[en] We investigate how macroeconomic indicators alter the dynamic risk exposure of different hedge fund style strategies. We implement a multifactor model to estimate the unobservable time-varying risk exposure conditional to macroeconomic information and a VAR to measure the impact of macroeconomic predictors on different time horizons. Using monthly returns on a cross-section of 10 different style indices from February 1997 to August 2019, we find that, on average, macroeconomic indicators explain approximately 30\%, 55\%, and 75\% variability of betas at 1-, 6-, and 36-months horizons, respectively. Although macroeconomic predictors play a critical role at every horizon, at 1-month the dominating effect comes from idiosyncratic shocks, which indicates that in the short run hedge fund managers mostly rely on their own reallocation signals. Moreover, consistent with the fundamental drivers of the smart beta factors, we find that interest rate level and GDP growth similarly impact hedge fund exposures across styles.
Research Center/Unit :
HEC Recherche - HEC Recherche
Disciplines :
Finance
Author, co-author :
Lambert, Marie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > HEC Liège : UER > UER Finance et Droit : Analyse financière et finance d'entr.
Platania, Federico; Leonard De Vinci, Paris
Language :
English
Title :
The macroeconomic drivers in hedge fund beta management
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
Agarwal, V., Arisoy, Y.E., Naik, N.Y., Volatility of aggregate volatility and hedge fund returns. J. Financ. Econ. 125 (2017), 491–510, 10.1016/j.jfineco.2017.06.015.
Agarwal, V., Naik, N.Y., Generalised style analysis of hedge funds. J. Asset Manag. 1 (2000), 93–109, 10.1057/palgrave.jam.2240007.
Amenc, N., El Bied, S., Martellini, L., Predictability in hedge fund returns. Financ. Anal. J. 59 (2003), 32–46, 10.2469/faj.v59.n5.2562 https://www.jstor.org/stable/4480510.
Amisano, G., Savona, R., Mutual funds dynamics and economic predictors. J. Financ. Econom. 15 (2017), 302–330, 10.1093/jjfinec/nbx001 https://academic.oup.com/jfec/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jjfinec/nbx001.
Bali, T.G., Brown, S.J., Caglayan, M.O., Macroeconomic risk and hedge fund returns. J. Financ. Econ. 114 (2014), 1–19, 10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.06.008.
Bass, R., Gladstone, S., Ang, A., Total portfolio factor, not just asset, allocation. J. Portfolio Manag. 43 (2017), 38–53, 10.3905/jpm.2017.43.5.038.
Billio, M., Getmansky, M., Pelizzon, L., Dynamic risk exposures in hedge funds. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 56 (2012), 3517–3532, 10.1016/j.csda.2010.08.015.
Bollen, N.P.B., Whaley, R.E., Hedge fund risk dynamics: implications for performance appraisal. J. Finance 64 (2009), 985–1035, 10.2139/ssrn.937972 https://www.jstor.org/stable/20487991?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents.
Brealey, R., Kaplanis, E., Changes in the Factor Exposures of Hedge Funds, vol. 30, 2001, Working Paper, Institute of Finance and Accounting (IFA), London Business School http://www.london.edu/facultyandresearch/research/docs/hf4.pdf.
Brennan, M.J., Wang, A.W., Xia, Y., Estimation and test of a simple model of intertemporal capital asset pricing. J. Finance 59:4 (2004), 1743–1775, 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2004.00678.x.
Bussière, M., Hoerova, M., Klaus, B., Commonality in hedge fund returns: driving factors and implications. J. Bank. Finance 54 (2015), 266–280, 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.01.039.
Cai, B., Cheng, T., Yan, C., Time-varying skills (versus luck) in U.S. active mutual funds and hedge funds. J. Empir. Finance 49 (2018), 81–106, 10.1016/j.jempfin.2018.09.001.
Campbell, J.Y., Giglio, S., Polk, C., Turley, R., An intertemporal CAPM with stochastic volatility. J. Financ. Econ. 128 (2018), 207–233, 10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.02.011.
Cao, C., Chen, Y., Liang, B., Lo, A.W., Can hedge funds time market liquidity?. J. Financ. Econ. 109 (2013), 493–516, 10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.03.009.
Chen, N.F., Roll, R., Ross, S.A., Economic forces and the stock market: testing the APT and alternative asset pricing theories. J. Bus. 59 (1986), 383–403, 10.2307/2352710 http://www.jstor.org.ezphost.dur.ac.uk/stable/2352710.
Chen, Y., Han, B., Pan, J., Sentiment Risk, Sentiment Timing, and Hedge Fund Returns. 2016, 10.2139/ssrn.2714580 Rotman School of Management Working Paper No. 2714580.
Christoffersen, P., Langlois, H., The joint dynamics of equity market factors. J. Financ. Quant. Anal. 48 (2013), 1371–1404, 10.1017/S0022109013000598.
Criton, G., Scaillet, O., Time-varying Analysis in Risk and Hedge Fund Performance: How Forecast Ability Increases Estimated Alpha. 2011 SSRN Working Paper. http://mobile.next-finance.net/IMG/pdf/HFarticle110.pdf.
Dichtl, H., Drobetz, W., Lohre, H., Rother, C., Vosskamp, P., Optimal timing and tilting of equity factors. Financ. Anal. J. 75 (2019), 84–102, 10.1080/0015198X.2019.1645478 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0015198X.2019.1645478.
Fama, E.F., French, K.R., Business conditions and expected returns on stocks and bonds. J. Financ. Econ. 25 (1989), 23–49, 10.1016/0304-405X(89)90095-0.
Frydenberg, S., Hrafnkelsson, K., Bromseth, V.S., Westgaard, S., Hedge fund strategies and time-varying alphas and betas. J. Wealth Manag. 19 (2017), 44–60, 10.3905/jwm.2017.19.4.044.
Fung, W., Hsieh, D.A., Empirical characteristics of dynamic trading strategies: the case of hedge funds. Rev. Financ. Stud. 10 (1997), 275–302, 10.1093/rfs/10.2.275 https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/rfs/10.2.275.
Fung, W., Hsieh, D.A., Asset-based style factors for hedge funds. Financ. Anal. J. 58 (2002), 16–27, 10.2469/faj.v58.n5.2465.
Fung, W., Hsieh, D.A., Hedge fund benchmarks: a risk-based approach. Financ. Anal. J. 60:5 (2004), 65–80, 10.2469/faj.v60.n5.2657.
Gregoriou, G., Racicot, F., Théoret, R., The response of Hedge fund tail risk to macroeconomic shocks: a nonlinear VAR approach. Econ. Modell., 2020, 10.1016/j.econmod.2020.02.025 In Press Frebruary 2020.
Griffin, J.M., Ji, X., Martin, J.S., Momentum investing and business cycle risk: evidence from pole to pole. J. Finance 28:6 (2003), 2515–2547, 10.1046/j.1540-6261.2003.00614.x.
Grullon, G., Lyandres, E., Zhdanov, A., Real options, volatility, and stock returns. J. Finance 67 (2012), 1499–1537, 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2012.01754.x.
Gulen, H., Xing, Y., Zhang, L., Value versus growth: time-varying expected stock returns. Financ. Manag. 40 (2011), 381–407, 10.1111/j.1755-053X.2011.01146.x.
Hasanhodzic, J., Lo, A., Can hedge-fund returns be replicated?: the linear case. J. Invest. Manag. 5 (2007), 5–45, 10.2139/ssrn.924565.
Hodges, P.P., Hogan, K., PeteRson, J.R., Ang, R., Factor timing with cross-sectional and time-series predictors. J. Portfolio Manag. 44 (2017), 30–43, 10.3905/jpm.2017.44.1.030.
International Monetary Fund. Containing Systemic Risks and Restoring Financial Soundness. 2008, Global Financial Stability Report, Washington April 2008.
Jawadi, F., Khanniche, S., Modeling hedge fund exposure to risk factors. Econ. Modell. 29 (2012), 1003–1018, 10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.003.
Kat, H.M., Miffre, J., Performance Evaluation and Conditioning Information: the Case of Hedge Funds. Working Paper, 2002, ICMA Centre, Henley Business School, Reading University, uk www.ismacentre.rdg.ac.
Kazemi, M., Islamaj, E., Returns to active management: the case of hedge funds. SSRN Electron. J., 2018, 10.2139/ssrn.3130891.
Kuenzi, D.E., Shi, X., Asset based style analysis for equity strategies. J. Altern. Investments 10 (2007), 10–24, 10.3905/jai.2007.688990.
Lettau, M., Ludvigson, S., Resurrecting the (C)CAPM: a cross-sectional test when risk premia are time-varying. J. Polit. Econ. 109 (2001), 1238–1287, 10.1086/323282.
Liew, J., Vassalou, M., Can book-to-market, size and momentum be risk factors that predict economic growth?. J. Financ. Econ. 57 (2000), 221–245, 10.1016/S0304-405X(00)00056-8.
Mamaysky, H., Spiegel, M., Zhang, H., Estimating the dynamics of mutual fund alphas and betas. Rev. Financ. Stud. 21 (2008), 233–264, 10.1093/rfs/hhm049 https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/rfs/hhm049.
McGuire, P., Remolona, E., Tsatsaronis, K., Time-varying Exposures and Leverage in Hedge Funds. BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements. 2005 March, 59–72.
Patton, A.J., Ramadorai, T., On the high-frequency dynamics of hedge fund risk exposures. J. Finance 68 (2013), 597–635, 10.1111/jofi.12008.
Perez-Quiros, G., Timmermann, A., Firm size and cyclical variations in stock returns. J. Finance 55 (2000), 1229–1262, 10.1111/0022-1082.00246.
Petkova, R., Do the Fama-French factors proxy for innovations in predictive variables?. J. Finance 61 (2006), 581–612, 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.00849.x.
Petkova, R., Zhang, L., Is value riskier than growth?. J. Financ. Econ. 78 (2005), 187–202, 10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.12.001.
Racicot, F., Théoret, R., Modeling Hedge Fund Returns Using the Kalman Filter: an Errors-In-Variables Perspective. Cahier de recherche, 06, 2009 http://www.cifo.uqam.ca/publications/pdf/2009-06.pdf.
Racicot, F.É., Théoret, R., Hedge fund returns, Kalman filter, and errors-in-variables. Atl. Econ. J. 38 (2010), 377–378, 10.1007/s11293-010-9230-6.
Racicot, F.É., Théoret, R., Risk Procyclicality and Dynamic Hedge Fund Strategies: an Application of Kalman Filter to Time — Varying Alpha and Beta. 2012 Working Paper.
Racicot, F.É., Théoret, R., Macroeconomic shocks, forward-looking dynamics, and the behavior of hedge funds. J. Bank. Finance 62 (2016), 41–61, 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.10.004.
Racicot, F.É., Théoret, R., Hedge fund return higher moments over the business cycle. Econ. Modell. 78 (2019), 73–97, 10.1016/j.econmod.2018.08.016.
Savona, R., Risk and beta anatomy in the hedge fund industry. Eur. J. Finance 20 (2014), 1–32, 10.1080/1351847X.2011.649216 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1351847X.2011.649216.
Siegmann, A., Stefanova, D., The evolving beta-liquidity relationship of hedge funds. J. Empir. Finance 44 (2017), 286–303, 10.1016/j.jempfin.2017.04.002.
Swinkels, L., Van Der Sluis, P.J., Return-based style analysis with time-varying exposures. Eur. J. Finance 12 (2006), 529–552 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13518470500248508.
Zhang, L., The value premium. J. Finance 60 (2005), 67–103, 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00725.x.
Zheng, Y., Osmer, E., Zhang, R., Sentiment hedging: how hedge funds adjust their exposure to market sentiment. J. Bank. Finance 88 (2018), 147–160, 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2017.11.016.
Similar publications
Sorry the service is unavailable at the moment. Please try again later.
This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Read more
Save & Close
Accept all
Decline all
Show detailsHide details
Cookie declaration
About cookies
Strictly necessary
Performance
Strictly necessary cookies allow core website functionality such as user login and account management. The website cannot be used properly without strictly necessary cookies.
This cookie is used by Cookie-Script.com service to remember visitor cookie consent preferences. It is necessary for Cookie-Script.com cookie banner to work properly.
Performance cookies are used to see how visitors use the website, eg. analytics cookies. Those cookies cannot be used to directly identify a certain visitor.
Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites that you visit. Websites use cookies to help users navigate efficiently and perform certain functions. Cookies that are required for the website to operate properly are allowed to be set without your permission. All other cookies need to be approved before they can be set in the browser.
You can change your consent to cookie usage at any time on our Privacy Policy page.