Modern Tapirs as Morphofunctional Analogues for Locomotion in Endemic Eocene European Perissodactyls

Tapirs have historically been considered as ecologically analogous to several groups of extinct perissodactyls based on dental and locomotor morphology. Here, we investigate comparative functional morphology between living tapirs and endemic Eocene European perissodactyls to ascertain whether tapirs represent viable analogues for locomotion in palaeotheres and lophiodontids. Forelimb bones from 20 species of Eocene European perissodactyls were laser scanned and compared to a forelimb dataset of extant Tapirus. Bone shape was quantified using 3D geometric morphometrics; coordinates were Procrustes aligned and compared using Principal Component Analysis and neighbor-joining trees. Functional traits included lever-arm ratios (LARs; proxy for joint angular velocity), long-bone proportions (speed proxy), and estimated body mass. Results suggest that Paralophiodon and Palaeotherium magnum resemble Neotropical tapirs in humeral morphology and LARs. Palaeotheres demonstrate extensive forelimb shape disparity. Despite previous assessments, metacarpal shape analyzes do not support a strong morphological similarity between palaeotheres and tapirs, with Tapirus pinchaque representing the closest analogue for Eocene European equoid manus morphology. Our analyses suggest lophiodontids were not capable of moving as swiftly as tapirs due to greater loading over the manus. We conclude that the variation within modern tapir forelimb morphology confounds the assignment of one living analogue within Tapirus for extinct European equoids, whereas tapirs adapted for greater loading over the manus (e.g., T. bairdii, T. indicus) represent viable locomotor analogues for lophiodontids. This study represents a valuable first step toward locomotor simulation and behavioral inference for both hippomorph and tapiromorph perissodactyls in Eocene faunal communities.