Comprehensive Model; Autobiographical Memory; Original Event
Abstract :
[en] Flashbulb memories (FBMs) are detailed recollections of the context in which people first heard about important events. The present study investigates three models of the formation and maintenance of FBM. Two models have previously been proposed in the literature (Brown & Kulik, 1977; Conway et al., 1994). A third model of FBM that integrates theories of FBM and recent developments in the field of emotions is proposed. The present study compares these three competing models by investigating the FBMs that Belgian citizens developed upon learning of the unexpected death of their king Baudouin. Structural equation modeling revealed that, as compared to the two previously proposed models, the third model, which takes into account emotional processes, better explains FBM.
Disciplines :
Neurosciences & behavior
Author, co-author :
Finkenauer, Catrin; Université Catholique de Louvain - UCL
Luminet, Olivier; Université Catholique de Louvain - UCL
Gisle, Lydia; Université Catholique de Louvain - UCL
El Ahmadi, Abdessadek; Université de Liège - ULiège
Van der Linden, Martial ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cognitives > Psychopathologie cognitive
Philippot, Pierre; Université Catholique de Louvain - UCL
Language :
English
Title :
Flashbulb memories and the underlying mechanisms of their formation : towards an emotional-integrative model
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
AKAIKE, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, 317-332.
ANDERSON, J. C., & GERBING, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
BENTLER, P. M. (1980). Multivariate analysis with latent variables: Causal modeling. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 419-456.
BENTLER, P. M. (1989). EQS: Structural equations program manual. Los Angeles: BMDP Statistical Software.
BENTLER, P. M., & WEEKS, D. G. (1980). Linear structural equations with latent variables. Psychometrika, 45, 289-308.
BOHANNON, J. N. (1988). Flashbulb memories for the space shuttle disaster: A tale of two theories. Cognition, 29, 179-196.
BOHANNON, J. N., & SYMONS, L. V. (1992). Flashbulb memories: Confidence, consistency, and quantity. In E. Winograd & U. Neisser (Eds.), Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of "flashbulb" memories (pp. 65-91). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
BOLLEN, K. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
BROWN, R., & KULIK, J. (1977). Flashbulb memories. Cognition. 5, 73-99.
BROWNE, M. W., & CUDECK, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. Scott Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
CARMINES, E. G., & MCIVER, S. P. (1981). Analyzing models with unobserved variables: Analysis of covariance structures. In G. W. Bohrnstedt & E. F. Borgatta (Eds.), Social measurement: Current issues (pp. 65-115). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
CHRISTIANSON, S. A. (1989). Flashbulb memories: Special, but not so special. Memory & Cognition, 17, 435-443.
CHRISTIANSON, S. A., & LOFTUS, E. F. (1991). Remembering emotional events: The fate of detailed information. Cognition & Emotion, 5, 81-108.
COHEN, G., CONWAY, M. A., & MAYLOR, E. A. (1994). Flashbulb memories in older adults. Psychology & Aging, 9, 454-463.
COLEGROVE, F. W. (1899). Individual memories. American Journal of Psychology, 10, 228-255.
CONWAY, M. A. (1990). Autobiographical memory: An introduction. London: Open University Press.
CONWAY, M. A. (1995). Flashbulb memories. Hove, U.K.: Erlbaum.
CONWAY, M. A., ANDERSON, S. J., LARSEN, S. F., DONNELLY, C. M., MCDANIEL, M. A., MCCLELLAND, A. G. R., RAWLES, R. E., & LOGIE, R. H. (1994). The formation of flashbulb memories. Memory & Cognition, 22, 326-343.
CONWAY, M. A., COLLINS, A. F., GATHERCOLE, S. E., & ANDERSON, S. J. (1996). Recollections of true and false autobiographical memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125, 69-95.
CUDECK, R. (1989). Analysis of correlation matrices using covariance structures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 18, 147-167.
EKMAN, P. (1992). Facial expression of emotion: New findings, new questions. Psychological Science, 3, 34-38.
FISKE, S. T., & TAYLOR, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
FOLKMAN, S., & LAZARUS, R. S. (1988). The relationship between coping and emotion: Implications for theory and research. Social Science & Medicine, 26, 309-317.
FRIJDA, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
FRIJDA, N. H., KUIPERS, P., & TER SCHURE, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 57, 212-228.
GRICE, H. P. (1975). Logic as conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics: Vol. 3. Speech acts (pp. 365-372). New York: Seminar Press.
HARTMANN, W. M. (1990). The CALIS procedure: Extended user's guide (SAS Technical Report P-200). Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
JOHNSON, M. K., & CHALFONTE, B. L. (1994). Binding complex memories: The role of reactivation and the hippocampus. In D. L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory systems 1994 (pp. 311-350). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Bradford Books.
LARSEN, S. F. (1992). Potential flashbulbs: Memories of ordinary news as the baseline. In E. Winograd & U. Neisser (Eds.), Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of "flashbulb" memories (pp. 32-63). New York: Cambridge University Press.
LAZARUS, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 819-834.
LAZARUS, R. S., & SMITH, C. A. (1988). Knowledge and appraisal in the cognition-emotion relationship. Cognition & Emotion, 2, 281-300.
LEVENTHAL, H., & SCHERER, K. (1987). The relationship of emotion to cognition: A functional approach to a semantic controversy. Cognition & Emotion, 1, 3-28.
LITS, M. (1993). Le Roi est mort . . . Emotion et médias [The king is dead . . . Emotion and media]. Bruxelles: Editions Vie Ouvrière.
LIVINGSTON, R. (1967). Reinforcement. In G. Quarton, T. Melenchunk, & F. Schmitt (Eds.), The neurosciences: A study program (pp. 499-514). New York: Rockfeller University Press.
MARTIN, L. L., & TESSER, A (1989). Toward a motivational and structural theory of ruminative thought. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 306-326). New York: Guilford.
MCCLOSKEY, M., WIBLE, C. G., & COHEN, N. J. (1988). Is there a special flashbulb memory mechanism? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 177, 171-181.
NEISSER, U. (1982). Snapshots or benchmarks? In U. Neisser (Ed.), Memory observed (pp. 43-48). San Francisco: Freeman.
NEISSER, U., & HARSH, N. (1992). Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing the news about Challenger. In E. Winograd & U. Neisser (Eds.), Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of flashbulb memories (pp. 9-31 ). New York: Cambridge University Press.
NIGRO, G., & NEISSER, U. (1983). Point of view in personal memories. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 467-482.
OATLEY, K., & JENKINS, J. M. (1996). Understanding emotions. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
OATLEY, K., & JOHNSON-LAIRD, P. N. (1987). Towards a cognitive theory of emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 1, 29-50.
PHILIPPOT, P., & RIMÉ, B. (1998). Social and cognitive processing in emotion: A heuristic for psychopathology. In W. F. Flack & J. Laird (Eds.), Emotion in psychopathology (pp. 114-129). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
PILLEMER, D. B. (1984). Flashbulb memories of the assassination attempt on President Reagan. Cognition, 16, 63-80.
RIMÉ, B., PHILIPPOT, P., BOCA, S., & MESQUITA, B. (1992). Long-lasting cognitive and social consequences of emotion: Social sharing and rumination. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 225-258). Chichester, U.K.: Wiley.
ROBINSON, J. A. (1980). Affect and retrieval of personal memories. Motivation & Emotion, 4, 149-174.
RUBIN, D. C., & KOZIN, M. (1984). Vivid memories. Cognition, 16, 81-95.
SCHERER, K. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In K. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 293-317). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
SCHMIDT, S. R. (1991). Can we have a distinctive theory of memory? Memory & Cognition, 19, 523-542.
SMITH, C. A. (1993). Evaluations of what's at stake and what I can do. In B. C. Long & S. E. Kahn (Eds.), Women, work and coping: A multidisciplinary approach to workplace stress (pp. 238-265). Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press.
SMITH, C. A., & ELLSWORTH, P. C. (1987). Patterns of appraisal and emotion related to taking an exam. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 52, 475-488.
STEIGER, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.
TULVING, E., & KROLL, N. (1995). Novelty assessment in the brain and long-term memory encoding. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2, 387-390.
WHEATON, D. E., MUTHÉN, B., ALWIN, D. F., & SOMMERS, G. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. In D. R. Heise (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 84-136). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
WINOGRAD, E., & KILLINGER, W. A. (1983). Relating age at encoding in early childhood to adult recall: Development of flashbulb memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 112, 413-422.
Similar publications
Sorry the service is unavailable at the moment. Please try again later.
This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Read more
Save & Close
Accept all
Decline all
Show detailsHide details
Cookie declaration
About cookies
Strictly necessary
Performance
Strictly necessary cookies allow core website functionality such as user login and account management. The website cannot be used properly without strictly necessary cookies.
This cookie is used by Cookie-Script.com service to remember visitor cookie consent preferences. It is necessary for Cookie-Script.com cookie banner to work properly.
Performance cookies are used to see how visitors use the website, eg. analytics cookies. Those cookies cannot be used to directly identify a certain visitor.
Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites that you visit. Websites use cookies to help users navigate efficiently and perform certain functions. Cookies that are required for the website to operate properly are allowed to be set without your permission. All other cookies need to be approved before they can be set in the browser.
You can change your consent to cookie usage at any time on our Privacy Policy page.
