planets and satellites: atmospheres; planets and satellites: individual: PDS 70; techniques: spectroscopic; astrometry; methods: observational; Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract :
[en] Context. The observation of planets in their formation stage is a crucial but very challenging step in understanding when, how, and where planets form. PDS 70 is a young pre-main sequence star surrounded by a transition disk, in the gap of which a planetary-mass companion has recently been discovered. This discovery represents the first robust direct detection of such a young planet, possibly still at the stage of formation. <BR /> Aims: We aim to characterize the orbital and atmospheric properties of PDS 70 b, which was first identified on May 2015 in the course of the SHINE survey with SPHERE, the extreme adaptive-optics instrument at the VLT. <BR /> Methods: We obtained new deep SPHERE/IRDIS imaging and SPHERE/IFS spectroscopic observations of PDS 70 b. The astrometric baseline now covers 6 yr, which allowed us to perform an orbital analysis. For the first time, we present spectrophotometry of the young planet which covers almost the entire near-infrared range (0.96-3.8 μm). We use different atmospheric models covering a large parameter space in temperature, log g, chemical composition, and cloud properties to characterize the properties of the atmosphere of PDS 70 b. <BR /> Results: PDS 70 b is most likely orbiting the star on a circular and disk coplanar orbit at 22 au inside the gap of the disk. We find a range of models that can describe the spectrophotometric data reasonably well in the temperature range 1000-1600 K and log g no larger than 3.5 dex. The planet radius covers a relatively large range between 1.4 and 3.7 R[SUB]J[/SUB] with the larger radii being higher than expected from planet evolution models for the age of the planet of 5.4 Myr. <BR /> Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive data set on the orbital motion of PDS 70 b, indicating a circular orbit and a motion coplanar with the disk. The first detailed spectral energy distribution of PDS 70 b indicates a temperature typical of young giant planets. The detailed atmospheric analysis indicates that a circumplanetary disk may contribute to the total planetflux. <P />Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programmes 095.C-0298, 097.C-0206, 097.C-1001, 1100.C-0481.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Müller, A.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Keppler, M.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Henning, Th; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Samland, M.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Chauvin, G.; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France ; Unidad Mixta Internacional Franco-Chilena de Astronomía, CNRS/INSU UMI 3386 and Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile
Beust, H.; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Maire, Anne-Lise ; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Molaverdikhani, K.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
van Boekel, R.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Benisty, M.; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France ; Unidad Mixta Internacional Franco-Chilena de Astronomía, CNRS/INSU UMI 3386 and Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile
Boccaletti, A.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 9219, Meudon, France
Bonnefoy, M.; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Cantalloube, F.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Charnay, B.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 9219, Meudon, France
Baudino, J.-L.; Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Gennaro, M.; Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
Long, Z. C.; Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
Cheetham, A.; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Chemin des Mailettes 51, 1290, Versoix, Switzerland
Desidera, S.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo della Osservatorio 5, 35122, Padova, Italy
Feldt, M.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Fusco, T.; DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, 91123, Palaiseau, France ; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM) UMR 7326, 13388, Marseille, France
Girard, J.; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France ; Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
Gratton, R.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo della Osservatorio 5, 35122, Padova, Italy
Hagelberg, J.; Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
Janson, M.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
Lagrange, A.-M.; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Langlois, M.; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LAM, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France ; CRAL, UMR 5574, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
Lazzoni, C.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo della Osservatorio 5, 35122, Padova, Italy
Ligi, R.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, 23807, Merate, Italy
Ménard, F.; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Mesa, D.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo della Osservatorio 5, 35122, Padova, Italy ; INCT-Universidad De Atacama, calle Copayapu 485, Copiapó Atacama, Chile
Meyer, M.; Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1107, USA
Mollière, P.; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
Moulin, T.; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Pavlov, A.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Pawellek, N.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany ; Konkoly Observatory Research, Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 67, 1525, Budapest, Hungary
Quanz, S. P.; Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
Ramos, J.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Rouan, D.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 9219, Meudon, France
Sissa, E.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo della Osservatorio 5, 35122, Padova, Italy
Stadler, E.; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Vigan, A.; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LAM, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326, 13388, Marseille, France
Wahhaj, Z.; European Southern Observatory (ESO), Alonso de Còrdova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla, 19001, Santiago, Chile
Weber, L.; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Chemin des Mailettes 51, 1290, Versoix, Switzerland
Zurlo, A.; Núcleo de Astronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile ; Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile ; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM) UMR 7326, 13388, Marseille, France)
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