EMT; CTC; coagulation; early metastasis; heterogeneity
Abstract :
[en] Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions (EMTs) generate hybrid phenotypes with enhanced ability to adapt to diverse microenvironments encountered during the metastatic spread. EMTs accordingly play crucial role in the biology of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and contribute to their heterogeneity. We here review major EMT-driven properties that may help hybrid E/M CTCs to survive in the bloodstream and accomplish early phases of metastatic colonization. We then discuss how interrogating EMT in CTCs as a companion biomarker could help refine cancer patient management, supporting further the relevance of CTCs in personalized medicine.
Disciplines :
Oncology
Author, co-author :
Genna, Anthony ✱; Université de Liège - ULiège > Cancer-Tumours and development biology
Vanwynsberghe, Aline ✱; Université de Liège - ULiège > Cancer-Tumours and development biology
Villard, Amélie ✱; Université de Liège - ULiège > Cancer-Tumours and development biology
POTTIER, Charles ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > Département de médecine interne > Service des maladies infectieuses - médecine interne
Ancel, Julien
Polette, Myriam
Gilles, Christine ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Cancer-Tumours and development biology
✱ These authors have contributed equally to this work.
Language :
English
Title :
EMT-Associated Heterogeneity in Circulating Tumor Cells : Sticky Friends on the Road to Metastasis
Publication date :
2020
Journal title :
Cancers
eISSN :
2072-6694
Publisher :
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), Switzerland
Kelley, S.O.; Pantel, K. A New Era in Liquid Biopsy: From Genotype to Phenotype. Clin. Chem. 2019, 10.1373/clinchem.2019.303339, doi:10.1373/clinchem.2019.303339.
Cortés-Hernández, L.E.; Eslami, S.Z.; Alix-Panabières, C. Circulating tumor cell as the functional aspect of liquid biopsy to understand the metastatic cascade in solid cancer. Mol. Aspects Med. 2020, 72, 100816, doi:10.1016/j.mam.2019.07.008.
Castro-Giner, F.; Aceto, N. Tracking cancer progression: From circulating tumor cells to metastasis. Genome Med. 2020, 12, 31, doi:10.1186/s13073-020-00728-3.
Menyailo, M.E.; Tretyakova, M.S.; Denisov, E.V. Heterogeneity of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer: Identifying Metastatic Seeds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, doi:10.3390/ijms21051696.
Ashworth, T. A case of cancer in which cells similar to those in the tumours were seen in the blood after death. Aust Med. J. 1869, 14, 146–147.
Rossi, E.; Fabbri, F. CTCs 2020: Great Expectations or Unreasonable Dreams. Cells 2019, 8, doi:10.3390/cells8090989.
Abalde-Cela, S.; Piairo, P.; Dieguez, L. The Significance of Circulating Tumour Cells in the Clinic. Acta Cytol. 2019, 63, 466–478, doi:10.1159/000495417.
Bankó, P.; Lee, S.Y.; Nagygyörgy, V.; Zrínyi, M.; Chae, C.H.; Cho, D.H.; Telekes, A. Technologies for circulating tumor cell separation from whole blood. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2019, 12, 48, doi:10.1186/s13045-019-0735-4.
Kowalik, A.; Kowalewska, M.; Gozdz, S. Current approaches for avoiding the limitations of circulating tumor cells detection methods-implications for diagnosis and treatment of patients with solid tumors. Transl. Res. 2017, 185, 58-84.e15, doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2017.04.002.
Miller, M.C.; Doyle, G.V.; Terstappen, L.W. Significance of Circulating Tumor Cells Detected by the CellSearch System in Patients with Metastatic Breast Colorectal and Prostate Cancer. J. Oncol. 2010, 2010, 617421, doi:10.1155/2010/617421.
Cristofanilli, M.; Budd, G.T.; Ellis, M.J.; Stopeck, A.; Matera, J.; Miller, M.C.; Reuben, J.M.; Doyle, G.V.; Allard, W.J.; Terstappen, L.W.; et al. Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 351, 781–791, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040766.
de Bono, J.S.; Scher, H.I.; Montgomery, R.B.; Parker, C.; Miller, M.C.; Tissing, H.; Doyle, G.V.; Terstappen, L.W.; Pienta, K.J.; Raghavan, D. Circulating tumor cells predict survival benefit from treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008, 14, 6302–6309, doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0872.
Cohen, S.J.; Punt, C.J.; Iannotti, N.; Saidman, B.H.; Sabbath, K.D.; Gabrail, N.Y.; Picus, J.; Morse, M.; Mitchell, E.; Miller, M.C.; et al. Relationship of circulating tumor cells to tumor response, progression-free survival, and overall survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 3213– 3221, doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.8923.
Keller, L.; Werner, S.; Pantel, K. Biology and clinical relevance of EpCAM. Cell Stress 2019, 3, 165–180, doi:10.15698/cst2019.06.188.
Grover, P.K.; Cummins, A.G.; Price, T.J.; Roberts-Thomson, I.C.; Hardingham, J.E. Circulating tumour cells: The evolving concept and the inadequacy of their enrichment by EpCAM-based methodology for basic and clinical cancer research. Ann. Oncol. 2014, 25, 1506–1516, doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu018.
Xu, X.; Jiang, Z.; Wang, J.; Ren, Y.; Wu, A. Microfluidic applications on circulating tumor cell isolation and biomimicking of cancer metastasis. Electrophoresis 2020, 10.1002/elps.201900402, doi:10.1002/elps.201900402.
Lin, Z.; Luo, G.; Du, W.; Kong, T.; Liu, C.; Liu, Z. Recent Advances in Microfluidic Platforms Applied in Cancer Metastasis: Circulating Tumor Cells’ (CTCs) Isolation and Tumor-On-A-Chip. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 2020, 16, e1903899, doi:10.1002/smll.201903899.
Cho, H.; Kim, J.; Song, H.; Sohn, K.Y.; Jeon, M.; Han, K.H. Microfluidic technologies for circulating tumor cell isolation. Analyst 2018, 143, 2936–2970, doi:10.1039/c7an01979c.
Chen, H.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, B. Size-and deformability-based isolation of circulating tumor cells with microfluidic chips and their applications in clinical studies. AIP Advances 2018, 8, 120701, doi:10.1063/1.5072769.
Nagrath, S.; Sequist, L.V.; Maheswaran, S.; Bell, D.W.; Irimia, D.; Ulkus, L.; Smith, M.R.; Kwak, E.L.; Digumarthy, S.; Muzikansky, A.; et al. Isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology. Nature 2007, 450, 1235–1239, doi:10.1038/nature06385.
Liu, Y.J.; Guo, S.S.; Zhang, Z.L.; Huang, W.H.; Baigl, D.; Xie, M.; Chen, Y.; Pang, D.W. A micropillar-integrated smart microfluidic device for specific capture and sorting of cells. Electrophoresis 2007, 28, 4713– 4722, doi:10.1002/elps.200700212.
Sheng, W.; Ogunwobi, O.O.; Chen, T.; Zhang, J.; George, T.J.; Liu, C.; Fan, Z.H. Capture, release and culture of circulating tumor cells from pancreatic cancer patients using an enhanced mixing chip. Lab. on a chip 2014, 14, 89–98, doi:10.1039/c3lc51017d.
Galletti, G.; Sung, M.S.; Vahdat, L.T.; Shah, M.A.; Santana, S.M.; Altavilla, G.; Kirby, B.J.; Giannakakou, P. Isolation of breast cancer and gastric cancer circulating tumor cells by use of an anti HER2-based microfluidic device. Lab. on a chip 2014, 14, 147–156, doi:10.1039/c3lc51039e.
Varillas, J.I.; Zhang, J.; Chen, K.; Barnes, II.; Liu, C.; George, T.J.; Fan, Z.H. Microfluidic Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells and Cancer Stem-Like Cells from Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Theranostics 2019, 9, 1417–1425, doi:10.7150/thno.28745.
Stott, S.L.; Hsu, C.H.; Tsukrov, D.I.; Yu, M.; Miyamoto, D.T.; Waltman, B.A.; Rothenberg, S.M.; Shah, A.M.; Smas, M.E.; Korir, G.K.; et al. Isolation of circulating tumor cells using a microvortex-generating herringbone-chip. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107, 18392–18397, doi:10.1073/pnas.1012539107.
Nezihi Murat Karabacak, P.S.S., Fabio Fachin, Eugene J Lim, Vincent Pai, Emre Ozkumur, Joseph M Martel, Nikola Kojic, Kyle Smith, Pin-i Chen, Jennifer Yang, Henry Hwang, Bailey Morgan1, Julie Trautwein2, Thomas A Barber; 1, S.L.S., Shyamala Maheswaran, Ravi Kapur, Daniel A Haber, and Mehmet Toner. Microfluidic, marker-free isolation of circulating tumor cells from blood samples. Nat. Protoc.2014, 10.1038/jid.2014.371, doi:10.1038/jid.2014.371.
Zamay, A.S.; Zamay, G.S.; Kolovskaya, O.S.; Zamay, T.N.; Berezovski, M.V. Aptamer-Based Methods for Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells and Their Potential for Personalized Diagnostics. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2017, 994, 67–81, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55947-6_3.
Wu, L.; Zhu, L.; Huang, M.; Song, J.; Zhang, H.; Song, Y.; Wang, W.; Yang, C. Aptamer-based microfluidics for isolation, release and analysis of circulating tumor cells. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2019, 117, 69–77, doi:10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.003.
Konigsberg, R.; Obermayr, E.; Bises, G.; Pfeiler, G.; Gneist, M.; Wrba, F.; de Santis, M.; Zeillinger, R.; Hudec, M.; Dittrich, C. Detection of EpCAM positive and negative circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer patients. Acta Oncol. 2011, 50, 700–710.
Balic, M.; Dandachi, N.; Hofmann, G.; Samonigg, H.; Loibner, H.; Obwaller, A.; van der Kooi, A.; Tibbe, A.G.; Doyle, G.V.; Terstappen, L.W.; et al. Comparison of two methods for enumerating circulating tumor cells in carcinoma patients. Cytometry B Clin. Cytom. 2005, 68, 25–30, doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20065.
Maertens, Y.; Humberg, V.; Erlmeier, F.; Steffens, S.; Steinestel, J.; Bogemann, M.; Schrader, A.J.; Bernemann, C. Comparison of isolation platforms for detection of circulating renal cell carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 87710–87717, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21197.
Boyer, M.; Cayrefourcq, L.; Garima, F.; Foulongne, V.; Dereure, O.; Alix-Panabieres, C. Circulating Tumor Cell Detection and Polyomavirus Status in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 1612, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58572-9.
Naume, B.; Borgen, E.; Tossvik, S.; Pavlak, N.; Oates, D.; Nesland, J.M. Detection of isolated tumor cells in peripheral blood and in BM: Evaluation of a new enrichment method. Cytotherapy 2004, 6, 244–252, doi:10.1080/14653240410006086.
Vona, G.; Sabile, A.; Louha, M.; Sitruk, V.; Romana, S.; Schutze, K.; Capron, F.; Franco, D.; Pazzagli, M.; Vekemans, M.; et al. Isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells: A new method for the immunomorphological and molecular characterization of circulatingtumor cells. Am. J. Pathol. 2000, 156, 57–63.
Farace, F.; Massard, C.; Vimond, N.; Drusch, F.; Jacques, N.; Billiot, F.; Laplanche, A.; Chauchereau, A.; Lacroix, L.; Planchard, D.; et al. A direct comparison of CellSearch and ISET for circulating tumour-cell detection in patients with metastatic carcinomas. Br. J. Cancer 2011, 105, 847–853, doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.294.
Pinzani, P.; Salvadori, B.; Simi, L.; Bianchi, S.; Distante, V.; Cataliotti, L.; Pazzagli, M.; Orlando, C. Isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells in peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer: Correlation with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results and feasibility of molecular analysis by laser microdissection. Hum. Pathol. 2006, 37, 711–718, doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2006.01.026.
Desitter, I.; Guerrouahen, B.S.; Benali-Furet, N.; Wechsler, J.; Janne, P.A.; Kuang, Y.; Yanagita, M.; Wang, L.; Berkowitz, J.A.; Distel, R.J.; et al. A new device for rapid isolation by size and characterization of rare circulating tumor cells. Anticancer Res. 2011, 31, 427–441.
Yanagita, M.; Luke, J.J.; Hodi, F.S.; Jänne, P.A.; Paweletz, C.P. Isolation and characterization of circulating melanoma cells by size filtration and fluorescent in-situ hybridization. Melanoma Res. 2018, 28, 89–95, doi:10.1097/CMR.0000000000000431.
Andree, K.C.; Mentink, A.; Zeune, L.L.; Terstappen, L.W.M.M.; Stoecklein, N.H.; Neves, R.P.; Driemel, C.; Lampignano, R.; Yang, L.; Neubauer, H.; et al. Toward a real liquid biopsy in metastatic breast and prostate cancer: Diagnostic LeukApheresis increases CTC yields in a European prospective multicenter study (CTCTrap). Int. J. Cancer 2018, 143, 2584–2591, doi:10.1002/ijc.31752.
De Wit, S.; Van Dalum, G.; Lenferink, A.T.M.; Tibbe, A.G.J.; Hiltermann, T.J.N.; Groen, H.J.M.; Van Rijn, C.J.M.; Terstappen, L.W.M.M. The detection of EpCAM+ and EpCAM-circulating tumor cells. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 1–10, doi:10.1038/srep12270.
Tsutsuyama, M.; Nakanishi, H.; Yoshimura, M.; Oshiro, T.; Kinoshita, T.; Komori, K.; Shimizu, Y.; Ichinosawa, Y.; Kinuta, S.; Wajima, K.; et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells in drainage venous blood from colorectal cancer patients using a new filtration and cytology-based automated platform. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0212221, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212221.
Obermayr, E.; Agreiter, C.; Schuster, E.; Fabikan, H.; Weinlinger, C.; Baluchova, K.; Hamilton, G.; Hochmair, M.; Zeillinger, R. Molecular Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells Enriched by A Microfluidic Platform in Patients with Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cells 2019, 8, 880, doi:10.3390/cells8080880.
Xu, L.; Mao, X.; Imrali, A.; Syed, F.; Mutsvangwa, K.; Berney, D.; Cathcart, P.; Hines, J.; Shamash, J.; Lu, Y.J. Optimization and evaluation of a novel size based circulating tumor cell isolation system. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, 1–23, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138032.
Xu, L.; Mao, X.; Guo, T.; Chan, P.Y.; Shaw, G.; Hines, J.; Stankiewicz, E.; Wang, Y.; Oliver, R.T.D.; Ahmad, A.S.; et al. The novel association of circulating tumor cells and circulating megakaryocytes with prostate cancer prognosis. Clin. Cancer Res. 2017, 23, 5112–5122, doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-3081.
Gkountela, S.; Castro-Giner, F.; Szczerba, B.M.; Vetter, M.; Landin, J.; Scherrer, R.; Krol, I.; Scheidmann, M.C.; Beisel, C.; Stirnimann, C.U.; et al. Circulating Tumor Cell Clustering Shapes DNA Methylation to Enable Metastasis Seeding. Cell 2019, 176, 98-112.e114, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.046.
Wan, S.; Kim, T.H.; Smith, K.J.; Delaney, R.; Park, G.S.; Guo, H.; Lin, E.; Plegue, T.; Kuo, N.; Steffes, J.; et al. New Labyrinth Microfluidic Device Detects Circulating Tumor Cells Expressing Cancer Stem Cell Marker and Circulating Tumor Microemboli in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 18575, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54960-y.
Zeinali, M.; Lee, M.; Nadhan, A.; Mathur, A.; Hedman, C.; Lin, E.; Harouaka, R.; Wicha, M.S.; Zhao, L.; Palanisamy, N.; et al. High-Throughput Label-Free Isolation of Heterogeneous Circulating Tumor Cells and CTC Clusters from Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020, 12, doi:10.3390/cancers12010127.
Ikeda, M.; Koh, Y.; Teraoka, S.; Sato, K.; Kanai, K.; Hayata, A.; Tokudome, N.; Akamatsu, H.; Ozawa, Y.; Akamatsu, K.; et al. Detection of AXL expression in circulating tumor cells of lung cancer patients using an automated microcavity array system. Cancer medicine 2020, 9, 2122–2133, doi:10.1002/cam4.2846.
Hosokawa, M.; Kenmotsu, H.; Koh, Y.; Yoshino, T.; Yoshikawa, T.; Naito, T.; Takahashi, T.; Murakami, H.; Nakamura, Y.; Tsuya, A.; et al. Size-Based Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells in Lung Cancer Patients Using a Microcavity Array System. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067466.
Aghaamoo, M.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, X.; Xu, J. Deformability-based circulating tumor cell separation with conical-shaped microfilters: Concept, optimization, and design criteria. Biomicrofluidics 2015, 9, 034106, doi:10.1063/1.4922081.
Zhang, Z.; Xu, J.; Hong, B.; Chen, X. The effects of 3D channel geometry on CTC passing pressure--towards deformability-based cancer cell separation. Lab. on a chip 2014, 14, 2576–2584, doi:10.1039/c4lc00301b.
McFaul, S.M.; Lin, B.K.; Ma, H. Cell separation based on size and deformability using microfluidic funnel ratchets. Lab. on a chip 2012, 12, 2369–2376, doi:10.1039/c2lc21045b.
Park, E.S.; Duffy, S.P.; Ma, H. Microfluidic Separation of Circulating Tumor Cells Based on Size and Deformability. Methods Mol. Biol. 2017, 1634, 21–32, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7144-2_2.
Tan, S.J.; Yobas, L.; Lee, G.Y.; Ong, C.N.; Lim, C.T. Microdevice for the isolation and enumeration of cancer cells from blood. Biomed. Microdevices 2009, 11, 883–892, doi:10.1007/s10544-009-9305-9.
Gascoyne, P.R.; Noshari, J.; Anderson, T.J.; Becker, F.F. Isolation of rare cells from cell mixtures by dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2009, 30, 1388–1398, doi:10.1002/elps.200800373.
Moon, H.S.; Kwon, K.; Kim, S.I.; Han, H.; Sohn, J.; Lee, S.; Jung, H.I. Continuous separation of breast cancer cells from blood samples using multi-orifice flow fractionation (MOFF) and dielectrophoresis (DEP). Lab. on a chip 2011, 11, 1118–1125, doi:10.1039/c0lc00345j.
Bhattacharya, S.; Chao, T.C.; Ariyasinghe, N.; Ruiz, Y.; Lake, D.; Ros, R.; Ros, A. Selective trapping of single mammalian breast cancer cells by insulator-based dielectrophoresis. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2014, 406, 1855– 1865, doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7598-2.
Rugo, H.S.; Cortes, J.; Awada, A.; O’Shaughnessy, J.; Twelves, C.; Im, S.A.; Hannah, A.; Lu, L.; Sy, S.; Caygill, K.; et al. Change in Topoisomerase 1-Positive Circulating Tumor Cells Affects Overall Survival in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer after Treatment with Etirinotecan Pegol. Clin. Cancer Res. 2018, 24, 3348–3357, doi:10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-17-3059.
Gupta, V.; Jafferji, I.; Garza, M.; Melnikova, V.O.; Hasegawa, D.K.; Pethig, R.; Davis, D.W. ApoStream(™), a new dielectrophoretic device for antibody independent isolation and recovery of viable cancer cells from blood. Biomicrofluidics 2012, 6, 24133–24133, doi:10.1063/1.4731647.
S. Iliescu, F.; Sim, W.J.; Heidari, H.; P. Poenar, D.; Miao, J.; Taylor, H.K.; Iliescu, C. Highlighting the uniqueness in dielectrophoretic enrichment of circulating tumor cells. Electrophoresis 2019, 40, 1457–1477, doi:10.1002/elps.201800446.
Ribeiro-Samy, S.; Oliveira, M.I.; Pereira-Veiga, T.; Muinelo-Romay, L.; Carvalho, S.; Gaspar, J.; Freitas, P.P.; López-López, R.; Costa, C.; Diéguez, L. Fast and efficient microfluidic cell filter for isolation of circulating tumor cells from unprocessed whole blood of colorectal cancer patients. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 8032, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44401-1.
Che, J.; Yu, V.; Garon, E.B.; Goldman, J.W.; Di Carlo, D. Biophysical isolation and identification of circulating tumor cells. Lab. on a chip 2017, 17, 1452–1461, doi:10.1039/c7lc00038c.
Yoon, Y.; Lee, J.; Ra, M.; Gwon, H.; Lee, S.; Kim, M.Y.; Yoo, K.C.; Sul, O.; Kim, C.G.; Kim, W.Y.; et al. Continuous Separation of Circulating Tumor Cells from Whole Blood Using a Slanted Weir Microfluidic Device. Cancers (Basel) 2019, 11, doi:10.3390/cancers11020200.
Francart, M.E.; Lambert, J.; Vanwynsberghe, A.M.; Thompson, E.W.; Bourcy, M.; Polette, M.; Gilles, C. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and circulating tumor cells: Travel companions to metastases. Dev. Dyn. 2018, 247, 432–450, doi:10.1002/dvdy.24506.
Liu, H.; Zhang, X.; Li, J.; Sun, B.; Qian, H.; Yin, Z. The biological and clinical importance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in circulating tumor cells. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2015, 141, 189–201, doi:10.1007/s00432-014-1752-x.
Markiewicz, A.; Zaczek, A.J. The Landscape of Circulating Tumor Cell Research in the Context of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Pathobiology 2017, 84, 264–283, doi:10.1159/000477812.
Kolbl, A.C.; Jeschke, U.; Andergassen, U. The Significance of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition for Circulating Tumor Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, doi:10.3390/ijms17081308.
Alix-Panabieres, C.; Mader, S.; Pantel, K. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in circulating tumor cells. J. Mol. Med. (Berl.) 2016, 10.1007/s00109-016-1500-6, doi:10.1007/s00109-016-1500-6.
Burr, R.; Gilles, C.; Thompson, E.W.; Maheswaran, S. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Circulating Tumor Cells, the Precursors of Metastasis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2020, 1220, 11–34, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35805-1_2.
Micalizzi, D.S.; Haber, D.A.; Maheswaran, S. Cancer metastasis through the prism of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in circulating tumor cells. Mol. Oncol. 2017, 11, 770–780, doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12081.
Dongre, A.; Weinberg, R.A. New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2019, 20, 69–84, doi:10.1038/s41580-018-0080-4.
Pastushenko, I.; Blanpain, C. EMT Transition States during Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Trends Cell Biol. 2019, 29, 212–226, doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2018.12.001.
Yang, J.; Antin, P.; Berx, G.; Blanpain, C.; Brabletz, T.; Bronner, M.; Campbell, K.; Cano, A.; Casanova, J.; Christofori, G.; et al. Guidelines and definitions for research on epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2020, 10.1038/s41580-020-0237-9, doi:10.1038/s41580-020-0237-9.
Bhatia, S.; Wang, P.; Toh, A.; Thompson, E. New Insights Into the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity and EMT in Driving Cancer Progression. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 2020, 7, doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.00071.
Jolly, M.K.; Boareto, M.; Huang, B.; Jia, D.; Lu, M.; Ben-Jacob, E.; Onuchic, J.N.; Levine, H. Implications of the Hybrid Epithelial/Mesenchymal Phenotype in Metastasis. Front. Oncol. 2015, 5, 155, doi:10.3389/fonc.2015.00155.
Williams, E.D.; Gao, D.; Redfern, A.; Thompson, E.W. Controversies around epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in cancer metastasis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2019, 19, 716–732, doi:10.1038/s41568-019-0213-x.
Jolly, M.K.; Somarelli, J.A.; Sheth, M.; Biddle, A.; Tripathi, S.C.; Armstrong, A.J.; Hanash, S.M.; Bapat, S.A.; Rangarajan, A.; Levine, H. Hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotypes promote metastasis and therapy resistance across carcinomas. Pharmacol. Ther. 2019, 194, 161–184, doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.007.
Celia-Terrassa, T.; Kang, Y. Metastatic niche functions and therapeutic opportunities. Nat. Cell Biol. 2018, 20, 868–877, doi:10.1038/s41556-018-0145-9.
Ombrato, L.; Malanchi, I. The EMT universe: Space between cancer cell dissemination and metastasis initiation. Crit. Rev. Oncog. 2014, 19, 349–361.
Tsuji, T.; Ibaragi, S.; Hu, G.F. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell cooperativity in metastasis. Cancer Res. 2009, 69, 7135–7139.
Loh, C.-Y.; Chai, J.Y.; Tang, T.F.; Wong, W.F.; Sethi, G.; Shanmugam, M.K.; Chong, P.P.; Looi, C.Y. The E-Cadherin and N-Cadherin Switch in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: Signaling, Therapeutic Implications, and Challenges. Cells 2019, 8, 1118, doi:10.3390/cells8101118.
Goossens, S.; Vandamme, N.; Van Vlierberghe, P.; Berx, G. EMT transcription factors in cancer development re-evaluated: Beyond EMT and MET. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer 2017, 1868, 584–591, doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.006.
Gonzalez, D.M.; Medici, D. Signaling mechanisms of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Sci Signal. 2014, 7, re8-re8, doi:10.1126/scisignal.2005189.
Zhu, C.; Wei, Y.; Wei, X. AXL receptor tyrosine kinase as a promising anti-cancer approach: Functions, molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Mol. Cancer 2019, 18, 153, doi:10.1186/s12943-019-1090-3.
Colavito, S.A. AXL as a Target in Breast Cancer Therapy. J. Oncol. 2020, 2020, 5291952, doi:10.1155/2020/5291952.
Antony, J.; Huang, R.Y. AXL-Driven EMT State as a Targetable Conduit in Cancer. Cancer Res. 2017, 77, 3725–3732, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.Can-17-0392.
Liao, T.T.; Yang, M.H. Revisiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer metastasis: The connection between epithelial plasticity and stemness. Mol. Oncol. 2017, 11, 792–804, doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12096.
Jolly, M.K.; Jia, D.; Boareto, M.; Mani, S.A.; Pienta, K.J.; Ben-Jacob, E.; Levine, H. Coupling the modules of EMT and stemness: A tunable ‘stemness window’ model. Oncotarget 2015, 6, 25161–25174, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4629.
Morel, A.P.; Lievre, M.; Thomas, C.; Hinkal, G.; Ansieau, S.; Puisieux, A. Generation of breast cancer stem cells through epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PLoS ONE 2008, 3, e2888, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002888.
Mani, S.A.; Guo, W.; Liao, M.J.; Eaton, E.N.; Ayyanan, A.; Zhou, A.Y.; Brooks, M.; Reinhard, F.; Zhang, C.C.; Shipitsin, M.; et al. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell 2008, 133, 704–715.
Wang, L.; Zuo, X.; Xie, K.; Wei, D. The Role of CD44 and Cancer Stem Cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 2018, 1692, 31–42, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7401-6_3.
Chen, C.; Zhao, S.; Karnad, A.; Freeman, J.W. The biology and role of CD44 in cancer progression: Therapeutic implications. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2018, 11, 64, doi:10.1186/s13045-018-0605-5.
Lapin, M.; Tjensvoll, K.; Oltedal, S.; Javle, M.; Smaaland, R.; Gilje, B.; Nordgård, O. Single-cell mRNA profiling reveals transcriptional heterogeneity among pancreatic circulating tumour cells. BMC Cancer 2017, 17, 1–10, doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3385-3.
Zhao, R.; Cai, Z.; Li, S.; Cheng, Y.; Gao, H.; Liu, F.; Wu, S.; Liu, S.; Dong, Y.; Zheng, L.; et al. Expression and clinical relevance of epithelial and mesenchymal markers in circulating tumor cells from colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 9293–9302, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.14065.
Bystricky, B.; Jurisova, S.; Karaba, M.; Minarik, G.; Benca, J.; Sedlácková, T.; Tothova, L.; Vlkova, B.; Cierna, Z.; Janega, P.; et al. Relationship between circulating tumor cells and tissue plasminogen activator in patients with early breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 2017, 37, 1787–1791, doi:10.21873/anticanres.11512.
Li, S.; Chen, Q.; Li, H.; Wu, Y.; Feng, J.; Yan, Y. Mesenchymal circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and OCT4 mRNA expression in CTCs for prognosis prediction in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Clinical and Translational Oncology 2017, 19, 1147–1153, doi:10.1007/s12094-017-1652-z.
Chebouti, I.; Kasimir-Bauer, S.; Buderath, P.; Wimberger, P.; Hauch, S.; Kimmig, R.; Kuhlmann, J.D. EMT-like circulating tumor cells in ovarian cancer patients are enriched by platinum-based chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 48820–48831, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.16179.
Togo, S.; Katagiri, N.; Namba, Y.; Tulafu, M.; Nagahama, K.; Kadoya, K.; Takamochi, K.; Oh, S.; Suzuki, K.; Sakurai, F.; et al. Sensitive detection of viable circulating tumor cells using a novel conditionally telomerase-selective replicating adenovirus in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 34884–34895, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.16818.
Satelli, A.; Batth, I.; Brownlee, Z.; Mitra, A.; Zhou, S.; Noh, H.; Rojas, C.R.; Li, H.; Meng, Q.H.; Li, S. EMT circulating tumor cells detected by cell-surface vimentin are associated with prostate cancer progression. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 49329–49337, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.17632.
Lindsay, C.R.; Faugeroux, V.; Michiels, S.; Pailler, E.; Facchinetti, F.; Ou, D.; Bluthgen, M.V.; Pannet, C.; Ngo-Camus, M.; Bescher, G.; et al. A prospective examination of circulating tumor cell profiles in non-small-cell lung cancer molecular subgroups. Ann. Oncol. 2017, 28, 1523–1531, doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx156.
Bredemeier, M.; Edimiris, P.; Mach, P.; Kubista, M.; Sjöback, R.; Rohlova, E.; Kolostova, K.; Hauch, S.; Aktas, B.; Tewes, M.; et al. Gene expression signatures in circulating tumor cells correlate with response to therapy in metastatic breast cancer. Clin. Chem. 2017, 63, 1585–1593, doi:10.1373/clinchem.2016.269605.
Wu, F.; Zhu, J.; Mao, Y.; Li, X.; Hu, B.; Zhang, D. Associations between the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Phenotypes of Circulating Tumor Cells and the Clinicopathological Features of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Dis. Markers 2017, 2017, doi:10.1155/2017/9474532.
Ning, Y.; Zhang, W.; Hanna, D.L.; Yang, D.; Okazaki, S.; Berger, M.D.; Miyamoto, Y.; Suenaga, M.; Schirripa, M.; El-Khoueiry, A.; et al. Clinical relevance of EMT and stem-like gene expression in circulating tumor cells of metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Pharmacogenomics J. 2018, 18, 29–34, doi:10.1038/tpj.2016.62.
Sun, Y.F.; Guo, W.; Xu, Y.; Shi, Y.H.; Gong, Z.J.; Ji, Y.; Du, M.; Zhang, X.; Hu, B.; Huang, A.; et al. Circulating tumor cells from different vascular sites exhibit spatial heterogeneity in epithelial and mesenchymal composition and distinct clinical significance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2018, 24, 547– 559, doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-1063.
Markou, A.; Lazaridou, M.; Paraskevopoulos, P.; Chen, S.; Swierczewska, M.; Budna, J.; Kuske, A.; Gorges, T.M.; Joosse, S.A.; Kroneis, T.; et al. Multiplex Gene Expression Profiling of In Vivo Isolated Circulating Tumor Cells in High-Risk Prostate Cancer Patients. Clin. Chem. 2018, 64, 297–306, doi:10.1373/clinchem.2017.275503.
Wang, Z.; Luo, L.; Cheng, Y.; He, G.; Peng, B.; Gao, Y.; Jiang, Z.s.; Pan, M.X. Correlation Between Postoperative Early Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Mesenchymal Circulating Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2018, 22, 633–639, doi:10.1007/s11605-017-3619-3.
Qi, L.N.; Xiang, B.D.; Wu, F.X.; Ye, J.Z.; Zhong, J.H.; Wang, Y.Y.; Chen, Y.Y.; Chen, Z.S.; Ma, L.; Chen, J.; et al. Circulating tumor cells undergoing emt provide a metric for diagnosis and prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2018, 78, 4731–4744, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-2459.
Ou, H.; Huang, Y.; Xiang, L.; Chen, Z.; Fang, Y.; Lin, Y.; Cui, Z.; Yu, S.; Li, X.; Yang, D. Circulating Tumor Cell Phenotype Indicates Poor Survival and Recurrence After Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2018, 63, 2373–2380, doi:10.1007/s10620-018-5124-2.
Wang, W.; Wan, L.; Wu, S.; Yang, J.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, F.; Wu, Z.; Cheng, Y. Mesenchymal marker and LGR5 expression levels in circulating tumor cells correlate with colorectal cancer prognosis. Cell. Oncol. 2018, 41, 495–504, doi:10.1007/s13402-018-0386-4.
Yin, L.C.; Luo, Z.C.; Gao, Y.X.; Li, Y.; Peng, Q.; Gao, Y. Twist expression in circulating hepatocellular carcinoma cells predicts metastasis and prognoses. BioMed Research International 2018, 2018, doi:10.1155/2018/3789613.
Han, D.; Chen, K.; Che, J.; Hang, J.; Li, H. Detection of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Status of Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Carcinoma. BioMed Research International 2018, 2018, doi:10.1155/2018/7610154.
De Wit, S.; Manicone, M.; Rossi, E.; Lampignano, R.; Yang, L.; Zill, B.; Rengel-Puertas, A.; Ouhlen, M.; Crespo, M.; Berghuis, A.M.S.; et al. EpCAMhigh and EpCAMlow circulating tumor cells in metastatic prostate and breast cancer patients. Oncotarget 2018, 9, 35705–35716.
Pereira-Veiga, T.; Martínez-Fernández, M.; Abuin, C.; Piñeir, R.; Cebey, V.; Cueva, J.; Palacios, P.; Blanco, C.; Muinelo-Romay, L.; Abalo, A.; et al. CTCs expression profiling for advanced breast cancer monitoring. Cancers (Basel) 2019, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3390/cancers11121941.
Papadaki, M.A.; Stoupis, G.; Theodoropoulos, P.A.; Mavroudis, D.; Georgoulias, V.; Agelaki, S. Circulating tumor cells with stemness and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition features are chemoresistant and predictive of poor outcome in metastatic breast cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2019, 18, 437–447, doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-18-0584.
Zhang, X.; Wei, L.; Li, J.; Zheng, J.; Zhang, S.; Zhou, J. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype of circulating tumor cells is associated with distant metastasis in patients with NSCLC. In Mol. Med. Report., 2019; Vol. 19, pp 601-608.
Yang, Y.J.; Kong, Y.Y.; Li, G.X.; Wang, Y.; Ye, D.W.; Dai, B. Phenotypes of circulating tumour cells predict time to castration resistance in metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2019, 124, 258–267, doi:10.1111/bju.14642.
Guan, X.; Ma, F.; Li, C.; Wu, S.; Hu, S.; Huang, J.; Sun, X.; Wang, J.; Luo, Y.; Cai, R.; et al. The prognostic and therapeutic implications of circulating tumor cell phenotype detection based on epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in the first-line chemotherapy of HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2019, 39, 1, doi:10.1186/s40880-018-0346-4.
Zhao, X.H.; Wang, Z.R.; Chen, C.L.; Di, L.; Bi, Z.F.; Li, Z.H.; Liu, Y.M. Molecular detection of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in circulating tumor cells from pancreatic cancer patients: Potential role in clinical practice. World J. Gastroenterol. 2019, 25, 138–150, doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i1.138.
Que, Z.; Luo, B.; Zhou, Z.; Dong, C.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, L.; Shi, Q.; Tian, J. Establishment and characterization of a patient-derived circulating lung tumor cell line in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Cell Int. 2019, 19, 1–14, doi:10.1186/s12935-019-0735-z.
Zmetakova, I.; Kalinkova, L.; Smolkova, B.; Horvathova Kajabova, V.; Cierna, Z.; Danihel, L.; Bohac, M.; Sedlackova, T.; Minarik, G.; Karaba, M.; et al. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 23 hypermethylation predicts decreased disease-free survival in low-risk breast cancer patients. In Cancer Sci., 2019; Vol. 110, pp 1695-1704.
Gasparini-Junior, J.L.; Fanelli, M.F.; Abdallah, E.A.; Chinen, L.T.D. Evaluating mmp-2 and tgfß-ri expression in circulating tumor cells of pancreatic cancer patients and their correlation with clinical evolution. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva 2019, 32, 2–5, doi:10.1590/0102-672020190001e1433.
Liao, C.J.; Hsieh, C.H.; Hung, F.C.; Wang, H.M.; Chou, W.P.; Wu, M.H. The Integration of a Three-Dimensional Spheroid Cell Culture Operation in a Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) Isolation and Purification Process: A Preliminary Study of the Clinical Significance and Prognostic Role of the CTCs Isolated from the Blood Samples of Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2019, 11, doi:10.3390/cancers11060783.
Manjunath, Y.; Upparahalli, S.V.; Avella, D.M.; Deroche, C.B.; Kimchi, E.T.; Staveley-O’Carroll, K.F.; Smith, C.J.; Li, G.; Kaifi, J.T. PD-L1 Expression with Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition of Circulating Tumor Cells Is Associated with Poor Survival in Curatively Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019, 11, doi:10.3390/cancers11060806.
Pan, L.; Yan, G.; Chen, W.; Sun, L.; Wang, J.; Yang, J. Distribution of circulating tumor cell phenotype in early cervical cancer. Cancer Manag. Res. 2019, 11, 5531–5536, doi:10.2147/CMAR.S198391.
de Miguel-Perez, D.; Bayarri-Lara, C.I.; Ortega, F.G.; Russo, A.; Moyano Rodriguez, M.J.; Alvarez-Cubero, M.J.; Maza Serrano, E.; Lorente, J.A.; Rolfo, C.; Serrano, M.J. Post-Surgery Circulating Tumor Cells and AXL Overexpression as New Poor Prognostic Biomarkers in Resected Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019, 11, doi:10.3390/cancers11111750.
Hu, B.; Tian, X.; Li, Y.; Liu, Y.; Yang, T.; Han, Z.; An, J.; Kong, L.; Li, Y. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition may be involved in the immune evasion of circulating gastric tumor cells via downregulation of ULBP1. Cancer medicine 2020, 10.1002/cam4.2871, 1-12, doi:10.1002/cam4.2871.
Jie, X.X.; Zhang, X.Y.; Xu, C.J. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, circulating tumor cells and cancer metastasis: Mechanisms and clinical applications. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 81558–81571, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18277.
Tsai, J.; Yang, J. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in carcinoma metastasis. Genes Dev. 2013, 27, 2192–2206, doi:10.1101/gad.225334.113.
Pearson, G.W. Control of Invasion by Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Programs during Metastasis. J. of clinical medicine 2019, 8, 646, doi:10.3390/jcm8050646.
Gilles, C.; Newgreen, D.; Sato, H.; Thompson, E.W. Matrix Metalloproteases and Epithelia-to-mesenchymal transition: Implications for carcinoma metastasis. In Rise and Fall of Epithelial Phenotype: Concepts of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition., Savagner, P., Ed. Springer: Boston, MA, USA 2005; pp. 1-19.
Ota, I.; Li, X.Y.; Hu, Y.; Weiss, S.J. Induction of a MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP-dependent basement membrane transmigration program in cancer cells by Snail1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2009, 106, 20318– 20323, doi:10.1073/pnas.0910962106
Dhar, M.; Lam, J.N.; Walser, T.; Dubinett, S.M.; Rettig, M.B.; Di Carlo, D. Functional profiling of circulating tumor cells with an integrated vortex capture and single-cell protease activity assay. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2018, 115, 9986–9991, doi:10.1073/pnas.1803884115.
Kallergi, G.; Markomanolaki, H.; Giannoukaraki, V.; Papadaki, M.A.; Strati, A.; Lianidou, E.S.; Georgoulias, V.; Mavroudis, D.; Agelaki, S. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in circulating tumor cells of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 2009, 11, R84, doi:10.1186/bcr2452.
Labelle, M.; Begum, S.; Hynes, R.O. Direct signaling between platelets and cancer cells induces an epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition and promotes metastasis. Cancer Cell 2011, 20, 576–590, doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.09.009.
Bockhorn, M.; Jain, R.K.; Munn, L.L. Active versus passive mechanisms in metastasis: Do cancer cells crawl into vessels, or are they pushed? Lancet. Oncol. 2007, 8, 444–448, doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(07)70140-7.
Alpaugh, M.L.; Tomlinson, J.S.; Kasraeian, S.; Barsky, S.H. Cooperative role of E-cadherin and sialyl-Lewis X/A-deficient MUC1 in the passive dissemination of tumor emboli in inflammatory breast carcinoma. Oncogene 2002, 21, 3631–3643, doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205389.
Bednarz-Knoll, N.; Alix-Panabieres, C.; Pantel, K. Plasticity of disseminating cancer cells in patients with epithelial malignancies. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2012, 31, 673–687.
Aceto, N. Bring along your friends: Homotypic and heterotypic circulating tumor cell clustering to accelerate metastasis. Biomedical J. 2020, 43, 18–23, doi:10.1016/j.bj.2019.11.002.
Fabisiewicz, A.; Grzybowska, E. CTC clusters in cancer progression and metastasis. Med. Oncol. 2017, 34, 1–10, doi:10.1007/s12032-016-0875-0.
Watanabe, S. The metastasizability of tumor cells. Cancer 1954, 7, 215–223, doi:10.1002/1097-0142(195403)7:2<215::aid-cncr2820070203>3.0.co;2-6.
Fidler, I.J. The relationship of embolic homogeneity, number, size and viability to the incidence of experimental metastasis. Eur. J. Cancer 1973, 9, 223–227.
Liotta, L.a.; Kleinerman, J.; Saidel, G.M. The significance of hematogenous tumor cell clumps in the metastatic process. Cancer Res. 1976, 36, 889–894.
Aceto, N.; Bardia, A.; Miyamoto, D.T.; Donaldson, M.C.; Wittner, B.S.; Spencer, J.A.; Yu, M.; Pely, A.; Engstrom, A.; Zhu, H.; et al. Circulating tumor cell clusters are oligoclonal precursors of breast cancer metastasis. Cell 2014, 158, 1110–1122, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.013.
Cheung, K.J.; Padmanaban, V.; Silvestri, V.; Schipper, K.; Cohen, J.D.; Fairchild, A.N.; Gorin, M.A.; Verdone, J.E.; Pienta, K.J.; Bader, J.S.; et al. Polyclonal breast cancer metastases arise from collective dissemination of keratin 14-expressing tumor cell clusters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2016, 113, E854-863, doi:10.1073/pnas.1508541113.
Liu, X.; Taftaf, R.; Kawaguchi, M.; Chang, Y.F.; Chen, W.; Entenberg, D.; Zhang, Y.; Gerratana, L.; Huang, S.; Patel, D.B.; et al. Homophilic CD44 interactions mediate tumor cell aggregation and polyclonal metastasis in patient-derived breast cancer models. Cancer Discov. 2019, 9, 96–113, doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-18-0065.
Glinsky, V.V.; Glinsky, G.V.; Glinskii, O.V.; Huxley, V.H.; Turk, J.R.; Mossine, V.V.; Deutscher, S.L.; Pienta, K.J.; Quinn, T.P. Intravascular metastatic cancer cell homotypic aggregation at the sites of primary attachment to the endothelium. Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 3805–3811.
Nagai, T.; Ishikawa, T.; Minami, Y.; Nishita, M. Tactics of cancer invasion: Solitary and collective invasion. J. Biochem. 2020, 167, 347–355, doi:10.1093/jb/mvaa003.
Campbell, K.; Casanova, J. A common framework for EMT and collective cell migration. Development 2016, 143, 4291–4300, doi:10.1242/dev.139071.
Strilic, B.; Offermanns, S. Intravascular Survival and Extravasation of Tumor Cells. Cancer Cell 2017, 32, 282–293, doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2017.07.001.
Heeke, S.; Mograbi, B.; Alix-Panabieres, C.; Hofman, P. Never Travel Alone: The Crosstalk of Circulating Tumor Cells and the Blood Microenvironment. Cells 2019, 8, doi:10.3390/cells8070714.
Chambers, A.F.; Groom, A.C.; MacDonald, I.C. Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2002, 2, 563–572.
Cao, Z.; Livas, T.; Kyprianou, N. Anoikis and EMT: Lethal “Liaisons” during Cancer Progression. Crit. Rev. Oncog. 2016, 21, 155–168, doi:10.1615/CritRevOncog.2016016955.
Gupta, S.; Maitra, A. EMT: Matter of Life or Death? Cell 2016, 164, 840–842, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.024.
Mitra, A.; Mishra, L.; Li, S. EMT, CTCs and CSCs in tumor relapse and drug-resistance. Oncotarget 2015, 6, 10697–10711, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4037.
Santamaria, P.G.; Moreno-Bueno, G.; Cano, A. Contribution of Epithelial Plasticity to Therapy Resistance. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, doi:10.3390/jcm8050676.
Song, K.A.; Faber, A.C. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and drug resistance: Transitioning away from death. In J. Thorac. Dis., 2019; Vol. 11, pp. E82-85.
Staalduinen, J.v.; Baker, D.; Dijke, P.t.; Dam, H.v. Epithelial–mesenchymal-transition-inducing transcription factors: New targets for tackling chemoresistance in cancer? Oncogene 2018, 37, 6195–6211, doi:doi:10.1038/s41388-018-0378-x.
Shibue, T.; Weinberg, R.A. EMT, CSCs, and drug resistance: The mechanistic link and clinical implications. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2017, 14, 611–629, doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.44.
Kallergi, G.; Agelaki, S.; Kalykaki, A.; Stournaras, C.; Mavroudis, D.; Georgoulias, V. Phosphorylated EGFR and PI3K/Akt signaling kinases are expressed in circulating tumor cells of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 2008, 10, R80, doi:10.1186/bcr2149.
Aktas, B.; Tewes, M.; Fehm, T.; Hauch, S.; Kimmig, R.; Kasimir-Bauer, S. Stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers are frequently overexpressed in circulating tumor cells of metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 2009, 11, R46.
Kallergi, G.; Papadaki, M.A.; Politaki, E.; Mavroudis, D.; Georgoulias, V.; Agelaki, S. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers expressed in circulating tumour cells of early and metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 2011, 13, R59, doi:10.1186/bcr2896.
Barriere, G.; Riouallon, A.; Renaudie, J.; Tartary, M.; Rigaud, M. Mesenchymal and stemness circulating tumor cells in early breast cancer diagnosis. BMC Cancer 2012, 12, 114, doi:10.1186/1471-2407-12-114.
Barriere, G.; Riouallon, A.; Renaudie, J.; Tartary, M.; Rigaud, M. Mesenchymal characterization: Alternative to simple CTC detection in two clinical trials. Anticancer Res. 2012, 32, 3363–3369, doi:32/8/3363 [pii].
Kasimir-Bauer, S.; Hoffmann, O.; Wallwiener, D.; Kimmig, R.; Fehm, T. Expression of stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in primary breast cancer patients with circulating tumor cells. Breast Cancer Res. 2012, 14, R15, doi:10.1186/bcr3099.
Hanssen, A.; Wagner, J.; Gorges, T.M.; Taenzer, A.; Uzunoglu, F.G.; Driemel, C.; Stoecklein, N.H.; Knoefel, W.T.; Angenendt, S.; Hauch, S.; et al. Characterization of different CTC subpopulations in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 28010, doi:10.1038/srep28010.
Todenhofer, T.; Hennenlotter, J.; Dorner, N.; Kuhs, U.; Aufderklamm, S.; Rausch, S.; Bier, S.; Mischinger, J.; Schellbach, D.; Hauch, S.; et al. Transcripts of circulating tumor cells detected by a breast cancer-specific platform correlate with clinical stage in bladder cancer patients. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2016, 142, 1013– 1020, doi:10.1007/s00432-016-2129-0.
Hong, Y.; Fang, F.; Zhang, Q. Circulating tumor cell clusters: What we know and what we expect (Review). Int. J. Oncol. 2016, 49, 2206–2216, doi:10.3892/ijo.2016.3747.
Molnar, B.; Ladanyi, A.; Tanko, L.; Sreter, L.; Tulassay, Z. Circulating tumor cell clusters in the peripheral blood of colorectal cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001, 7, 4080–4085.
Cho, E.H.; Wendel, M.; Luttgen, M.; Yoshioka, C.; Marrinucci, D.; Lazar, D.; Schram, E.; Nieva, J.; Bazhenova, L.; Morgan, A.; et al. Characterization of circulating tumor cell aggregates identified in patients with epithelial tumors. Phys. Biol. 2012, 9, 016001, doi:10.1088/1478-3975/9/1/016001.
Krebs, M.G.; Hou, J.M.; Sloane, R.; Lancashire, L.; Priest, L.; Nonaka, D.; Ward, T.H.; Backen, A.; Clack, G.; Hughes, A.; et al. Analysis of circulating tumor cells in patients with non-small cell lung cancer using epithelial marker-dependent and-independent approaches. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2012, 7, 306–315, doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e31823c5c16.
Yu, M.; Bardia, A.; Wittner, B.S.; Stott, S.L.; Smas, M.E.; Ting, D.T.; Isakoff, S.J.; Ciciliano, J.C.; Wells, M.N.; Shah, A.M.; et al. Circulating breast tumor cells exhibit dynamic changes in epithelial and mesenchymal composition. Science 2013, 339, 580–584, doi:339/6119/580 [pii];10.1126/science.1228522 [doi].
Mu, Z.; Wang, C.; Ye, Z.; Austin, L.; Civan, J.; Hyslop, T.; Palazzo, J.P.; Jaslow, R.; Li, B.; Myers, R.E.; et al. Prospective assessment of the prognostic value of circulating tumor cells and their clusters in patients with advanced-stage breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2015, 154, 563–571, doi:10.1007/s10549-015-3636-4.
Paoletti, C.; Li, Y.; Muniz, M.C.; Kidwell, K.M.; Aung, K.; Thomas, D.G.; Brown, M.E.; Abramson, V.G.; Irvin, W.J., Jr.; Lin, N.U.; et al. Significance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients within a Randomized, Phase II Trial: TBCRC 019. Clin. Cancer Res. 2015, 21, 2771–2779, doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2781.
Wang, C.; Mu, Z.; Chervoneva, I.; Austin, L.; Ye, Z.; Rossi, G.; Palazzo, J.P.; Sun, C.; Abu-Khalaf, M.; Myers, R.E.; et al. Longitudinally collected CTCs and CTC-clusters and clinical outcomes of metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2017, 161, 83–94, doi:10.1007/s10549-016-4026-2.
Hou, J.M.; Krebs, M.G.; Lancashire, L.; Sloane, R.; Backen, A.; Swain, R.K.; Priest, L.J.; Greystoke, A.; Zhou, C.; Morris, K.; et al. Clinical significance and molecular characteristics of circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor microemboli in patients with small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012, 30, 525–532, doi:10.1200/jco.2010.33.3716.
Costa, C.; Muinelo-Romay, L.; Cebey-Lopez, V.; Pereira-Veiga, T.; Martinez-Pena, I.; Abreu, M.; Abalo, A.; Lago-Leston, R.M.; Abuin, C.; Palacios, P.; et al. Analysis of a Real-World Cohort of Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Shows Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters (CTC-clusters) as Predictors of Patient Outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 2020, 12, doi:10.3390/cancers12051111.
Al Habyan, S.; Kalos, C.; Szymborski, J.; McCaffrey, L. Multicellular detachment generates metastatic spheroids during intra-abdominal dissemination in epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2018, 37, 5127–5135, doi:10.1038/s41388-018-0317-x.
Jansson, S.; Bendahl, P.O.; Larsson, A.M.; Aaltonen, K.E.; Rydén, L. Prognostic impact of circulating tumor cell apoptosis and clusters in serial blood samples from patients with metastatic breast cancer in a prospective observational cohort. BMC Cancer 2016, 16, 1–15, doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2406-y.
Friedlander, T.W.; Ngo, V.T.; Dong, H.; Premasekharan, G.; Weinberg, V.; Doty, S.; Zhao, Q.; Gilbert, E.G.; Ryan, C.J.; Chen, W.T.; et al. Detection and characterization of invasive circulating tumor cells derived from men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int. J. Cancer 2014, 134, 2284–2293, doi:10.1002/ijc.28561.
Bulfoni, M.; Gerratana, L.; Del Ben, F.; Marzinotto, S.; Sorrentino, M.; Turetta, M.; Scoles, G.; Toffoletto, B.; Isola, M.; Beltrami, C.A.; et al. In patients with metastatic breast cancer the identification of circulating tumor cells in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is associated with a poor prognosis. Breast Cancer Res. 2016, 18, 30, doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0687-3.
Boareto, M.; Jolly, M.K.; Goldman, A.; Pietila, M.; Mani, S.A.; Sengupta, S.; Ben-Jacob, E.; Levine, H.; Onuchic, J.N. Notch-Jagged signalling can give rise to clusters of cells exhibiting a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype. J. R Soc. Interface 2016, 13, doi:10.1098/rsif.2015.1106.
Hou, J.M.; Krebs, M.; Ward, T.; Sloane, R.; Priest, L.; Hughes, A.; Clack, G.; Ranson, M.; Blackhall, F.; Dive, C. Circulating tumor cells as a window on metastasis biology in lung cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 2011, 178, 989– 996, doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.003.
Aceto, N.; Toner, M.; Maheswaran, S.; Haber, D.A. En Route to Metastasis: Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Trends in cancer 2015, 1, 44–52, doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2015.07.006.
Duda, D.G.; Duyverman, A.M.; Kohno, M.; Snuderl, M.; Steller, E.J.; Fukumura, D.; Jain, R.K. Malignant cells facilitate lung metastasis by bringing their own soil. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107, 21677– 21682, doi:10.1073/pnas.1016234107.
Ruf, W.; Rothmeier, A.S.; Graf, C. Targeting clotting proteins in cancer therapy-progress and challenges. Thromb. Res. 2016, 140 Suppl 1, S1-7, doi:10.1016/s0049-3848(16)30090-1.
Unlu, B.; Versteeg, H.H. Cancer-associated thrombosis: The search for the holy grail continues. Res. Pract Thromb Haemost 2018, 2, 622–629, doi:10.1002/rth2.12143.
Hisada, Y.; Mackman, N. Tissue Factor and Cancer: Regulation, Tumor Growth, and Metastasis. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 2019, 45, 385–395, doi:10.1055/s-0039-1687894.
Bystricky, B.; Reuben, J.M.; Mego, M. Circulating tumor cells and coagulation-Minireview. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2017, 114, 33–42, doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.04.003.
Mitrugno, A.; Tormoen, G.W.; Kuhn, P.; McCarty, O.J. The prothrombotic activity of cancer cells in the circulation. Blood Rev. 2016, 30, 11–19, doi:10.1016/j.blre.2015.07.001.
Beinse, G.; Berger, F.; Cottu, P.; Dujaric, M.E.; Kriegel, I.; Guilhaume, M.N.; Dieras, V.; Cabel, L.; Pierga, J.Y.; Bidard, F.C. Circulating tumor cell count and thrombosis in metastatic breast cancer. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2017, 15, 1981–1988, doi:10.1111/jth.13792.
Mego, M.; De Giorgi, U.; Broglio, K.; Dawood, S.; Valero, V.; Andreopoulou, E.; Handy, B.; Reuben, J.M.; Cristofanilli, M. Circulating tumour cells are associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism in metastatic breast cancer patients. Br. J. Cancer 2009, 101, 1813–1816, doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605413.
Kirwan, C.C.; Descamps, T.; Castle, J. Circulating tumour cells and hypercoagulability: A lethal relationship in metastatic breast cancer. Clin. Transl. Oncol. 2019, 10.1007/s12094-019-02197-6, doi:10.1007/s12094-019-02197-6.
Najidh, S.; Versteeg, H.H.; Buijs, J.T. A systematic review on the effects of direct oral anticoagulants on cancer growth and metastasis in animal models. Thromb. Res. 2020, 187, 18–27, doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2019.12.022.
Mosarla, R.C.; Vaduganathan, M.; Qamar, A.; Moslehi, J.; Piazza, G.; Giugliano, R.P. Anticoagulation Strategies in Patients With Cancer: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2019, 73, 1336– 1349, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.017.
Schlesinger, M. Role of platelets and platelet receptors in cancer metastasis. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2018, 11, 125, doi:10.1186/s13045-018-0669-2.
Haemmerle, M.; Stone, R.L.; Menter, D.G.; Afshar-Kharghan, V.; Sood, A.K. The Platelet Lifeline to Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities. Cancer Cell 2018, 33, 965–983, doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.002.
Li, N. Platelets in cancer metastasis: To help the “villain” to do evil. Int. J. Cancer 2016, 138, 2078–2087, doi:10.1002/ijc.29847.
Remiker, A.S.; Palumbo, J.S. Mechanisms coupling thrombin to metastasis and tumorigenesis. Thromb. Res. 2018, 164 Suppl 1, S29-s33, doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2017.12.020.
Tesfamariam, B. Involvement of platelets in tumor cell metastasis. Pharmacol. Ther. 2016, 157, 112–119, doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.005.
Gong, L.; Cai, Y.; Zhou, X.; Yang, H. Activated platelets interact with lung cancer cells through P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. Pathology and Oncology Research 2012, 18, 989–996, doi:10.1007/s12253-012-9531-y.
Lonsdorf, A.S.; Krämer, B.F.; Fahrleitner, M.; Schönberger, T.; Gnerlich, S.; Ring, S.; Gehring, S.; Schneider, S.W.; Kruhlak, M.J.; Meuth, S.G.; et al. Engagement of αIIbβ3 (GPIIb/IIIa) with ανβ3 integrin mediates interaction of melanoma cells with platelets: A connection to hematogenous metastasis. The J. of biological chemistry 2012, 287, 2168–2178, doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.269811.
Ward, Y.; Lake, R.; Faraji, F.; Sperger, J.; Martin, P.; Gilliard, C.; Ku, K.P.; Rodems, T.; Niles, D.; Tillman, H.; et al. Platelets Promote Metastasis via Binding Tumor CD97 Leading to Bidirectional Signaling that Coordinates Transendothelial Migration. Cell Rep. 2018, 23, 808–822, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.092.
Chen, M.; Geng, J.-G. P-selectin mediates adhesion of leukocytes, platelets, and cancer cells in inflammation, thrombosis, and cancer growth and metastasis. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.) 2006, 54, 75–84, doi:10.1007/s00005-006-0010-6.
Qi, C.L.; Wei, B.; Ye, J.; Yang; Li, B.; Zhang, Q.Q.; Li, J.C.; He, X.D.; Lan, T.; Wang, L.J. P-selectin-mediated platelet adhesion promotes the metastasis of murine melanoma cells. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, 1–7, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091320.
Biggerstaff, J.P.; Seth, N.; Amirkhosravi, A.; Amaya, M.; Fogarty, S.; Meyer, T.V.; Siddiqui, F.; Francis, J.L. Soluble fibrin augments platelet/tumor cell adherence in vitro and in vivo, and enhances experimental metastasis. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 1999, 17, 723–730, doi:10.1023/a:1006763827882.
Alves, C.S.; Burdick, M.M.; Thomas, S.N.; Pawar, P.; Konstantopoulos, K. The dual role of CD44 as a functional P-selectin ligand and fibrin receptor in colon carcinoma cell adhesion. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2008, 294, C907-C916, doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00463.2007.
Egan, K.; Cooke, N.; Kenny, D. Living in shear: Platelets protect cancer cells from shear induced damage. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 2014, 31, 697–704, doi:10.1007/s10585-014-9660-7.
Nieswandt, B.; Hafner, M.; Echtenacher, B.; Männel, D.N. Lysis of tumor cells by natural killer cells in mice is impeded by platelets. Cancer Res. 1999, 59, 1295–1300.
Palumbo, J.S.; Talmage, K.E.; Massari, J.V.; La Jeunesse, C.M.; Flick, M.J.; Kombrinck, K.W.; Jirouskova, M.; Degen, J.L. Platelets and fibrin(ogen) increase metastatic potential by impeding natural killer cell-mediated elimination of tumor cells. Blood 2005, 105, 178–185, doi:10.1182/blood-2004-06-2272.
Placke, T.; Orgel, M.; Schaller, M.; Jung, G.; Rammensee, H.G.; Kopp, H.G.; Salih, H.R. Platelet-derived MHC class I confers a pseudonormal phenotype to cancer cells that subverts the antitumor reactivity of natural killer immune cells. Cancer Res. 2012, 72, 440–448, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.Can-11-1872.
Biggerstaff, J.P.; Weidow, B.; Dexheimer, J.; Warnes, G.; Vidosh, J.; Patel, S.; Newman, M.; Patel, P. Soluble fibrin inhibits lymphocyte adherence and cytotoxicity against tumor cells: Implications for cancer metastasis and immunotherapy. Clin.Appl.Thromb.Hemost. 2008, 14, 193–202, doi:10.1177/1076029607305619.
Labelle, M.; Begum, S.; Hynes, R.O. Platelets guide the formation of early metastatic niches. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, 111, E3053-3061, doi:10.1073/pnas.1411082111.
Im, J.H.; Fu, W.; Wang, H.; Bhatia, S.K.; Hammer, D.A.; Kowalska, M.A.; Muschel, R.J. Coagulation facilitates tumor cell spreading in the pulmonary vasculature during early metastatic colony formation. Cancer Res. 2004, 64, 8613–8619, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2078.
Osmani, N.; Follain, G.; García León, M.J.; Lefebvre, O.; Busnelli, I.; Larnicol, A.; Harlepp, S.; Goetz, J.G. Metastatic Tumor Cells Exploit Their Adhesion Repertoire to Counteract Shear Forces during Intravascular Arrest. Cell Rep. 2019, 28, 2491-2500.e2495, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.102.
Gaddes, E.R.; Lee, D.; Gydush, G.; Wang, Y.; Dong, C. Regulation of fibrin-mediated tumor cell adhesion to the endothelium using anti-thrombin aptamer. Exp. Cell Res. 2015, 339, 417–426, doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.010.
Bendas, G.; Borsig, L. Cancer cell adhesion and metastasis: Selectins, integrins, and the inhibitory potential of heparins. Int. J. Cell Biol. 2012, 2012, doi:10.1155/2012/676731.
Gil-Bernabé, A.M.; Lucotti, S.; Muschel, R.J. Coagulation And Metastasis: What Does The Experimental Literature Tell Us? Br. J. Haematol. 2013, 162, 433–441, doi:10.1111/bjh.12381.
Mueller, B.M.; Reisfeld, R.A.; Edgington, T.S.; Ruf, W. Expression of tissue factor by melanoma cells promotes efficient hematogenous metastasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1992, 89, 11832–11836, doi:10.1073/pnas.89.24.11832.
Ngo, C.V.; Picha, K.; McCabe, F.; Millar, H.; Tawadros, R.; Tam, S.H.; Nakada, M.T.; Anderson, G.M. CNTO 859, a humanized anti-tissue factor monoclonal antibody, is a potent inhibitor of breast cancer metastasis and tumor growth in xenograft models. Int. J. Cancer 2007, 120, 1261–1267, doi:10.1002/ijc.22426.
Saito, Y.; Hashimoto, Y.; Kuroda, J.; Yasunaga, M.; Koga, Y.; Takahashi, A.; Matsumura, Y. The inhibition of pancreatic cancer invasion-metastasis cascade in both cellular signal and blood coagulation cascade of tissue factor by its neutralisation antibody. Eur. J. Cancer 2011, 47, 2230–2239, doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.04.028.
Amarzguioui, M.; Peng, Q.; Wiiger, M.T.; Vasovic, V.; Babaie, E.; Holen, T.; Nesland, J.M.; Prydz, H. Ex vivo and in vivo delivery of anti-tissue factor short interfering RNA inhibits mouse pulmonary metastasis of B16 melanoma cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12, 4055–4061, doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2482.
Palumbo, J.S.; Kombrinck, K.W.; Drew, A.F.; Grimes, T.S.; Kiser, J.H.; Degen, J.L.; Bugge, T.H. Fibrinogen is an important determinant of the metastatic potential of circulating tumor cells. Blood 2000, 96, 3302–3309.
Milsom, C.C.; Yu, J.L.; Mackman, N.; Micallef, J.; Anderson, G.M.; Guha, A.; Rak, J.W. Tissue factor regulation by epidermal growth factor receptor and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions: Effect on tumor initiation and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 10068–10076, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2067.
Bourcy, M.; Suarez-Carmona, M.; Lambert, J.; Francart, M.E.; Schroeder, H.; Delierneux, C.; Skrypek, N.; Thompson, E.W.; Jerusalem, G.; Berx, G.; et al. Tissue Factor Induced by Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Triggers a Procoagulant State That Drives Metastasis of Circulating Tumor Cells. Cancer Res. 2016, 76, 4270–4282, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2263.
Hu, Z.; Xu, J.; Cheng, J.; McMichael, E.; Yu, L.; Carson, W.E., 3rd. Targeting tissue factor as a novel therapeutic oncotarget for eradication of cancer stem cells isolated from tumor cell lines, tumor xenografts and patients of breast, lung and ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 1481–1494, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13644.
Hu, Z.; Shen, R.; Campbell, A.; McMichael, E.; Yu, L.; Ramaswamy, B.; London, C.A.; Xu, T.; Carson, W.E., 3rd. Targeting Tissue Factor for Immunotherapy of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Using a Second-Generation ICON. Cancer Immunol. Res. 2018, 6, 671–684, doi:10.1158/2326-6066.Cir-17-0343.
Francart, M.E.; Vanwynsberghe, A.M.; Lambert, J.; Bourcy, M.; Genna, A.; Ancel, J.; Perez-Boza, J.; Noel, A.; Birembaut, P.; Struman, I.; et al. Vimentin prevents a miR-dependent negative regulation of tissue factor mRNA during epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and facilitates early metastasis. Oncogene 2020, 39, 3680– 3692, doi:10.1038/s41388-020-1244-1.
Tao, L.; Zhang, L.; Peng, Y.; Tao, M.; Li, L.; Xiu, D.; Yuan, C.; Ma, Z.; Jiang, B. Neutrophils assist the metastasis of circulating tumor cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A new hypothesis and a new predictor for distant metastasis. Medicine 2016, 95, e4932-e4932, doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004932.
Najmeh, S.; Cools-Lartigue, J.; Rayes, R.F.; Gowing, S.; Vourtzoumis, P.; Bourdeau, F.; Giannias, B.; Berube, J.; Rousseau, S.; Ferri, L.E.; et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps sequester circulating tumor cells via beta1-integrin mediated interactions. Int. J. Cancer 2017, 140, 2321–2330, doi:10.1002/ijc.30635.
Zhang, P.; Ozdemir, T.; Chung, C.-Y.; Robertson, G.P.; Dong, C. Sequential binding of αVβ3 and ICAM-1 determines fibrin-mediated melanoma capture and stable adhesion to CD11b/CD18 on neutrophils. J. of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 2011, 186, 242–254, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1000494.
Chen, M.B.; Hajal, C.; Benjamin, D.C.; Yu, C.; Azizgolshani, H.; Hynes, R.O.; Kamm, R.D. Inflamed neutrophils sequestered at entrapped tumor cells via chemotactic confinement promote tumor cell extravasation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2018, 115, 7022–7027, doi:10.1073/pnas.1715932115.
Ozdemir, T.; Zhang, P.; Fu, C.; Dong, C. Fibrin serves as a divalent ligand that regulates neutrophil-mediated melanoma cells adhesion to endothelium under shear conditions. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2012, 302, C1189-1201, doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00346.2011.
Al-Haidari, A.A.; Algethami, N.; Lepsenyi, M.; Rahman, M.; Syk, I.; Thorlacius, H. Neutrophil extracellular traps promote peritoneal metastasis of colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 2019, 10, 1238–1249, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.26664.
Park, J.; Wysocki, R.W.; Amoozgar, Z.; Maiorino, L.; Fein, M.R.; Jorns, J.; Schott, A.F.; Kinugasa-Katayama, Y.; Lee, Y.; Won, N.H.; et al. Cancer cells induce metastasis-supporting neutrophil extracellular DNA traps. Sci. Transl. Med. 2016, 8, 361ra138, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aag1711.
Tohme, S.; Yazdani, H.O.; Al-Khafaji, A.B.; Chidi, A.P.; Loughran, P.; Mowen, K.; Wang, Y.; Simmons, R.L.; Huang, H.; Tsung, A. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote the Development and Progression of Liver Metastases after Surgical Stress. Cancer Res. 2016, 76, 1367–1380, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.Can-15-1591.
Rocks, N.; Vanwinge, C.; Radermecker, C.; Blacher, S.; Gilles, C.; Maree, R.; Gillard, A.; Evrard, B.; Pequeux, C.; Marichal, T.; et al. Ozone-primed neutrophils promote early steps of tumour cell metastasis to lungs by enhancing their NET production. Thorax 2019, 74, 768–779, doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-211990.
Huh, S.J.; Liang, S.; Sharma, A.; Dong, C.; Robertson, G.P. Transiently entrapped circulating tumor cells interact with neutrophils to facilitate lung metastasis development. Cancer Res. 2010, 70, 6071–6082, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.Can-09-4442.
Cedervall, J.; Zhang, Y.; Olsson, A.K. Tumor-Induced NETosis as a Risk Factor for Metastasis and Organ Failure. Cancer Res. 2016, 76, 4311–4315, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.Can-15-3051.
Demers, M.; Krause, D.S.; Schatzberg, D.; Martinod, K.; Voorhees, J.R.; Fuchs, T.A.; Scadden, D.T.; Wagner, D.D. Cancers predispose neutrophils to release extracellular DNA traps that contribute to cancer-associated thrombosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109, 13076–13081, doi:10.1073/pnas.1200419109.
Demers, M.; Wagner, D.D. NETosis: A new factor in tumor progression and cancer-associated thrombosis. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 2014, 40, 277–283, doi:10.1055/s-0034-1370765.
Savchenko, A.S.; Martinod, K.; Seidman, M.A.; Wong, S.L.; Borissoff, J.I.; Piazza, G.; Libby, P.; Goldhaber, S.Z.; Mitchell, R.N.; Wagner, D.D. Neutrophil extracellular traps form predominantly during the organizing stage of human venous thromboembolism development. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2014, 12, 860–870, doi:10.1111/jth.12571.
Leal, A.C.; Mizurini, D.M.; Gomes, T.; Rochael, N.C.; Saraiva, E.M.; Dias, M.S.; Werneck, C.C.; Sielski, M.S.; Vicente, C.P.; Monteiro, R.Q. Tumor-Derived Exosomes Induce the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Implications For The Establishment of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 6438, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06893-7.
Noubouossie, D.F.; Reeves, B.N.; Strahl, B.D.; Key, N.S. Neutrophils: Back in the thrombosis spotlight. Blood 2019, 133, 2186–2197, doi:10.1182/blood-2018-10-862243.
Snoderly, H.T.; Boone, B.A.; Bennewitz, M.F. Neutrophil extracellular traps in breast cancer and beyond: Current perspectives on NET stimuli, thrombosis and metastasis, and clinical utility for diagnosis and treatment. Breast Cancer Res. 2019, 21, 145, doi:10.1186/s13058-019-1237-6.
Berger-Achituv, S.; Brinkmann, V.; Abed, U.A.; Kuhn, L.I.; Ben-Ezra, J.; Elhasid, R.; Zychlinsky, A. A proposed role for neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer immunoediting. Front. Immunol. 2013, 4, 48, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00048.
Wen, L.; Guo, L.; Zhang, W.; Li, Y.; Jiang, W.; Di, X.; Ma, J.; Feng, L.; Zhang, K.; Shou, J. Cooperation Between the Inflammation and Coagulation Systems Promotes the Survival of Circulating Tumor Cells in Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients. Front. Oncol. 2019, 9, doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00504.
Palacios-Acedo, A.L.; Mège, D.; Crescence, L.; Dignat-George, F.; Dubois, C.; Panicot-Dubois, L. Platelets, Thrombo-Inflammation, and Cancer: Collaborating With the Enemy. Front. Immunol. 2019, 10, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01805.
Kang, J.H.; Choi, M.Y.; Cui, Y.H.; Kaushik, N.; Uddin, N.; Yoo, K.C.; Kim, M.J.; Lee, S.J. Regulation of FBXO4-mediated ICAM-1 protein stability in metastatic breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 83100–83113, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.20912.
Weingarten, C.; Jenudi, Y.; Tshuva, R.Y.; Moskovich, D.; Alfandari, A.; Hercbergs, A.; Davis, P.J.; Ellis, M.; Ashur-Fabian, O. The Interplay Between Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and the Thyroid Hormones-αvβ3 Axis in Ovarian Cancer. Hormones and Cancer 2018, 9, 22–32, doi:10.1007/s12672-017-0316-3.
Mori, S.; Kodaira, M.; Ito, A.; Okazaki, M.; Kawaguchi, N.; Hamada, Y.; Takada, Y.; Matsuura, N. Enhanced expression of integrin ανβ3 induced by TGF-β is required for the enhancing effect of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) in TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mammary epithelial cells. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, 1–18, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137486.
Shah, P.P.; Fong, M.Y.; Kakar, S.S. PTTG induces EMT through integrin α v Β 3-focal adhesion kinase signaling in lung cancer cells. Oncogene 2012, 31, 3124–3135, doi:10.1038/onc.2011.488.
Wang, P.C.; Weng, C.C.; Hou, Y.S.; Jian, S.F.; Fang, K.T.; Hou, M.F.; Cheng, K.H. Activation of VCAM-1 and its associated molecule CD44 leads to increased malignant potential of breast cancer cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 3560–3579, doi:10.3390/ijms15033560.
Suarez-Carmona, M.; Lesage, J.; Cataldo, D.; Gilles, C. EMT and inflammation: Inseparable actors of cancer progression. Mol. Oncol. 2017, 11, 805–823, doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12095.
Chockley, P.J.; Keshamouni, V.G. Immunological Consequences of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Progression. J. Immunol. 2016, 197, 691–698, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1600458.
Dominguez, C.; David, J.M.; Palena, C. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inflammation at the site of the primary tumor. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2017, 47, 177–184, doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.08.002.
Lu, Y.; Dong, B.; Xu, F.; Xu, Y.; Pan, J.; Song, J.; Zhang, J.; Huang, Y.; Xue, W. CXCL1-LCN2 paracrine axis promotes progression of prostate cancer via the Src activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Communication and Signaling 2019, 17, 1–15, doi:10.1186/s12964-019-0434-3.
Li, S.; Cong, X.; Gao, H.; Lan, X.; Li, Z.; Wang, W.; Song, S.; Wang, Y.; Li, C.; Zhang, H.; et al. Tumor-associated neutrophils induce EMT by IL-17a to promote migration and invasion in gastric cancer cells. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2019, 38, 1–13, doi:10.1186/s13046-018-1003-0.
Grosse-Steffen, T.; Giese, T.; Giese, N.; Longerich, T.; Schirmacher, P.; Hansch, G.M.; Gaida, M.M. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and pancreatic tumor cell lines: The role of neutrophils and neutrophil-derived elastase. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2012, 2012, 720768, doi:10.1155/2012/720768.
López-Soto, A.; Gonzalez, S.; Smyth, M.J.; Galluzzi, L. Control of Metastasis by NK Cells. Cancer Cell 2017, 32, 135–154, doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2017.06.009.
Terry, S.; Savagner, P.; Ortiz-Cuaran, S.; Mahjoubi, L.; Saintigny, P.; Thiery, J.P.; Chouaib, S. New insights into the role of EMT in tumor immune escape. Mol. Oncol. 2017, 11, 824–846, doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12093.
Romeo, E.; Caserta, C.A.; Rumio, C.; Marcucci, F. The Vicious Cross-Talk between Tumor Cells with an EMT Phenotype and Cells of the Immune System. Cells 2019, 8, 460, doi:10.3390/cells8050460.
López-Soto, A.; Huergo-Zapico, L.; Galván, J.A.; Rodrigo, L.; de Herreros, A.G.; Astudillo, A.; Gonzalez, S. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition induces an antitumor immune response mediated by NKG2D receptor. J. Immunol. 2013, 190, 4408–4419, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1202950.
Mazel, M.; Jacot, W.; Pantel, K.; Bartkowiak, K.; Topart, D.; Cayrefourcq, L.; Rossille, D.; Maudelonde, T.; Fest, T.; Alix-Panabieres, C. Frequent expression of PD-L1 on circulating breast cancer cells. Mol. Oncol. 2015, 9, 1773–1782, doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2015.05.009.
Nicolazzo, C.; Raimondi, C.; Mancini, M.; Caponnetto, S.; Gradilone, A.; Gandini, O.; Mastromartino, M.; Del Bene, G.; Prete, A.; Longo, F.; et al. Monitoring PD-L1 positive circulating tumor cells in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with the PD-1 inhibitor Nivolumab. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 31726, doi:10.1038/srep31726.
Anantharaman, A.; Friedlander, T.; Lu, D.; Krupa, R.; Premasekharan, G.; Hough, J.; Edwards, M.; Paz, R.; Lindquist, K.; Graf, R.; et al. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in muscle invasive and metastatic bladder cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2016, 16, 744, doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2758-3.
Satelli, A.; Batth, I.S.; Brownlee, Z.; Rojas, C.; Meng, Q.H.; Kopetz, S.; Li, S. Potential role of nuclear PD-L1 expression in cell-surface vimentin positive circulating tumor cells as a prognostic marker in cancer patients. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 28910, doi:10.1038/srep28910.
Raimondi, C.; Carpino, G.; Nicolazzo, C.; Gradilone, A.; Gianni, W.; Gelibter, A.; Gaudio, E.; Cortesi, E.; Gazzaniga, P. PD-L1 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in circulating tumor cells from non-small cell lung cancer patients: A molecular shield to evade immune system? Oncoimmunology 2017, 6, e1315488, doi:10.1080/2162402x.2017.1315488.
Alsuliman, A.; Colak, D.; Al-Harazi, O.; Fitwi, H.; Tulbah, A.; Al-Tweigeri, T.; Al-Alwan, M.; Ghebeh, H. Bidirectional crosstalk between PD-L1 expression and epithelial to mesenchymal transition: Significance in claudin-low breast cancer cells. Mol. Cancer 2015, 14, 149, doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0421-2.
Asgarova, A.; Asgarov, K.; Godet, Y.; Peixoto, P.; Nadaradjane, A.; Boyer-Guittaut, M.; Galaine, J.; Guenat, D.; Mougey, V.; Perrard, J.; et al. PD-L1 expression is regulated by both DNA methylation and NF-kB during EMT signaling in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2018, 7, e1423170, doi:10.1080/2162402x.2017.1423170.
Ock, C.Y.; Kim, S.; Keam, B.; Kim, M.; Kim, T.M.; Kim, J.H.; Jeon, Y.K.; Lee, J.S.; Kwon, S.K.; Hah, J.H.; et al. PD-L1 expression is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016, 7, 15901–15914, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.7431.
Ancel, J.; Birembaut, P.; Dewolf, M.; Durlach, A.; Nawrocki-Raby, B.; Dalstein, V.; Delepine, G.; Blacher, S.; Deslee, G.; Gilles, C.; et al. Programmed Death-Ligand 1 and Vimentin: A Tandem Marker as Prognostic Factor in NSCLC. Cancers (Basel) 2019, 11, doi:10.3390/cancers11101411.
Dongre, A.; Rashidian, M.; Reinhardt, F.; Bagnato, A.; Keckesova, Z.; Ploegh, H.L.; Weinberg, R.A. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Contributes to Immunosuppression in Breast Carcinomas. Cancer Res. 2017, 77, 3982–3989, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.Can-16-3292.
Noman, M.Z.; Janji, B.; Abdou, A.; Hasmim, M.; Terry, S.; Tan, T.Z.; Mami-Chouaib, F.; Thiery, J.P.; Chouaib, S. The immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 is upregulated in EMT-activated human breast cancer cells by a mechanism involving ZEB-1 and miR-200. Oncoimmunology 2017, 6, e1263412, doi:10.1080/2162402x.2016.1263412.
Jiang, Y.; Zhan, H. Communication between EMT and PD-L1 signaling: New insights into tumor immune evasion. Cancer Lett. 2020, 468, 72–81, doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2019.10.013.
Hamilton, D.H.; Huang, B.; Fernando, R.I.; Tsang, K.Y.; Palena, C. WEE1 inhibition alleviates resistance to immune attack of tumor cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res. 2014, 74, 2510– 2519, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.Can-13-1894.
Kong, T.; Ahn, R.; Yang, K.; Zhu, X.; Fu, Z.; Morin, G.; Bramley, R.; Cliffe, N.C.; Xue, Y.; Kuasne, H.; et al. CD44 Promotes PD-L1 Expression and Its Tumor-Intrinsic Function in Breast and Lung Cancers. Cancer Res. 2020, 80, 444–457, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.Can-19-1108.
Chen, L.; Gibbons, D.L.; Goswami, S.; Cortez, M.A.; Ahn, Y.H.; Byers, L.A.; Zhang, X.; Yi, X.; Dwyer, D.; Lin, W.; et al. Metastasis is regulated via microRNA-200/ZEB1 axis control of tumour cell PD-L1 expression and intratumoral immunosuppression. Nature communications 2014, 5, 5241, doi:10.1038/ncomms6241.
Weidenfeld, K.; Barkan, D. EMT and Stemness in Tumor Dormancy and Outgrowth: Are They Intertwined Processes? Front. Oncol. 2018, 8, 381, doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00381.
Lawson, D.A.; Bhakta, N.R.; Kessenbrock, K.; Prummel, K.D.; Yu, Y.; Takai, K.; Zhou, A.; Eyob, H.; Balakrishnan, S.; Wang, C.Y.; et al. Single-cell analysis reveals a stem-cell program in human metastatic breast cancer cells. Nature 2015, 526, 131–135, doi:10.1038/nature15260.
Harper, K.L.; Sosa, M.S.; Entenberg, D.; Hosseini, H.; Cheung, J.F.; Nobre, R.; Avivar-Valderas, A.; Nagi, C.; Girnius, N.; Davis, R.J.; et al. Mechanism of early dissemination and metastasis in Her2+ mammary cancer. Nature 2016, 10.1038/nature20609, doi:10.1038/nature20609.
Palumbo, J.S. Mechanisms linking tumor cell-associated procoagulant function to tumor dissemination. Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis 2008, 34, 154–160, doi:10.1055/s-2008-1079255.
Labelle, M.; Hynes, R.O. The initial hours of metastasis: The importance of cooperative host-tumor cell interactions during hematogenous dissemination. Cancer Discov. 2012, 2, 1091–1099, doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0329.
Lou, X.L.; Sun, J.; Gong, S.Q.; Yu, X.F.; Gong, R.; Deng, H. Interaction between circulating cancer cells and platelets: Clinical implication. Chin. J. Cancer Res. 2015, 27, 450–460, doi:10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.04.10.
Leblanc, R.; Peyruchaud, O. Metastasis: New functional implications of platelets and megakaryocytes. Blood 2016, 128, 24–31, doi:10.1182/blood-2016-01-636399.
Gil-Bernabe, A.M.; Ferjancic, S.; Tlalka, M.; Zhao, L.; Allen, P.D.; Im, J.H.; Watson, K.; Hill, S.A.; Amirkhosravi, A.; Francis, J.L.; et al. Recruitment of monocytes/macrophages by tissue factor-mediated coagulation is essential for metastatic cell survival and premetastatic niche establishment in mice. Blood 2012, 119, 3164–3175, doi:blood-2011-08-376426 [pii];10.1182/blood-2011-08-376426 [doi].
Celia-Terrassa, T.; Meca-Cortes, O.; Mateo, F.; Martinez de Paz, A.; Rubio, N.; Arnal-Estape, A.; Ell, B.J.; Bermudo, R.; Diaz, A.; Guerra-Rebollo, M.; et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition can suppress major attributes of human epithelial tumor-initiating cells. J. Clin. Invest. 2012, 122, 1849–1868, doi:10.1172/jci59218.
Kudo-Saito, C.; Shirako, H.; Ohike, M.; Tsukamoto, N.; Kawakami, Y. CCL2 is critical for immunosuppression to promote cancer metastasis. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 2013, 30, 393–405, doi:10.1007/s10585-012-9545-6.
Kudo-Saito, C.; Shirako, H.; Takeuchi, T.; Kawakami, Y. Cancer metastasis is accelerated through immunosuppression during Snail-induced EMT of cancer cells. Cancer Cell 2009, 15, 195–206, doi:S1535-6108(09)00032-4 [pii];10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.023 [doi].
Suarez-Carmona, M.; Bourcy, M.; Lesage, J.; Leroi, N.; Syne, L.; Blacher, S.; Hubert, P.; Erpicum, C.; Foidart, J.M.; Delvenne, P.; et al. Soluble factors regulated by epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediate tumour angiogenesis and myeloid cell recruitment. J. Pathol. 2015, 236, 491–504, doi:10.1002/path.4546.
Del Pozo Martin, Y.; Park, D.; Ramachandran, A.; Ombrato, L.; Calvo, F.; Chakravarty, P.; Spencer-Dene, B.; Derzsi, S.; Hill, C.S.; Sahai, E.; et al. Mesenchymal Cancer Cell-Stroma Crosstalk Promotes Niche Activation, Epithelial Reversion, and Metastatic Colonization. Cell Rep. 2015, 13, 2456–2469, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.025.
Tsai, J.H.; Donaher, J.L.; Murphy, D.A.; Chau, S.; Yang, J. Spatiotemporal regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition is essential for squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. Cancer Cell 2012, 22, 725–736, doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2012.09.022.
Ocana, O.H.; Corcoles, R.; Fabra, A.; Moreno-Bueno, G.; Acloque, H.; Vega, S.; Barrallo-Gimeno, A.; Cano, A.; Nieto, M.A. Metastatic colonization requires the repression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition inducer Prrx1. Cancer Cell 2012, 22, 709–724, doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2012.10.012.
Cortes-Hernandez, L.E.; Eslami, S.Z.; Pantel, K.; Alix-Panabieres, C. Molecular and Functional Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells: From Discovery to Clinical Application. Clin. Chem. 2019, 10.1373/clinchem.2019.303586, doi:10.1373/clinchem.2019.303586.
Maheswaran, S.; Haber, D.A. Ex Vivo Culture of CTCs: An Emerging Resource to Guide Cancer Therapy. Cancer Res. 2015, 75, 2411–2415, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-0145.
Guo, T. Culture of Circulating Tumor Cells-Holy Grail and Big Challenge. International J. of Cancer and Clinical Research 2016, 3, doi:10.23937/2378–3419/3/4/1065.
Zhang, L.; Ridgway, L.D.; Wetzel, M.D.; Ngo, J.; Yin, W.; Kumar, D.; Goodman, J.C.; Groves, M.D.; Marchetti, D. The identification and characterization of breast cancer CTCs competent for brain metastasis. Sci. Transl. Med. 2013, 5, 180ra148, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3005109.
Yu, M.; Bardia, A.; Aceto, N.; Bersani, F.; Madden, M.W.; Donaldson, M.C.; Desai, R.; Zhu, H.; Comaills, V.; Zheng, Z.; et al. Cancer therapy. Ex vivo culture of circulating breast tumor cells for individualized testing of drug susceptibility. Science 2014, 345, 216–220, doi:10.1126/science.1253533.
Cayrefourcq, L.; Mazard, T.; Joosse, S.; Solassol, J.; Ramos, J.; Assenat, E.; Schumacher, U.; Costes, V.; Maudelonde, T.; Pantel, K.; et al. Establishment and characterization of a cell line from human circulating colon cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2015, 75, 892–901, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2613.
Zhang, Z.; Shiratsuchi, H.; Lin, J.; Chen, G.; Reddy, R.M.; Azizi, E.; Fouladdel, S.; Chang, A.C.; Lin, L.; Jiang, H.; et al. Expansion of CTCs from early stage lung cancer patients using a microfluidic co-culture model. Oncotarget 2014, 5, 12383–12397, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.2592.
Hamilton, G.; Burghuber, O.; Zeillinger, R. Circulating tumor cells in small cell lung cancer: Ex vivo expansion. Lung 2015, 193, 451–452, doi:10.1007/s00408-015-9725-7.
Praharaj, P.P.; Bhutia, S.K.; Nagrath, S.; Bitting, R.L.; Deep, G. Circulating tumor cell-derived organoids: Current challenges and promises in medical research and precision medicine. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer 2018, 1869, 117–127, doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.12.005.
Tayoun, T.; Faugeroux, V.; Oulhen, M.; Aberlenc, A.; Pawlikowska, P.; Farace, F. CTC-Derived Models: A Window into the Seeding Capacity of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). Cells 2019, 8, 1145, doi:10.3390/cells8101145.
Tellez-Gabriel, M.; Cochonneau, D.; Cadé, M.; Jubelin, C.; Heymann, M.F.; Heymann, D. Circulating tumor cell-derived pre-clinical models for personalized medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2019, 11, 1–16, doi:10.3390/cancers11010019.
De, T.; Goyal, S.; Balachander, G.; Chatterjee, K.; Kumar, P.; Babu, K.G.; Rangarajan, A. A Novel Ex Vivo System Using 3D Polymer Scaffold to Culture Circulating Tumor Cells from Breast Cancer Patients Exhibits Dynamic E-M Phenotypes. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, doi:10.3390/jcm8091473.
Khoo, B.L.; Lee, S.C.; Kumar, P.; Tan, T.Z.; Warkiani, M.E.; Ow, S.G.; Nandi, S.; Lim, C.T.; Thiery, J.P. Short-term expansion of breast circulating cancer cells predicts response to anti-cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2015, 6, 15578–15593, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.3903.
Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, J.; Sun, B.; Zheng, L.; Li, J.; Liu, S.; Sui, G.; Yin, Z. Microfluidic chip for isolation of viable circulating tumor cells of hepatocellular carcinoma for their culture and drug sensitivity assay. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2016, 17, 1177–1187, doi:10.1080/15384047.2016.1235665.
Yang, C.; Xia, B.R.; Jin, W.L.; Lou, G. Circulating tumor cells in precision oncology: Clinical applications in liquid biopsy and 3D organoid model. Cancer Cell Int. 2019, 19, 341, doi:10.1186/s12935-019-1067-8.
Vishnoi, M.; Peddibhotla, S.; Yin, W.; A, T.S.; George, G.C.; Hong, D.S.; Marchetti, D. The isolation and characterization of CTC subsets related to breast cancer dormancy. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 17533, doi:10.1038/srep17533.
Lu, J.; Fan, T.; Zhao, Q.; Zeng, W.; Zaslavsky, E.; Chen, J.J.; Frohman, M.A.; Golightly, M.G.; Madajewicz, S.; Chen, W.T. Isolation of circulating epithelial and tumor progenitor cells with an invasive phenotype from breast cancer patients. Int. J. Cancer 2010, 126, 669–683, doi:10.1002/ijc.24814.
Sullivan, J.P.; Nahed, B.V.; Madden, M.W.; Oliveira, S.M.; Springer, S.; Bhere, D.; Chi, A.S.; Wakimoto, H.; Rothenberg, S.M.; Sequist, L.V.; et al. Brain tumor cells in circulation are enriched for mesenchymal gene expression. Cancer Discov. 2014, 4, 1299–1309, doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0471.
Rossi, E.; Rugge, M.; Facchinetti, A.; Pizzi, M.; Nardo, G.; Barbieri, V.; Manicone, M.; De Faveri, S.; Chiara Scaini, M.; Basso, U.; et al. Retaining the long-survive capacity of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) followed by xeno-transplantation: Not only from metastatic cancer of the breast but also of prostate cancer patients. Oncoscience 2014, 1, 49–56, doi:10.18632/oncoscience.8.
Hodgkinson, C.L.; Morrow, C.J.; Li, Y.; Metcalf, R.L.; Rothwell, D.G.; Trapani, F.; Polanski, R.; Burt, D.J.; Simpson, K.L.; Morris, K.; et al. Tumorigenicity and genetic profiling of circulating tumor cells in small-cell lung cancer. Nat. Med. 2014, 20, 897–903, doi:10.1038/nm.3600.
Vishnoi, M.; Liu, N.H.; Yin, W.; Boral, D.; Scamardo, A.; Hong, D.; Marchetti, D. The identification of a TNBC liver metastasis gene signature by sequential CTC-xenograft modeling. Mol. Oncol. 2019, 13, 1913– 1926, doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12533.
Liu, X.; Li, J.; Cadilha, B.L.; Markota, A.; Voigt, C.; Huang, Z.; Lin, P.P.; Wang, D.D.; Dai, J.; Kranz, G.; et al. Epithelial-type systemic breast carcinoma cells with a restricted mesenchymal transition are a major source of metastasis. Science Advances 2019, 5, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav4275.
Baccelli, I.; Schneeweiss, A.; Riethdorf, S.; Stenzinger, A.; Schillert, A.; Vogel, V.; Klein, C.; Saini, M.; Bäuerle, T.; Wallwiener, M.; et al. Identification of a population of blood circulating tumor cells from breast cancer patients that initiates metastasis in a xenograft assay. Nat. Biotechnol. 2013, 31, 539–544, doi:10.1038/nbt.2576.
Jordan, N.V.; Bardia, A.; Wittner, B.S.; Benes, C.; Ligorio, M.; Zheng, Y.; Yu, M.; Sundaresan, T.K.; Licausi, J.A.; Desai, R.; et al. HER2 expression identifies dynamic functional states within circulating breast cancer cells. Nature 2016, 537, 102–106, doi:10.1038/nature19328.
Zhang, Z.; Shiratsuchi, H.; Palanisamy, N.; Nagrath, S.; Ramnath, N. Expanded Circulating Tumor Cells from a Patient with ALK-Positive Lung Cancer Present with EML4-ALK Rearrangement Along with Resistance Mutation and Enable Drug Sensitivity Testing: A Case Study. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2017, 12, 397–402, doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2016.07.027.
Klameth, L.; Rath, B.; Hochmaier, M.; Moser, D.; Redl, M.; Mungenast, F.; Gelles, K.; Ulsperger, E.; Zeillinger, R.; Hamilton, G. Small cell lung cancer: Model of circulating tumor cell tumorospheres in chemoresistance. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 5337, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05562-z.
Khoo, B.L.; Grenci, G.; Lim, Y.B.; Lee, S.C.; Han, J.; Lim, C.T. Expansion of patient-derived circulating tumor cells from liquid biopsies using a CTC microfluidic culture device. Nat. Protoc. 2018, 13, 34–58, doi:10.1038/nprot.2017.125.
Lallo, A.; Schenk, M.W.; Frese, K.K.; Blackhall, F.; Dive, C. Circulating tumor cells and CDX models as a tool for preclinical drug development. Translational lung cancer research 2017, 6, 397–408, doi:10.21037/tlcr.2017.08.01.
Lallo, A.; Gulati, S.; Schenk, M.W.; Khandelwal, G.; Berglund, U.W.; Pateras, I.S.; Chester, C.P.E.; Pham, T.M.; Kalderen, C.; Frese, K.K.; et al. Ex vivo culture of cells derived from circulating tumour cell xenograft to support small cell lung cancer research and experimental therapeutics. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2019, 176, 436– 450, doi:10.1111/bph.14542.
Drapkin, B.J.; George, J.; Christensen, C.L.; Mino-Kenudson, M.; Dries, R.; Sundaresan, T.; Phat, S.; Myers, D.T.; Zhong, J.; Igo, P.; et al. Genomic and Functional Fidelity of Small Cell Lung Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts. Cancer Discov. 2018, 8, 600–615, doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0935.
Morrow, C.J.; Trapani, F.; Metcalf, R.L.; Bertolini, G.; Hodgkinson, C.L.; Khandelwal, G.; Kelly, P.; Galvin, M.; Carter, L.; Simpson, K.L.; et al. Tumourigenic non-small-cell lung cancer mesenchymal circulating tumour cells: A clinical case study. Ann. Oncol. 2016, 27, 1155–1160, doi:10.1093/annonc/mdw122.
Schochter, F.; Friedl, T.W.P.; deGregorio, A.; Krause, S.; Huober, J.; Rack, B.; Janni, W. Are Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) Ready for Clinical Use in Breast Cancer? An Overview of Completed and Ongoing Trials Using CTCs for Clinical Treatment Decisions. Cells 2019, 8, doi:10.3390/cells8111412.
Sparano, J.; O’Neill, A.; Alpaugh, K.; Wolff, A.C.; Northfelt, D.W.; Dang, C.T.; Sledge, G.W.; Miller, K.D. Association of Circulating Tumor Cells With Late Recurrence of Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA oncology 2018, 4, 1700–1706, doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2574.
Pierga, J.Y.; Bidard, F.C.; Cropet, C.; Tresca, P.; Dalenc, F.; Romieu, G.; Campone, M.; Mahier Ait-Oukhatar, C.; Le Rhun, E.; Goncalves, A.; et al. Circulating tumor cells and brain metastasis outcome in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer: The LANDSCAPE trial. Ann. Oncol. 2013, 24, 2999–3004, doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt348.
Smerage, J.B.; Barlow, W.E.; Hortobagyi, G.N.; Winer, E.P.; Leyland-Jones, B.; Srkalovic, G.; Tejwani, S.; Schott, A.F.; O’Rourke, M.A.; Lew, D.L.; et al. Circulating tumor cells and response to chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer: SWOG S0500. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014, 32, 3483–3489, doi:10.1200/jco.2014.56.2561.
Scher, H.I.; Heller, G.; Molina, A.; Attard, G.; Danila, D.C.; Jia, X.; Peng, W.; Sandhu, S.K.; Olmos, D.; Riisnaes, R.; et al. Circulating tumor cell biomarker panel as an individual-level surrogate for survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015, 33, 1348–1355, doi:10.1200/jco.2014.55.3487.
Sastre, J.; Vidaurreta, M.; Gomez, A.; Rivera, F.; Massuti, B.; Lopez, M.R.; Abad, A.; Gallen, M.; Benavides, M.; Aranda, E.; et al. Prognostic value of the combination of circulating tumor cells plus KRAS in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy plus bevacizumab. Clin. Colorectal Cancer 2013, 12, 280–286, doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2013.06.001.
Wu, S.; Liu, S.; Liu, Z.; Huang, J.; Pu, X.; Li, J.; Yang, D.; Deng, H.; Yang, N.; Xu, J. Classification of Circulating Tumor Cells by Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Markers. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0123976-e0123976, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123976.
Markiewicz, A.; Ksiazkiewicz, M.; Welnicka-Jaskiewicz, M.; Seroczynska, B.; Skokowski, J.; Szade, J.; Zaczek, A.J. Mesenchymal phenotype of CTC-enriched blood fraction and lymph node metastasis formation potential. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e93901, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093901.
Papadaki, M.A.; Kallergi, G.; Zafeiriou, Z.; Manouras, L.; Theodoropoulos, P.A.; Mavroudis, D.; Georgoulias, V.; Agelaki, S. Co-expression of putative stemness and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers on single circulating tumour cells from patients with early and metastatic breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014, 14, 651, doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-651.
Liu, Y.K.; Hu, B.S.; Li, Z.L.; He, X.; Li, Y.; Lu, L.G. An improved strategy to detect the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Hepatol. Int. 2016, 10, 640–646, doi:10.1007/s12072-016-9732-7.
Theodoropoulos, P.a.; Polioudaki, H.; Agelaki, S.; Kallergi, G.; Saridaki, Z.; Mavroudis, D.; Georgoulias, V. Circulating tumor cells with a putative stem cell phenotype in peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer. Cancer Lett. 2010, 288, 99–106, doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.027.
Alonso-Alconada, L.; Muinelo-Romay, L.; Madissoo, K.; Diaz-Lopez, A.; Krakstad, C.; Trovik, J.; Wik, E.; Hapangama, D.; Coenegrachts, L.; Cano, A.; et al. Molecular profiling of circulating tumor cells links plasticity to the metastatic process in endometrial cancer. Mol. Cancer 2014, 13, 223, doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-223.
Mego, M.; Karaba, M.; Minarik, G.; Benca, J.; Silvia, J.; Sedlackova, T.; Manasova, D.; Kalavska, K.; Pindak, D.; Cristofanilli, M.; et al. Circulating Tumor Cells with Epithelial–to–mesenchymal Transition Phenotypes Associated with Inferior Outcomes in Primary Breast Cancer. Anticancer Res. 2019, 39, 1829–1837, doi:10.21873/anticanres.13290.
Cierna, Z.; Mego, M.; Janega, P.; Karaba, M.; Minarik, G.; Benca, J.; Sedlackova, T.; Cingelova, S.; Gronesova, P.; Manasova, D.; et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 1 and circulating tumor cells in early breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014, 14, 472, doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-472.
Li, T.T.; Liu, H.; Li, F.P.; Hu, Y.F.; Mou, T.Y.; Lin, T.; Yu, J.; Zheng, L.; Li, G.X. Evaluation of epithelial-mesenchymal transitioned circulating tumor cells in patients with resectable gastric cancer: Relevance to therapy response. World J. Gastroenterol. 2015, 21, 13259–13267, doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i47.13259.
Kim, Y.H.; Kim, M.S.; Lee, J.S.; Lee, H.K.; Lee, J.H.; Sohn, Y.W.; Tazaki, K.; Nakamaru, K.; Wakita, K.; Jeon, B.H.; et al. Abstract 1586: Evaluation of AXL expression on circulating tumor cells from EGFR mutated lung cancer patients who have relapsed after the EGFR TKI treatment. Cancer Res. 2018, 10.1158/1538-7445.Am2018-1586, doi:10.1158/1538-7445.Am2018-1586.
Hamilton, G.; Rath, B.; Klameth, L.; Hochmair, M. Receptor tyrosine kinase expression of circulating tumor cells in small cell lung cancer. Oncoscience 2015, 2, 629–634, doi:10.18632/oncoscience.179.
Brabletz, T.; Kalluri, R.; Nieto, M.A.; Weinberg, R.A. EMT in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2018, 18, 128–134, doi:10.1038/nrc.2017.118.
Fici, P.; Gallerani, G.; Morel, A.-P.; Mercatali, L.; Ibrahim, T.; Scarpi, E.; Amadori, D.; Puisieux, A.; Rigaud, M.; Fabbri, F. Splicing factor ratio as an index of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor aggressiveness in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 2423–2436, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13682.