiv:2002.04798)
Goldman B., 2005, Astron. Nachr., 326, 1059
Green D. A., 2011, Bull. Astron. Soc. India, 39, 289
Günther M. N. et al., 2020, ApJ, 159, 60
Hall R. D., Thompson S. J., Handley W., Queloz D., 2018, MNRAS, 479, 2968
Hardegree-Ullman K. K., Cushing M. C., Muirhead P. S., Christiansen J. L., 2019, AJ, 158, 75
He M. Y., Triaud A. H. M. J., Gillon M., 2017, MNRAS, 464, 2687
Irwin J., Berta Z. K., Burke C. J., Charbonneau D., Nutzman P., West A. A., Falco E. E., 2011, ApJ, 727, 56
Irwin M. J. et al., 2004, in Quinn P. J., Bridger A., eds, Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. Vol. 5493, Optimizing Scientific Return for Astronomy through Information Technologies. SPIE, Bellingham, p. 411
Jehin E. et al., 2011, The Messenger, 145, 2
Jehin E. et al., 2018, The Messenger, 174, 2
Jones A., Noll S., KauschW., Szyszka C., Kimeswenger S., 2013, A&A, 560, A91
Kaltenegger L., Traub W. A., 2009, ApJ, 698, 519
Kirkpatrick J. D., 2005, ARA&A, 43, 195
Kirkpatrick J. D. et al., 2012, ApJ, 753, 156
Kovács G., Zucker S., Mazeh T., 2002, A&A, 391, 369
Kretzschmar M., 2011, A&A, 530, A84
Lang D., Hogg D.W., Mierle K., BlantonM., Roweis S., 2010, AJ, 139, 1782
Loyd R. O. P., France K., 2014, ApJS, 211, 9
Luger R. et al., 2017, Nat. Astron., 1, 0129
Mandel K., Agol E., 2002, ApJ, 580, L171
Mann A.W., Feiden G. A., Gaidos E., Boyajian T., von Braun K., 2015, ApJ, 804, 64
Martn E. L., Delfosse X., Basri G., GoldmanB., Forveille T., ZapateroOsorio M. R., 1999, AJ, 118, 2466
Metchev S. A. et al., 2015, ApJ, 799, 154
Muirhead P. S. et al., 2015, ApJ, 801, 18
Murray C. A. et al., 2020, MNRAS, 495, 2446
Noll S., Kausch W., Barden M., Jones A. M., Szyszka C., Kimeswenger S., Vinther J., 2012, A&A, 543, A92
Ormel C. W., Liu B., Schoonenberg D., 2017, A&A, 604, A1
Parviainen H., 2015, MNRAS, 450, 3233
Petigura E. A., Marcy G. W., Howard A. W., 2013, ApJ, 770, 69
Rasmussen C. E., Williams C. K. I., 2006, Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Reid I. N., Hawley S. L., 2005, New light on dark stars: Red dwarfs, low-mass stars, brown dwarfs, Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester
Ricker G. R., et al., 2015, J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst., 1, 014003
Sanchis-Ojeda R. et al., 2012, Nature, 487, 449
Scholz A., Kostov V., Jayawardhana R., Muzíc K., 2015, ApJ, 809, L29
Shibayama T. et al., 2013, ApJS, 209, 5
Skrutskie M. F. et al., 2006, AJ, 131, 1163
Walkowicz L. M. et al., 2011, AJ, 141, 50
Young A. T., 1967, AJ, 72, 747
Zhu C., Byrd R. H., Lu P., Nocedal J., 1997, ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 23, 550