Characterization and origin of two Fe-rich bentonites from Westerwald (Germany)

Fontaine, François; Christidis, George; Yans, Johan; Hollanders, Sofie; Hoffman, Andreas; Fagel, Nathalie

doi:10.1016/j.clay.2020.105444

Request a copy

Article (Scientific journals)

Characterization and origin of two Fe-rich bentonites from Westerwald (Germany)

Fontaine, François; Christidis, George; Yans, Johan et al.

2020 • In Applied Clay Science, 187

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/2268/245587

DOI
10.1016/j.clay.2020.105444

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

1-s2.0-S0169131720300090-main.pdf

Publisher postprint (3.1 MB)

Request a copy

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

Bentonite; Fe-rich smectite; Beidellite

Abstract :

[en] The Westerwald region is one of the major ceramic clay mining areas of Germany. The mined clays were deposited on the weathered Rhenish massif during Eocene and Oligocene and were protected from erosion by a large alkaline basalt cover. Two Fe-rich bentonite layers exposed in quarries of the Eastern part of the Westerwald were investigated with X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, chemical analyses and cation exchange capacity (CEC). In both bentonite layers, the main mineral is a high-charge Fe-rich beidellite containing exchangeable Ca and Mg. Even if they both derive from mafic volcanic rocks, the difference in accessory minerals and trace element content leads to the conclusion that they have a different precursor. The lower bentonite layer also contains talc, saponite, halloysite, goethite and anatase. It is part of the Palaeozoic bedrock and results from the weathering of a Lower Carboniferous metabasalt. The upper bentonite layer has Upper Oligocene age and has been derived from the alteration of tuffite with a composition ranging from alkali basalt to trachyte. This bentonite is linked to the first eruptions of the intraplate Cenozoic volcanic activity of the Westerwald.

Disciplines :

Earth sciences & physical geography

Author, co-author :

Fontaine, François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Argiles, géochimie et environnements sédimentaires

Christidis, George

Yans, Johan

Hollanders, Sofie

Hoffman, Andreas

Fagel, Nathalie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Argiles, géochimie et environnements sédimentaires

Language :

English

Title :

Characterization and origin of two Fe-rich bentonites from Westerwald (Germany)

Alternative titles :

[fr] Caractérisation et origine de deux bentonites riches en fer du Westerwald (Allemagne)

Publication date :

2020

Journal title :

Applied Clay Science

ISSN :

0169-1317

eISSN :

1872-9053

Publisher :

Elsevier, Netherlands

Volume :

187

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 02 March 2020

Statistics

Number of views

119 (13 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

2 (2 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Ahrens, W., Einführung in die Geologie der Tonlagerstätten des Westerwaldes und angrenzender Gebiete. Ber Dt Keram Ges 41 (1964), 236–239.
Alt, J.C., Honnorez, J., Lteration of the upper oceanic crust, DSPD site 417: Mineralogy and chemistry. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 87 (1984), 149–169.
Alt, J.C., Teagle, D.A.H., Brewer, T., Shanks, W.C., Halliday, A., Alteration and mineralization of an oceanic forearc and the ophiolite-ocean crust analogy. J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998), 12365–12380.
Andrejkovičová, S., Madejova, J., Czímerová, A., Galko, I., Dohrmann, R., Komadel, P., Mineralogy and chemistry of Fe-rich bentonite from the Lieskovec deposit (Central Slovakia). Geol. Carpath. 57 (2006), 371–378.
Banfield, J.F., Veblen, D.R., Conversion of perovskite to anatase and TiO2 (B): a TEM study and the use of fundamental building blocks for understanding relationships among the TiO2 minerals. Am. Mineral. 77 (1992), 545–557.
Bishop, J., Madejová, J., Komadel, P., Fröschl, H., The influence of structural Fe, Al and Mg on the infrared OH bands in spectra of dioctahedral smectites. Clay Miner. 37 (2002), 607–616, 10.1180/0009855023740063.
Brigatti, M.F., Relationships between composition and structure in Fe-rich smectites. Clay Miner. 18 (1983), 177–186, 10.1180/claymin.1983.018.2.06.
Brindley, G.W., Brown, G., X-ray diffraction procedures for clay mineral identification. Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-Ray Identification, 1980, Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Colchester and London, 305–360, 10.1180/mono-5.5.
Christidis, G.E., Comparative study of the mobility of major and trace elements during alteration of an andesite and a rhyolite to bentonite, in the Islands of Milos and Kimolos, Aegean, Greece. Clay Clay Miner. 46 (1998), 379–399, 10.1346/CCMN.1998.0460403.
Christidis, G.E., Genesis and compositional heterogeneity of smectites. Part III: Alteration of basic pyroclastic rocks—a case study from the troodos ophiolite complex, Cyprus. Am. Mineral. 91 (2006), 685–701, 10.2138/am.2006.2001.
Christidis, G.E., Eberl, D.D., Determination of layer-charge characteristics of smectites. Clay Clay Miner. 51 (2003), 644–655, 10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510607.
Christidis, G.E., Koutsopoulou, E., A simple approach to the identification of trioctahedral smectites by X-ray diffraction. Clay Miner. 48 (2013), 687–696, 10.1180/claymin.2013.048.5.22.
Christidis, G.E., Mitsis, I., A New Ni-rich stevensite from the ophiolite complex of Othrys, Central Greece. Clay Clay Miner. 54 (2006), 653–666, 10.1346/CCMN.2006.0540601.
Cornell, R.M., Schwertmann, U., The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses. 2003, John Wiley & Sons, Weinheim.
Cuadros, J., Dekov, V.M., Fiore, S., Crystal chemistry of the mixed-layer sequence talc-talc-smectite-smectite from submarine hydrothermal vents. Am. Mineral. 93 (2008), 1338–1348, 10.2138/am.2008.2692.
Ddani, M., Meunier, A., Zahraoui, M., Beaufort, D., EL Wartiti, M., Fontaine, C., Boukili, B., EL Mahi, B., Clay mineralogy and chemical composition of bentonites from the Gourougou volcanic massif (Northeast Morocco). Clay Clay Miner. 53 (2005), 250–267, 10.1346/CCMN.2005.0530305.
de la Fuente, S., Cuadros, J., Linares, J., Early stages of volcanic tuff alteration in hydrothermal experiments: formation of mixed-layer illite-smectite. Clay Clay Miner. 50 (2002), 578–590, 10.1346/000986002320679468.
Decarreau, A., Colin, F., Herbillon, A., Manceau, A., Nahon, D., Paquet, H., Trauth-Badeaud, D., Trescases, J.J., Domain segregation in Ni-Fe-Mg-smectites. Clay Clay Miner. 35 (1987), 1–10, 10.1346/CCMN.1987.0350101.
Doebelin, N., Kleeberg, R., Profex : a graphical user interface for the Rietveld refinement program BGMN. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 48 (2015), 1573–1580, 10.1107/S1600576715014685.
Doyle, M.G., Volcanic influences on hydrothermal and diagenetic alteration: evidence from highway-reward, mount windsor subprovince, Australia. Econ. Geol. 96 (2001), 1133–1148.
Drits, V.A., Lindgreen, H., Salyn, A.L., Ylagan, R., McCarty, D.K., Semi quantitative determination of trans-vacant and cis-vacant 2:1 layers in illites and illite-smectites by thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. Am. Mineral. 83 (1998), 1188–1198, 10.2138/am-1998-11-1207.
Felix-Henningsen, P., Mesozoic-Tertiary weathering and soil formation on slates of the Rhenish Massif, Germany. CATENA 21 (1994), 229–242, 10.1016/0341-8162(94)90014-0.
Felix-Henningsen, P., The Mesozoic-Tertiary weathering mantle of the Rhenish Massif. Characteristics and genesis. Géologie Fr. 1 (2003), 71–75.
Floyd, P.A., Winchester, J.A., Identification and discrimination of altered and metamorphosed volcanic rocks using immobile elements. Chem. Geol. 21 (1978), 291–306, 10.1016/0009-2541(78)90050-5.
Furnes, H., El-Anbaaway, M.I.H., Chemical changesand authigenic mineral formation during palagonitization of a basanite hyaloclastite, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands. N. Jb. FuÈ R Mineral. Abh. 139 (1980), 279–302.
García-Romero, E., Vegas, J., Baldonedo, J.L., Marfil, R., Clay minerals as alteration products in basaltic volcaniclastic deposits of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). Sediment. Geol. 174 (2005), 237–253, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.12.007.
Gaudin, A., Grauby, O., Noack, Y., Decarreau, A., Petit, S., Accurate crystal chemistry of ferric smectites from the lateritic nickel ore of Murrin Murrin (Western Australia). I. XRD and multi-scale chemical approaches. Clay Miner. 39 (2004), 301–315, 10.1180/0009855043930136.
Gillis, K.M., Robinson, P.T., Patterns and processes of alteration in the lavas and dykes of the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. J. Geophys. Res. 95 (1990), 21523–21548.
Giorgetti, G., Monecke, T., Kleeberg, R., Hannington, M.D., Low-temperature hydrothermal alteration of silicic glass at the PACMANUS hydrothermal vent field, Manus basin: an XRD, SEM and AEM-TEM study. Clay Clay Miner. 54 (2006), 240–251, 10.1346/CCMN.2006.0540209.
Górniak, K., Szydłak, T., Gaweł, A., Klimek, A., Tomczyk, A., Sulikowski, B., Olejniczak, Z., Motyka, J., Serwicka, E.M., Bahranowski, K., Commercial bentonite from the Kopernica deposit (Tertiary, Slovakia): a petrographic and mineralogical approach. Clay Miner. 51 (2016), 97–122, 10.1180/claymin.2016.051.1.09.
Greene-Kelly, R., The montmorillonite minerals. The Differential Thermal Investigation of Clays, 1957, Mineralogical Society, London, 144–146.
Grim, R.E., Güven, N., Bentonites: geology, mineralogy, properties and uses. Developments in Sedimentology, 1978, Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co.; distributors for the United States and Canada, Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam; New York, New York.
Güven, N., Smectite. Bailey, S.W., (eds.) Hydrous Phyllosilicates (Exclusive of Micas), Reviews in Mineralogy, 1988, 497–559 Chantilly, Virginia.
Haase, K.M., Petrogenesis of tertiary continental intra-plate Lavas from the westerwald region, Germany. J. Petrol. 45 (2004), 883–905, 10.1093/petrology/egg115.
Hay, R.L., Iijima, A., Nature and origin of palagonite tuffs of the Honolulu Group on Oahu, Hawaii. Mem. Geol. Soc. Am. 116 (1968), 331–376.
Huff, W.D., Merriman, R.J., Morgan, D.J., Roberts, B., Distribution and tectonic setting of Ordovician K-bentonites in the United Kingdom. Geol. Mag. 130 (1993), 93–100, 10.1017/S001675680002375X.
Inoue, A., Utada, M., Smectite-to-chlorite transformation in thermally metamorphosed volcanoclastic rocks in the Kamikita area, northern Honshu, Japan. Am. Mineral. 76 (1991), 628–640.
Kadir, S., Külah, T., Önalgil, N., Erkoyun, H., Elliott, W.C., Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of bentonites in miocene volcanic-sedimentary units of the Ankara-Çankiri Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Clay Clay Miner. 65 (2017), 64–91, 10.1346/CCMN.2017.064051.
Köster, H.M., Ehrlicher, U., Gilg, H.A., Jordan, R., Murad, E., Onnich, K., Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of five nontronites and Fe-rich smectites. Clay Miner. 34 (1999), 579–599.
Koutsopoulou, E., Christidis, G.E., Marantos, I., Mineralogy, geochemistry and physical properties of bentonites from the Western Thrace Region and the islands of Samos and Chios, East Aegean, Greece. Clay Miner. 51 (2016), 563–588, 10.1180/claymin.2016.051.4.03.
Kromer, H., Tertiary clays in the Westerwald area. Geol. Jb. 39 (1980), 69–84.
Langenstrassen, F., Neritic sedimentation of the lower and middle Devonian in the Rheinische Schiefergebirge East of the River Rhine. Martin, H., Eder, F.W., (eds.) Intracontinental Fold Belts, 1983, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 43–76.
Lippolt, H.J., Distribution of volcanic activity in space and time. Fuchs, K., von Gehlen, K., Mälzer, H., Murawski, H., Semmel, A., (eds.) Plateau Uplift, 1983, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 112–120, 10.1007/978-3-642-69219-2_15.
Lippolt, H.J., Todt, W., Isotopische altersbestimmungen an vulkaniten des westerwaldes. N. Jb. Für Geol. Paläontol. 1 (1978), 332–352.
Madejová, J., Komadel, P., Baseline studies of the clay minerals society source clays: infrared methods. Clay Clay Miner. 49 (2001), 410–432, 10.1346/CCMN.2001.0490508.
Madejová, J., Bujdák, J., Petit, S., Komadel, P., Effects of chemical composition and temperature of heating on the infrared spectra of Li-saturated dioctahedral smectites. (I) Mid-infrared region. Clay Miner. 35 (2000), 739–751, 10.1180/000985500547160.
Metson, A.J., Methods of chemical analysis for soil survey samples. N. Z. Soil Bur. Bull., 1956, 12.
Moore, D.M., Reynolds, R.C., X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals. 2nd ed., 1997, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New-York.
Moragues-Quiroga, C., Juilleret, J., Gourdol, L., Pelt, E., Perrone, T., Aubert, A., Morvan, G., Chabaux, F., Legout, A., Stille, P., Hissler, C., Genesis and evolution of regoliths: evidence from trace and major elements and Sr-Nd-Pb-U isotopes. CATENA 149 (2017), 185–198, 10.1016/j.catena.2016.09.015.
Morris, R.C., Genesis of iron ore in banded iron forma-tion by supergene and supergene-metamorphic processes, a conceptual model. Handbook of Strata-Bound and Stratiform Ore Deposits, 1985, Wolf K H, Amsterdam, 73–235.
Nesbor, H.-D., Paläozoischer Intraplattenvulkanismus im östlichen Rheini- schen Schiefergebirge – Magmenentwicklung und zeitlicher Ablauf. Geol. Jb. Hess. 131 (2004), 145–182.
Noack, Y., Duplay, J., Talc and weathering-hydro thermal alteration boundary. Sci. Géologiques Bull. Mém. 72 (1983), 121–130.
Papoulis, D., Tsolis-Katagas, P., Kalampounias, A.G., Tsikouras, B., Progressive formation of halloysite from the hydrothermal alteration of biotite and the formation mechanisms of anatase in altered volcanic rocks from Limnos Island, Northeast Aegean Sea, Greece. Clay Clay Miner. 57 (2009), 566–577.
Pelayo, M., García-Romero, E., Labajo, M.A., Pérez del Villar, L., Evidence of montmorillonite/Fe-rich smectite transformation in the Morrón de Mateo bentonite deposit (Spain): Implications for the clayey barrier behaviour. Appl. Clay Sci. 131 (2016), 59–70, 10.1016/j.clay.2015.12.033.
Pelayo, M., Marco, J.F., Fernández, A.M., Vergara, L., Melón, A.M., Pérez del Villar, L., Infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopy of Fe-rich smectites from Morrón de Mateo bentonite deposit (Spain). Clay Miner. 53 (2018), 17–28, 10.1180/clm.2018.1.
Petit, S., Caillaud, J., Righi, D., Madejová, J., Elsass, F., Köster, H.M., Characterization and crystal chemistry of an Fe-rich montmorillonite from Ölberg, Germany. Clay Miner. 37 (2002), 283–297, 10.1180/0009855023720034.
Russel, J.D., Fraser, A.R., Infrared methods. Wilson, M.J., (eds.) Clay Mineralogy: Spectroscopic and Chemical Determinative Methods, 1994, 11–67 London.
Sauer, D., Felix-Henningsen, P., Saprolite, soils, and sediments in the Rhenish Massif as records of climate and landscape history. Quat. Int. 156–157 (2006), 4–12, 10.1016/j.quaint.2006.05.001.
Schäfer, P., Schindler, T., Hottenrott, M., Wuttke, M., Westerwald. Deutsche Stratigraphische Kommission (Hrsg.): Stratigraphie von Deutschland IX: Tertiär, Teil 1 - Schriftenreihe Der Deutschen Gesellschaft Für Geowissenschaften. Hannover, 2011, 355–375.
Schreiber, U., Anders, D., Koppen, J., Mixing and Chemical Interdiffusion of Trachytic and Latitic Magma in a Subvolcanic Complex of the Tertiary Westerwald žGermany. 46, 1999, 695–714.
Schultz, L.G., Lithium and potassium absorption, dehydroxylation temperature, and structural water content of Aluminous Smectites*. Clay Clay Miner. 17 (1969), 115–149, 10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170302.
Schwertmann, U., Schulze, D.G., Murad, E., Identification of ferrihydrite in soils by dissolution kinetics, differential X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46 (1982), 869–897.
Sloan, R.L., Gilbert, J.M., Electron-optical study of alteration in the Cheto claydeposit. Clay Clay Miner. 15 (1966), 35–44.
Steiner, A., Clay minerals in hydrothermally altered rocks at Wairakei, New Zealand. Clay Clay Miner. 16 (1968), 193–213, 10.1346/CCMN.1968.0160302.
Stets, J., Schäfer, A., Depositional environments in the lower devonian siliciclastics of the rhenohercynian basin (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, W-Germany) — case study and a model. Contrib. Sediment. Geol. 22 (2002), 1–77.
Sun, S., McDonough, W.F., Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 42 (1989), 313–345, 10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19.
Tilley, D.B., Eggleton, R.A., Titanite low-temperature alteration and Ti mobility. Clay Clay Miner. 53 (2005), 100–107, 10.1346/CCMN.2005.0530110.
Turk, P.-G., Lohse, H.-H., Schürmann, K., Fuhrmann, U., Lippolt, H.J., Petrographische und Kalium-Argon-Untersuchungen an basischen tertiären Vulkaniten zwischen Westerwald und Vogelsberg. Geol. Rundsch. 73 (1984), 599–617, 10.1007/BF01824974.
Velde, B., Meunier, A., The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks. 2008, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 10.1007/978-3-540-75634-7.
Wedepohl, K.H., Meyer, K., Muecke, G.K., Chemical composition and genetic relations of meta-volcanic rocks from the rhenohercynian belt of northwest Germany. Martin, H., Eder, F.W., (eds.) Intracontinental Fold Belts, 1983, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 231–256.
Wilson, M.J., Weathering of the primary rock-forming minerals: processes, products and rates. Clay Miner. 39 (2004), 233–266, 10.1180/0009855043930133.
Winchester, J.A., Floyd, P.A., Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chem. Geol. 20 (1977), 325–343, 10.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-2.
Zhang, H., Banfield, J.F., Thermodynamic analysis of phase stability of nanocrystalline titania. J. Mater. Chem. 8 (1998), 2073–2076, 10.1039/A802619J.
Zviagina, B.B., McCarty, D.K., Środonón, J., Drits, V.A., Interpretation of infrared spectra of dioctahedral smectites in the region of OH-stretching vibrations. Clay Clay Miner. 52 (2004), 399–410, 10.1346/CCMN.2004.0520401.