Evaluating a regional climate model simulation of Greenland ice sheet snow and firn density for improved surface mass balance estimates

Alexander, P.; Tedesco, M.; Koening, L.; Fettweis, Xavier

doi:10.1029/2019GL084101

Article (Scientific journals)

Evaluating a regional climate model simulation of Greenland ice sheet snow and firn density for improved surface mass balance estimates

Alexander, P.; Tedesco, M.; Koening, L. et al.

2019 • In Geophysical Research Letters

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/2268/240310

DOI
10.1029/2019GL084101

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

Alexander_et_al-2019-Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf

Author preprint (1.04 MB)

Download

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Abstract :

[en] Modeling vertical profiles of snow and firn density near the surface of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is key to estimating GrIS mass balance, and by extension, global sea level change. To understand sources of error in simulated GrIS density, we compare GrIS density profiles from a leading regional climate model with coincident in situ measurements. We identify key contributors to model density and mass balance biases, including underestimated simulated fresh snow density (which leads to underestimation of density in the top 1 m of snow by ~10%). In areas undergoing frequent melting, positive density biases (of 7% in the top 1 m, and 10% between 1 and 10 m) are likely associated with errors in representing meltwater production, retention and refreezing. The results highlight the importance of accurately capturing fresh snow density and meltwater processes in models used to estimate GrIS mass balance change.

Disciplines :

Earth sciences & physical geography

Author, co-author :

Alexander, P.

Tedesco, M.

Koening, L.

Fettweis, Xavier ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géographie > Climatologie et Topoclimatologie

Language :

English

Title :

Evaluating a regional climate model simulation of Greenland ice sheet snow and firn density for improved surface mass balance estimates

Publication date :

11 October 2019

Journal title :

Geophysical Research Letters

ISSN :

0094-8276

eISSN :

1944-8007

Publisher :

Wiley, Washington, United States - District of Columbia

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019GL084101

Available on ORBi :

since 15 October 2019

Statistics

Number of views

94 (6 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

227 (2 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Agosta, C., Amory, C., Kittel, C., Orsi, A., Favier, V., Gallée, H., van den Broeke, M. R., Lenaerts, J. T. M., van Wessem, J. M., van de Berg, W. J., & Fettweis, X. (2019). Estimation of the Antarctic surface mass balance using the regional climate model MAR (1979–2015) and identification of dominant processes. The Cryosphere, 13(1), 281–296. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-281-2019
Alexander, P., Tedesco, M., Fettweis, X., van de Wal, R. S. W., Smeets, C. J. P. P., & van den Broeke, M. R. (2014). Assessing spatio-temporal variability and trends in modelled and measured Greenland Ice Sheet albedo (2000–2013). The Cryosphere, 8(6), 2293–2312. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2293-2014
Alley, R. B. (1999). GISP2 stratigraphy, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.5194/PANGAEA.56103.
Arthern, R. J., Vaughan, D. G., Rankin, A. M., Mulvaney, R., & Thomas, E. R. (2010). In situ measurements of Antarctic snow compaction compared with predictions of models. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, F03011. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001306
Baker, I. (2016). NEEM firn core 2009S2 density and permeability, Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A2Q88G.
Benson, C. (2013). Greenland snow pit and core stratigraphy (analog and digital formats). Boulder, Colorado, USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center.
Benson, C. S. (2017). Greenland snow pit and core stratigraphy, Carl S. Benson Collection, Coll. 2010011, Roger G. Barry Archives and Resource Center, National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
Bolzan, J. F., & Strobel, M. (1999a). Oxygen isotope data from snowpit at GISP2 Site 13, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.5194/PANGAEA.55510.
Bolzan, J. F., & Strobel, M. (1999b). Oxygen isotope data from snowpit at GISP2 Site 15, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.5194/PANGAEA.55511.
Bolzan, J. F., & Strobel, M. (1999c). Oxygen isotope data from snowpit at GISP2 Site 31, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.5194/PANGAEA.55512.
Bolzan, J. F., & Strobel, M. (1999d). Oxygen isotope data from snowpit at GISP2 Site 37, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.5194/PANGAEA.55513.
Bolzan, J. F., & Strobel, M. (1999e). Oxygen isotope data from snowpit at GISP2 Site 51, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.5194/PANGAEA.55514.
Bolzan, J. F., & Strobel, M. (1999f). Oxygen isotope data from snowpit at GISP2 Site 57, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.5194/PANGAEA.55515.
Bolzan, J. F., & Strobel, M. (1999g). Oxygen isotope data from snowpit at GISP2 Site 73, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.5194/PANGAEA.55516.
Bolzan, J. F., & Strobel, M. (2001a). Oxygen isotope data from snowpit at GISP2 Site 44, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.5194/PANGAEA.59995.
Bolzan, J. F., & Strobel, M. (2001b). Oxygen isotope data from snowpit at GISP2 Site 571, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.5194/PANGAEA.59996.
Brun, E., David, P., Sudul, M., & Brunot, G. (1992). A numerical model to simulate snow-cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting. Journal of Glaciology, 38(128), 13–22.
Brun, E., Martin, E., Simon, V., Gendre, C., & Coleou, C. (1989). An energy and mass model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forecasting. Journal of Glaciology, 35(121), 333–342.
Chellman, N. (2016). Core atmospheric and snow measurements at Summit Greenland Environmental Observatory: Snow pit. Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A2888F.
Colgan, W., Box, J. E., Andersen, M. L., Fettweis, X., Csathó, B., Fausto, R. S., van As, D., & Wahr, J. (2015). Greenland high-elevation mass balance: Inference and implication of reference period (1961–90) imbalance. Annals of Glaciology, 56(70), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.3189/2015AoG0A967
Conway, H. (2003). Roosevelt Island ice core density and beta count data. U.S. Antarctic Program Data Center, https://doi.org/10.7265/N55718ZW.
Cooper, M. G., Smith, L. C., Rennermalm, A. K., Pitcher, L., Ryan, J. C., Yang, K., & Cooley, S. W. (2018). Direct measurements of ice density down to 1 m depth in the Greenland ice sheet ablation zone during July 2016 from shallow ice cores, In supplement to: Cooper, M. G. et al. (2018) Meltwater storage in low-density near-surface bare ice in the Greenland ice sheet ablation zone. The Cryosphere, 12(3), 955–970. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-955-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/PANGAEA.886747
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J. J., Park, B. K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J. N., & Vitart, F. (2011). The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137(656), 553–597. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828
DeRidder, K., & Shayes, G. (1997). The IAGL land surface model. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 36, 167–182.
Dibb, J. E., & Fahnestock, M. (2004). Snow accumulation, surface height change, and firn densification at Summit, Greenland: Insights from 2 years of in situ observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D24113. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004300
Dibb, J. E., Whitlow, S. I., & Arsenault, M. (2007). Seasonal variations in the soluble ion content of snow at Summit, Greenland: Constraints from three years of daily surface snow samples. Atmospheric Environment, 41(24), 5007–5019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.12.010
Fausto, R. S., Box, J. E., Vandecrux, B., van As, D., Steffen, K., MacFerrin, M. J., Machguth, H., Colgan, W., Koenig, L. S., McGrath, D., Charalampidis, C., & Braithwaite, R. J. (2018). A snow density dataset for improving surface boundary conditions in Greenland ice sheet firn modeling. Frontiers in Earth Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00051
Fettweis, X., Box, J. E., Agosta, C., Amory, C., Kittel, C., Lang, C., van As, D., Machguth, H., & Gallée, H. (2017). Reconstructions of the 1900–2015 Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate MAR model. The Cryosphere, 11(2), 1015–1033. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1015-2017
Fettweis, X., Tedesco, M., van den Broeke, M. R., & Ettema, J. (2011). Melting trends over the Greenland ice sheet (1958–2009) from spaceborne microwave data and regional climate models. The Cryosphere, 5(2), 359–375. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-359-2011
Forster, R. R., Box, J. E., van den Broeke, M. R., Miège, C., Burgess, E. W., van Angelen, J. H., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Koenig, L. S., Paden, J., Lewis, C., Gogineni, S. P., Leuschen, C., & McConnell, J. R. (2013). Extensive liquid meltwater storage in firn within the Greenland ice sheet. Nature Geoscience, 7(2), 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2043
Fréville, H., Brun, E., Picard, G., Tatarinova, N., Arnaud, L., Lanconelli, C., Reijmer, C., & van den Broeke, M. (2014). Using MODIS land surface temperatures and the Crocus snow model to understand the warm bias of ERA-Interim reanalyses at the surface in Antarctica. The Cryosphere, 8(4), 1361–1373. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1361-2014
Gallée, H., & Shayes, G. (1994). Development of a three-dimensional meso-γ primitive equation model: katabatic winds simulation in the area of Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 671–685.
Harper, J., Humphrey, N., Pfeffer, W. T., Brown, J., & Fettweis, X. (2012). Greenland ice-sheet contribution to sea-level rise buffered by meltwater storage in firn. Nature, 491(7423), 240–243. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11566
Hawley, R. L., Courville, Z. R., Kerl, L. M., Lutz, E. R., Osterberg, E. C., Overly, T. B., & Wong, G. J. (2014). Recent accumulation variability in northwest Greenland from ground-penetrating radar and shallow cores along the Greenland Inland Traverse. Journal of Glaciology, 60(220), 375–382. https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J141
Helm, V., Humbert, A., & Miller, H. (2014). Elevation and elevation change of Greenland and Antarctica derived from CryoSat-2. The Cryosphere, 8(4), 1539–1559. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1539-2014
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Jenne, R., & Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP-NCAR 40 year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437–471. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
Koenig, L. & Montgomery, L. (2018). Surface mass balance and snow depth on sea ice working group (SUMup) snow density subdataset, Greenland and Antarctica, 1950–2018. Arctic Data Center. https://doi.org/10.18739/A2JH3D23R.
Koenig, L. & Montgomery, L. (2019). Surface mass balance and snow depth on sea ice working group (SUMup) snow density subdataset, Greenland and Antarctica, 1950–2018. Arctic Data Center. https://doi.org/10.18739/A26D5PB2S.
Koenig, L. S., Ivanoff, A., Alexander, P. M., MacGregor, J. A., Fettweis, X., Panzer, B., Paden, J. D., Forster, R. R., Das, I., McConnell, J. R., Tedesco, M., Leuschen, C., & Gogineni, P. (2016). Annual Greenland accumulation rates (2009–2012) from airborne snow radar. The Cryosphere, 10(4), 1739–1752. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1739-2016
Koenig, L. S., Miège, C., Forster, R. R., & Brucker, L. (2014). Initial in situ measurements of perennial meltwater storage in the Greenland firn aquifer. Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 81–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058083
Kojima, K. (1954). Viscoelastic properties of snow. Low Temperature Science, A12, 1–13.
Kojima, K. (1967). Densification of seasonal snow cover. The Physics of Snow and Ice: Proceedings 雪氷の物理学: 論文集, 1(2), 929–952.
Kuipers Munneke, P., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Noël, B. P. Y., Howat, I. M., Box, J. E., Mosley-Thompson, E., McConnell, J. R., Steffen, K., Harper, J. T., Das, S. B., & van den Broeke, M. R. (2015). Elevation change of the Greenland Ice Sheet due to surface mass balance and firn processes, 1960–2014. The Cryosphere, 9(6), 2009–2025. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2009-2015
Langen, P. L., Fausto, R. S., Vandecrux, B., Mottram, R. H., & Box, J. E. (2017). Liquid water flow and retention on the Greenland ice sheet in the regional climate model HIRHAM5: Local and large-scale impacts. Frontiers in Earth Science, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00110
Lefebre, F., Gallée, H., van Ypersele, J.-P., & Greuell, W. (2003). Modeling of snow and ice melt at ETH Camp (West Greenland): A study of surface albedo. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D8), 4231. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001160
Lenaerts, J. T. M., van den Broeke, M. R., Déry, S. J., van Meijgaard, E., van de Berg, W. J., Palm, S. P., & Sanz Rodrigo, J. (2012). Modeling drifting snow in Antarctica with a regional climate model: 1. Methods and model evaluation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, D05108. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016145
Li, J., & Zwally, H. J. (2011). Modeling of firn compaction for estimating ice-sheet mass change from observed ice-sheet elevation change. Annals of Glaciology, 52(59), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411799096321
Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Helsen, M. M., & van den Broeke, M. R. (2011). An improved semi-empirical model for the densification of Antarctic firn. The Cryosphere, 5(4), 809–819. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-809-2011
Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Kuipers Munneke, P., Noël, B. P. Y., & van den Broeke, M. R. (2018). Brief communication: Improved simulation of the present-day Greenland firn layer (1960–2016). The Cryosphere, 12(5), 1643–1649. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1643-2018
Machguth, H., MacFerrin, M., van As, D., Box, J. E., Charalampidis, C., Colgan, W., Fausto, R. S., Meijer, H. A. J., Mosley-Thompson, E., & van de Wal, R. S. W. (2016). Greenland meltwater storage in firn limited by near-surface ice formation. Nature Climate Change, 6(4), 390–393. https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2899
Markus, T., Nuemann, T., Martino, A., Abdalati, W., Brunt, K., Csatho, B., Farrell, S., Fricker, H., Gardner, A., Harding, D., Jasinski, M., Kwok, R., Magruder, L., Lubin, D., Luthcke, S., Morison, J., Nelson, R., Neuenschwander, A., Palm, S., Popescu, S., Shum, C. K., Schutz, B. E., Smith, B., Yang, Y., & Zwally, J. (2017). The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2): Science requirements, concept, and implementation. Remote Sensing of Environment, 190, 260–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.12.029
Mayewski, P., & Whitlow, S. (2009a). Regional survey of Greenland, 1988—Snow pit data, version 1.0, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6154F6J.
Mayewski, P., & Whitlow, S. (2009b). Regional survey of Greenland, 1984, version 1.0, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6S180MH.
Mayewski, P., & Whitlow, S. (2009c). Snow pit data from Greenland Summit, 1987, version 1.0, https://doi.org/10.5065/D63X84RQ.
Mayewski, P., & Whitlow, S. (2009d). Snow pit data from Greenland Summit, 1989 to 1993, version 1.0, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6NP22KX.
Medley, B., Joughin, I., Das, S. B., Steig, E. J., Conway, H., Gognineni, S., Criscitiello, A. S., McConnell, J. R., Smith, B. E., van den Broeke, M. R., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Bromwich, D. H., & Nicolas, J. P. (2013). Airborne-radar and ice-core observations of annual snow accumulation over Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica confirm the spatiotemporal variability of global and regional atmospheric models. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 3649–3654. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50706
Miège, C., Forster, R. R., Box, J. E., Burgess, E. W., McConnell, J. R., Pasteris, D. R., & Spikes, V. B. (2013). Southeast Greenland high accumulation rates derived from firn cores and ground-penetrating radar. Annals of Glaciology, 54(63), 322–332. https://doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG63A358
Miller, H., & Schwager, M. (2000a). Density of ice core ngt37C95.2 from the North Greenland Traverse, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.5194/PANGAEA.57798.
Miller, H., & Schwager, M. (2000b). Density of ice core ngt42C95.2 from the North Greenland Travers, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.5194/PANGAEA.57655.
Montgomery, L., Koenig, L., & Alexander, P. (2018). The SUMup dataset: compiled measurements of surface mass balance components over ice sheets and sea ice with analysis over Greenland. Earth System Science Data, 10(4), 1959–1985. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1959-2018
Mosley-Thompson, E., McConnell, J. R., Bales, R. C., Li, Z., Lin, P.-N., Steffen, K., Thompson, L. G., Edwards, R., & Bathke, D. (2001). Local to regional-scale variability of annual net accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet from PARCA cores. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(D24), 33,839–33,851. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900067
Mouginot, J., Rignot, E., Bjørk, A. A., van den Broeke, M., Millan, R., Morlighem, M., Noël, B., Scheuchl, B., & Wood, M. (2019). Forty-six years of Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance from 1972 to 2018. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 9239–9244. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904242116
Navarre, J. P. (1975). Modèle unidimensionnel d'évolution de la neige déposée. Modéle perce-neige. Météorologie, 4(3), 103–120.
Noël, B., van de Berg, W. J., Lhermitte, S., Wouters, B., Machguth, H., Howat, I., Citterio, M., Moholdt, G., Lenaerts, J. T. M., & van den Broeke, M. R. (2017). A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps. Nature Communications, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14730
Noël, B., van de Berg, W. J., van Wessem, M., van Meijgaard, E., van As, D., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Lhermitte, S., Munneke, P. K., Smeets, C. J. P. P., van Ulft, L. H., van de Wal, R. S. W., & van den Broeke, M. R. (2018). Modelling the climate and surface mass balance of polar ice sheets using RACMO2—Part 1: Greenland (1958–2016). The Cryosphere, 12(3), 811–831. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-811-2018
Ohmura, A. (1991). ETH Greenland Expedition I, progress report no. 1, April 1989 to February 1991, ETH Zürich, Department of Geography, Technical Report, 108 pp.
Ohmura, A. (1992). ETH Greenland Expedition II, April 1991 to October 1992, ETH Zürich, Department of Geography, Technical Report, 94 pp.
Renaud, A. (1959). Etude physiques et chimiques sur la glace de l'inlandsis du Groenland. Meddeleser om Groenland, 177, 100–107.
Schaller, C. F., Freitag, J., Kipfsuhl, S., Laepple, T., Steen-Larsen, H. C., & Eisen, O. (2016). A representative density profile of the North Greenland snowpack. The Cryosphere, 10(5), 1991–2002. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1991-2016
Schaller, C. F., Kipfstuhl, S., Steen-Larsen, H. C., Freitag, J., & Eisen, O. (2017). Spatial variability of density stratigraphy and melt features for two polar snowpacks in Greenland and East Antarctica, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/PANGAEA.88403
Shepherd, A., Ivins, E., Rignot, E., Smith, B., van den Broeke, M., Velicogna, I., Whitehouse, P., Briggs, K., Joughin, I., Krinner, G., Nowicki, S., Payne, T., Scambos, T., Schlegel, N., A, G., Agosta, C., Ahlstrøm, A., Babonis, G., Barletta, V., Blazquez, A., Bonin, J., Csatho, B., Cullather, R., Felikson, D., Fettweis, X., Forsberg, R., Gallee, H., Gardner, A., Gilbert, L., Groh, A., Gunter, B., Hanna, E., Harig, C., Helm, V., Horvath, A., Horwath, M., Khan, S., Kjeldsen, K. K., Konrad, H., Langen, P., Lecavalier, B., Loomis, B., Luthcke, S., McMillan, M., Melini, D., Mernild, S., & Mohajerani, Y. (2018). Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017. Nature, 558(7709), 219–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0179-y
Smith, L. C., Yang, K., Pitcher, L. H., Overstreet, B. T., Chu, V. M., Rennermalm, Å. K., Ryan, J. C., Cooper, M. G., Gleason, C. J., Tedesco, M., Jeyaratnam, J., van As, D., van den Broeke, M. R., van de Berg, W. J., Noël, B., Langen, P. L., Cullather, R. I., Zhao, B., Willis, M. J., Hubbard, A., Box, J. E., Jenner, B. A., & Behar, A. E. (2017). Direct measurements of meltwater runoff on the Greenland ice sheet surface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(50), E10622–E10631. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707743114
Steger, C. R., Reijmer, C. H., van den Broeke, M. R., Wever, N., Forster, R. R., Koenig, L. S., Munneke, P. K., Lehning, M., Lhermitte, S., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Miège, C., & Noël, B. P. Y. (2017). Firn meltwater retention on the Greenland ice sheet: A model comparison. Frontiers in Earth Science, 5, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/teart.2017.00003
Tedesco, M., & Marshall, H. P. (2019). Greenland ice sheet summit camp snow density, grain size, and hardness profiles, June 26–27, 2010. Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A2M03XX3M.
Vandecrux, B., MacFerrin, M., Machguth, H., Colgan, W. T., van As, D., Heilig, A., Stevens, C. M., Charalampidis, C., Fausto, R. S., Morris, E. M., Mosley-Thompson, E., Koenig, L., Montgomery, L. N., Miège, C., Simonsen, S. B., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., & Box, J. E. (2019). Firn data compilation reveals widespread decrease of firn air content in western Greenland. The Cryosphere, 13(3), 845–859. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-845-2019
Wilhelms, F. (2000a). Density of ice core ngt03C93.2 from the North Greenland Traverse. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.56560.
Wilhelms, F. (2000b). Density of ice core ngt06C93.2 from the North Greenland Traverse. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.57153.
Wilhelms, F. (2000c). Density of ice core ngt14C93.2 from the North Greenland Traverse. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.56615.
Wilhelms, F. (2000d). Density of ice core ngt27C93.2 from the North Greenland Traverse. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.57296.
Zwally, H. J., Giovinetto, M. B., Li, J., Cornejo, H. G., Beckley, M. A., Brenner, A. C., Saba, J. L., & Yi, D. (2005). Mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992–2002. Journal of Glaciology, 51(175), 509–527. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756505781829007
Zwally, H. J., Li, J., Brenner, A. C., Beckley, M., Cornejo, H. G., DiMarzio, J., Giovinetto, M. B., Neumann, T. A., Robbins, J., Saba, J. L., Yi, D., & Wang, W. (2011). Greenland ice sheet mass balance: Distribution of increased mass loss with climate warming; 2003–07 versus 1992–2002. Journal of Glaciology, 57(201), 88–102. https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311795306682