Comment on: “A novel approach to peatlands as archives of total cumulative spatial pollution loads from atmospheric deposition of airborne elements complementary to EMEP data: Priority pollutants (Pb, Cd, Hg)” by Ewa Miszczak, Sebastian Stefaniak, Adam Michczyński, Eiliv Steinnes and Irena Twardowska
De Vleeschouwer, F.; Baron, S.; Cloy, J.M.et al.
2020 • In Science of the Total Environment, 737 (1)
[en] A recent paper by Miszczak et al. (2020) examines metal contamination of mires in Poland and Norway. The authors conclude that lead (Pb) records in ombrotrophic peatlands cannot be used to reconstruct the chronological history of anthropogenic activities due to post-depositional mobility of the metal. We contest this general conclusion which stands in contrast with a significant body of literature demonstrating that Pb is largely immobile in the vast majority of ombrotrophic peatlands. Our aim is to reaffirm the crucial contribution that peat records have made to our knowledge of atmospheric Pb contamination. In addition, we reiterate the necessity of following established protocols to produce reliable records of anthropogenic Pb contamination in environmental archives.
Research Center/Unit :
AGEs
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
De Vleeschouwer, F.
Baron, S.
Cloy, J.M.
Enrico, M.
Ettler, V.
Fagel, Nathalie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Argiles, géochimie et environnements sédimentaires
Comment on: “A novel approach to peatlands as archives of total cumulative spatial pollution loads from atmospheric deposition of airborne elements complementary to EMEP data: Priority pollutants (Pb, Cd, Hg)” by Ewa Miszczak, Sebastian Stefaniak, Adam Michczyński, Eiliv Steinnes and Irena Twardowska
Allan, M., Le Roux, G., De Vleeschouwer, F., Bindler, R., Blaauw, M., Fagel, N., High-resolution reconstruction of atmospheric deposition of trace metals and metalloids since AD 1400 recorded by ombrotrophic peat cores in Hautes-Fagnes, Belgium. Environ. Pollut. 178 (2013), 381–394.
Appleby, P.G., Chronostratigraphic techniques in recent sediments. Last, W.M., Smol, J.P., (eds.) Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments: Basin Analysis, Coring, and Chronological Techniques, vol. 1, 2001, Kluwer Academics, 171–203.
Appleby, P.G., Oldfield, F., The calculation of lead-210 dates assuming a constant rate of supply of unsupported 210Pb to the sediments. Catena 5 (1978), 1–8.
Appleby, P.G., Shotyk, W., Fankauser, A., Lead-210 age dating of three peat cores in the Jura Mountains, Switzerland. Water Air Soil Pollut. 100 (1997), 223–231.
Bindler, R., Contaminated lead environments of man: reviewing the lead isotopic evidence in sediments, peat, and soils for the temporal and spatial patterns of atmospheric lead pollution in Sweden. Environ. Geochem. Health 33 (2011), 311–329.
Bindler, R., Klarqvist, M., Klaminder, J., Förster, J., Does within-bog variability of mercury and lead constrain reconstruction of absolute deposition rates from single peat records? The example of Store Mosse, Sweden. Gobla Biogechem. Cycles, 18, 2004, GB3020, 10.1029/2004GB002270.
Broder, T., Biester, H., Linking major and trace element concentrations in a headwater stream to DOC release and hydrologic conditions in a bog and peaty riparian zone. Appl. Geochem. 87 (2017), 188–201.
Charman, D., Beilman, D.W., Blaauw, M., Booth, R.K., Brewer, S., Chambers, F.M., Christen, J.A., Gallego-Sala, A., Harrison, S.P., Hughes, P.D.M., Jackson, S.T., Korhola, A., Mauquoy, D., Mitchell, F.J.G., Prentice, I.C., van der Linden, M., De Vleeschouwer, F., Yu, Z.C., Alm, J., Bauer, I.E., Corish, Y.M.C., Garneau, M., Hohl, V., Huang, Y., Karofeld, E., Le Roux, G., Loisel, J., Moschen, R., Nichols, J.E., Nieminen, T.M., MacDonald, G.M., Phadtare, N.R., Rausch, N., Sillasoo, Ü., Swindles, G.T., Tuittila, E.-S., Ukonmaanaho, L., Väliranta, M., van Bellen, S., van Geel, B., Vitt, D.H., Zhao, Y., Carbon-cycle implications of climate-driven changes in peat accumulation during the last millennium. Biogeosciences 10 (2013), 929–944.
Cloy, J.M., Farmer, J.G., Graham, M.C., MacKenzie, A.B., Cook, G.T., Historical records of atmospheric Pb deposition in four Scottish ombrotrophic peat bogs: an isotopic comparison with other records from western Europe and Greenland. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, 2008, GB2016.
Cloy, J.M., Farmer, J.G., Graham, M.C., MacKenzie, A.B., Retention of As and Sb in ombrotrophic peat bogs: records of As, Sb and Pb deposition at four Scottish sites. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (2009), 1756–1762.
Davies, L.J., Appleby, P., Jensen, B.J.L., Magnan, G., Mullan-Boudreau, G., Noernberg, T., Shannon, B., Shotyk, W., van Bellen, S., Zaccone, C., Froese, D.G., High-resolution age modelling of peat bogs from northern Alberta, Canada, using pre- and post-bomb 14C, 210Pb and historical cryptotephra. Quat. Geochronol. 47 (2018), 138–162.
De Vleeschouwer, F., Fagel, N., Cheburkin, A., Pazdur, A., Sikorski, J., Mattielli, N., Renson, V., Fialkiewicz, B., Piotrowska, N., Le Roux, G., Anthropogenic impacts in North Poland over the last 1300 years - a record of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and S in an ombrotrophic peat bog. Sci. Total Environ. 407 (2009), 5674–5684.
De Vleeschouwer, F., Piotrowska, N., Sikorsky, J., Pawlyta, J., Cheburkin, A.K., Le Roux, G., Lamentowicz, M., Fagel, N., Mauquoy, D., Multiproxy evidence of ‘Little Ice Age’ palaeoenvironmental changes in a peat bog from northern Poland. Holocene 19 (2009), 625–637.
De Vleeschouwer, F., Le Roux, G., Shotyk, W., Peat as an archive of atmospheric metal pollution: the example of Pb in Europe. Jackson, S., Charman, D., (eds.) Peatland, vol. 18, 2010, PAGES Newsletter, 2010, 20–22 (April).
De Vleeschouwer, F., Chambers, F.M., Swindles, G.T., Coring and sub-sampling of peatlands for palaeoenvironmental research. De Vleeschouwer, F., Hughes, P., Nichols, J., Chambers, F.M., (eds.) A Review of Protocols in Peat Palaeoenvironmental Studies, 7, 2010, 1–10 (Mires and Peat, article 1).
Farmer, J.G., Eades, L.J., Atkins, H., Chamberlain, D.F., Historical trends in the lead isotopic composition of archival Sphagnum mosses from Scotland (1838–2000). Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (2002), 152–157.
Farmer, J.G., Graham, M.C., Yafa, C., Cloy, J.M., Freeman, A.J., MacKenzie, A.B., Use of 206Pb/207Pb ratios to investigate the surface integrity of peat cores used to study the recent depositional history and geochemical behaviour of inorganic elements in peat bogs. Glob. Planet. Chang. 53 (2006), 240–248.
Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B., Łokas, E., Gałka, M., Kołaczek, P., De Vleeschouwer, F., Le Roux, G., Smieja-Król, B., Influence of transboundary transport of trace elements on mountain peat geochemistry (Sudetes, Central Europe). Quat. Sci. Rev., 230, 2020, 106162.
Givelet, N., Le Roux, G., Cheburkin, A., Chen, B., Frank, J., Goodsite, M., Kempter, H., Krachler, M., Noernberg, T., Rausch, N., Rheinberger, S., Roos-Barraclough, F., Sapkota, A., Scholz, C., Shotyk, W., Suggested protocol for collecting, handling and preparing peat cores and peat samples for physical, chemical, mineralogical and isotopic analyses. J. Environ. Monit. 6 (2004), 481–492.
Goodsite, M.E., Rom, W., Heinemeier, J., Lange, T., Ooi, S., Appleby, P.G., Shotyk, W., Van der Knapp, W.O., Lohse, C., Hansen, T.S., High-resolution AMS 14C dating of post-bomb peat archives of atmospheric pollutants. Radiocarbon 43 (2001), 453–473.
Gorham, E., Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecol. Appl. 1 (1991), 182–195.
Hansson, S.V., Kaste, J.M., Chen, K., Bindler, R., Beryllium-7 as a natural tracer for short-term downwash in peat. Biogeochemistry 119 (2014), 329–339.
Hansson, S.V., Tolu, J., Bindler, R., Downwash of atmospherically deposited trace metals in peat and the influence of rainfall intensity: an experimental test. Sci. Total Environ. 506 (2015), 95–101.
Hughes, P.D.M., Mauquoy, D., Barber, K.E., Langdon, P.G., Mire-development pathways and palaeoclimatic records from a full Holocene peat archive at Walton Moss, Cumbria, England. Holocene 10 (2000), 465–479.
Kempter, H., Frenzel, B., The geochemistry of ombrotrophic Sphagnum species growing in different microhabitats of eight German and Belgian peat bogs and the regional atmospheric deposition. Water Air Soil Pollut., 184, 2007, 29.
Kylander, M.E., Weiss, D.J., Peiteado Varela, E., Taboada Rodriguez, T., Martinez-Cortizas, A., Archiving anthropogenic lead pollution in ombrotrophic peatlands. Martini, P.I., Chestworth, W., Martinez-Cortizas, A., (eds.) Peatlands: Basin Evolution and Depository of Records on Global Environmental and Climatic Changes, 2006, Elsevier, 479–497.
Le Roux, G., De Vleeschouwer, F., Preparation of peat samples for inorganic geochemistry used as palaeoenvironmental proxies. De Vleeschouwer, F., Hughes, P., Nichols, J., Chambers, F.M., (eds.) A Review of Protocols in Peat Palaeoenvironmental Studies, 7, 2010, 1–9 Mires and Peat, article 4.
Lee, J., Tallis, J., Regional and historical aspects of lead pollution in Britain. Nature 245 (1973), 216–218.
Li, C., Le Roux, G., Sonke, J., van Beek, P., Souhaut, M., Van der Putten, N., De Vleeschouwer, F., Recent 210Pb, 137Cs and 241Am accumulation in an ombrotrophic peatland from Amsterdam Island (southern Indian Ocean). J. Environ. Radioact. 175–176 (2017), 164–169.
Longman, J., Veres, D., Finsinger, W., Ersek, V., Exceptionally high levels of lead pollution in the Balkans from the Early Bronze Age to the Industrial Revolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 115 (2018), E5661–E5668.
Mäkilä, M., Holocene lateral expansion, peat growth and carbon accumulation on Haukkasuo, a raised bog in southeastern Finland. Boreas 26 (1997), 1–14.
Malmer, N., Wallén, B., Input rates, decay losses and accumulation rates of carbon in bogs during the last millennium: internal processes and environmental changes. Holocene 14 (2004), 111–117.
Martínez Cortizas, A., Peitedo Varela, E., Bindler, R., Biester, H., Cheburkin, A., Reconstructing historical Pn and Hg pollution in NW Spain using multiple cores from Chao de Lamoso bog (Xistral Mountains). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 82 (2012), 68–78.
Martinez-Cortizas, A., López-Merino, L., Bindler, R., Mighall, T., Kylander, M.E., Early atmospheric metal pollution provides evidence for Chalcolithic/Bronze Age mining and metallurgy in southwestern Europe. Sci. Total Environ. 545 (2016), 398–406.
Marx, S.K., Kamber, B.S., McGowan, H.A., Zawadzki, A., Atmospheric pollutants in alpine peat bogs record a detailed chronology of industrial and agricultural development on the Australian continent. Environ. Pollut. 158 (2010), 1615–1628.
Mighall, T.M., Abrahams, P.W., Grattan, J.P., Hayes, D., Timberlake, S., Forsyth, S., Geochemical evidence for atmospheric pollution derived from prehistoric copper mining at Copa Hill, Cwmywtwyth, mid-Wales. Sci. Total Environ. 292 (2002), 69–80.
Miszczak, E., Stefaniak, S., Michczyński, A., Steinnes, E., Twardowska, I., A novel approach to peatlands as archives of total cumulative spatial pollution loads from atmospheric deposition of airborne elements complementary to EMEP data: priority pollutants (Pb, Cd, Hg). Sci. Total Environ., 705, 2020, 135776.
Nieminen, T.M., Ukonmaanaho, L., Shotyk, W., Enrichments of Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb and As in an ombrothrophic peat bog near a Cu-Ni smelter in Southwest Finland. Sci. Total Environ. 292 (2002), 81–89.
Novak, M., Zemanova, L., Voldrichova, P., Stepanova, M., Adamova, M., Pacherova, P., Komarek, A., Krachler, A., Prechova, E., Experimental evidence for mobility/immobility of metals in peat. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (2011), 7180–7187.
Olid, C., Garcia-Orellana, J., Martinez-Cortizas, A., Masqué, P., Peiteado, E., Sanchez-Cabeza, J.-A., Role of Surface Vegetation in 210Pb-dating of Peat Cores. 2008.
Pacyna, J.M., Pacyna, E.G., Atmospheric Emissions of Anthropogenic Lead in Europe: Improvements, Updates, Historical Data and Projections. 2000 GKSS report no. 2000/31, Geesthacht, Germany.
Piotrowska, N., De Vleeschouwer, F., Sikorski, J., Pawlyta, J., Fagel, N., Le Roux, N., Pazdur, A., Intercomparison of radiocarbon bomb pulse and 210Pb age models. A study in a peat bog core from North Poland. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B: Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 268 (2009), 1163–1166.
Pontevedra-Pombal, X., Castro, D., Carballeira, R., Souto, M., López-Sáez, J.A., Pérez-Díaz, S., Fraga, M.I., Valcárcel, M., García-Rodeja, E., Iberian acid peatlands: types, origin and general trends of development. Mires and Peat 19 (2017), 1–19.
Pontevedra-Pombal, X., Castro, D., Souto, M., Fraga, I., Blake, W.H., Blaauw, M., López-Sáez, J.A., Pérez-Díaz, S., Valcárcel, M., García-Rodeja, E., 10,000 years of climate control over carbon accumulation in an Iberian bog (southwestern Europe). Geosci. Front. 10 (2019), 1521–1533.
Renberg, I., Bindler, R., Brännvall, M.L., Using the historical atmospheric lead-deposition record as a chronological marker in sediment deposits in Europe. Holocene 11 (2001), 511–516.
Rosman, K.J.R., Chisholm, W., Hong, S., Candelone, J.P., Boutron, C.F., Lead from Carthaginian and Roman Spanish mines isotopically identified in Greenland ice dated from 600 B.C. to 300 A.D. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 (1997), 3413–3416.
Rothwell, J.J., Taylor, K.G., Evans, M.G., Allott, T.E.H., Contrasting controls on arsenic and lead budgets for degraded peatland catchment in northern England. Environ. Pollut. 159 (2011), 3129–3133.
Shotyk, W., Review of the inorganic geochemistry of peats and peatland waters. Earth-Sci. Rev. 25 (1988), 95–176.
Shotyk, W., Weiss, D., Appleby, P.G., Cheburkin, A.K., Frei, R., Gloor, M., Kramers, J.D., Reese, S., van Der Knaap, W.O., History of atmospheric lead deposition since 12,370 14C yr BP from a peat bog, Jura mountains, Switzerland. Science 281 (1998), 1635–1640.
Shotyk, W., Appleby, P.G., Bicalho, B., Davies, L., Froese, D., Grant-Weaver, I., Krachler, M., Magnan, G., Mullan-Boudreau, G., Noernberg, T., Pelletier, R., Shannon, B., van Bellen, S., Zaccone, C., Peat bogs in northern Alberta, Canada reveal decades of declining atmospheric Pb contamination. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43 (2016), 9964–9974.
Shotyk, W., Rausch, N., Nieminen, T.M., Ukonmaanaho, L., Krachler, M., Isotopic composition of Pb in peat and porewaters from three contrasting ombrotrophic bogs in Finland: evidence of chemical diagenesis in response to acidification. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (2016), 9943–9951.
Smieja-Król, B., Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B., Sikorski, J., Palowski, B., Heavy metal behaviour in peat - a mineralogical perspective. Sci. Total Environ. 408 (2010), 5924–5931.
Smieja-Król, B., Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B., Michalska, A., Krzykawski, T., Smołka-Danielowska, D., Deposition of mullite in peatlands of southern Poland: implications for recording large-scale industrial processes. Environ. Pollut. 250 (2019), 717–727.
Steinnes, E., Sjøbakk, T.E., Order-of-magnitude increase of Hg in Norwegian peat profiles since the outset of industrial activity in Europe. Environ. Pollut. 137 (2005), 365–370.
Syrovetnik, K., Malmstrom, M.E., Neretnieks, I., Accumulation of heavy metals in the Oostriku peat bog, Estonia: determination of binding processes by means of sequential leaching. Environ. Pollut. 147 (2007), 291–300.
Twardowska, I., Kyziol, J., Goldrath, T., Avnimelech, Y., Adsorption of zinc onto peat from peatlands of Poland and Izrael. J. Geochem. Explor. 66 (1999), 387–405.
Vile, M.A., Kelman Wieder, R., Novak, M., Mobility of Pb in Sphagnum-derived peat. Biogeochemistry 45 (1999), 35–52.
Weiss, D., Shotyk, W., Kramers, J.D., Gloor, M., Sphagnum mosses as archives of recent and past atmospheric lead deposition in Switzerland. Atmos. Environ. 33 (1999), 3751–3763.
Weiss, D., Rausch, N., Mason, T.F.D., Coles, B.J., Wilkinson, J.J., Ukonmaanaho, L., Arnold, T., Nieminen, T., Atmospheric deposition and isotope biogeochemistry of zinc in ombrotrophic peat. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71 (2007), 3498–3517.