The Place of Self-Employment in the European Context. Evidence from nine country case studies: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
2019 • In Semenza, Renata; Pichault, François (Eds.) The Challenge of Self-Employment in Europe. Status, social protection and collective Representation
Legal status; Collective representation; Social protection; Working conditions; Self-employment; European countries
Abstract :
[en] This book aims at explaining the variance in legal status, working conditions, social protection and collective representation of self-employed professionals across Europe. Despite considerable diversity, the authors observe three strategic models of mobilisation: the provision of services; advocacy, lobbying and the political role; and the extension of collective bargaining. They highlight the new urgent challenges that have emerged including the implementation of universal social protection schemes, active labour market policies likely to support sustainable self-employment, and the renewal of social dialogue through bottom-up organisations to extend the collective representation of project-based professionals.
Disciplines :
Business & economic sciences: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Beuker, Laura ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Maison des Sciences de l'Homme
The Place of Self-Employment in the European Context. Evidence from nine country case studies: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Alternative titles :
[en] La place du travail indépendant dans le contexte européen. Neuf études de cas: Belgique, France, Allemagne, Italie, Pays-Bas, Slovénie, Espagne, Suède et Royaume-Uni.
Publication date :
2019
Main work title :
The Challenge of Self-Employment in Europe. Status, social protection and collective Representation
Main work alternative title :
[en] Le challenge du travail indépendant en Europe. Statut, protection sociale et représentation collective.
Author, co-author :
Semenza, Renata
Pichault, François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > HEC Recherche > HEC Recherche: Changing workplace and strategic HRM
Accornero, A. and B. Anastasia (2006), ‘Realtà e prospettive del lavoro autonomo: un p. di attenzione, please’, Giornale Di Diritto Del Lavoro e Di Relazioni Industriali, 28 (4), 743–55.
Acoss (2016), Les Auto-Entrepreneurs Fin 2015, Acoss Stat n° 235, accessed at https://www.acoss.fr/home/observatoire-economique/publications/acoss-stat/ 2016/acoss-stat-n235.html.
Ambra, M. C. (2013), ‘Modelli di rappresentanza sindacale nella società postindustriale. Come i sindacati si stanno ri-organizzando’, Quaderni Rassegna Sindacale, 4, 75–94.
Amorós, J. E. and N. Bosma (2014), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2013 Global Report: Fifteen Years of Assessing Entrepreneurship across the Globe, accessed at http://www.gemconsortium.org.
Antonmattei, P.-H. and J.-C. Sciberras (2008), Le travail économiquement dépendant: quelle protection?, Rapport à M. le Ministre du Travail, des Relations sociales, de la Famille et de la Solidarité, 7 November.
Arbetskraftsbarometern (2016), The Swedish Annual Labour Resource Report, SCB, accessed at http://www.scb.se/Statistik/_Publikationer/UF0505_2016A01_BR_AM78BR1604.pdf.
Barley, S. R. and G. Kunda (2004), Gurus, Hired Guns, and Warm Bodies: Itinerant Experts in a Knowledge Economy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bennett, R. J. (2014), Entrepreneurship, Small Business and Public Policy: Evolution and Revolution, London: Routledge.
Bergström, O., K. Håkansson, T. Isidorsson and L. Walter (2007), Den nya arbetsmarkaden: bemanningsbranschens etablering i Sverige [The New Labour Market: The Establishment of Staffing Agencies in Sweden], Lund: Academica Adacta.
BMWi (2013), Gründerland Deutschland 2013: Zahlen und Fakten. Unternehmensgründungenund Gründergeist in Deutschland, Berlin: BMWi.
Bologna, S. and A. Fumagalli (1997), Il lavoro autonomo di seconda generazione: Scenari del postfordismo in Italia, Milan: Feltrinelli.
Borghi, P., A. Mori and R. Semenza (2018), ‘Self-Employed Professionals in the European Labour Market. A Comparison between Italy, Germany and the UK’, Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, first published online 26 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258918761564.
Brehm, T., K. Eggert and W. Oberlander (2012), Die Lage der Freien Berufe, Nürnberg: BMWi.
Brenke, V. K. (2013), Allein tätige Selbständige: starkes Beschäftigungswachstum, oft nur geringe Einkommen, DIW Wochenbericht, July, Berlin: DIW.
Bucholz, G. (2011), Der Ratgeber Selbstständige, Berlin: Ver.di-Mediafon.
Butera, F., S. Bagnara, R. Cesaria and S. Di Guardo (2008), Knowledge Working. Lavoro, lavoratori, società della conoscenza, Milan: Mondadori Università.
CBS (2014), Achtergrondkenmerken En Ontwikkelingen van Zzp’ers in Nederland, Heerlen: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.
Célerier, S., A. Riesco-Sanz and P. Rolle (2017), ‘Trabajadores autónomos y transformación del salariado: las reformas española y francesa’, Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales, 35 (2), 303–14.
CESE (2017), Les nouvelles formes du travail indépendant: mandature 2015–2020—avis présenté par Mme Sophie Thiéry, Paris: Conseil économique, social et environnemental (CESE).
Companies Act (2006), ZGD-1, accessed at https://www.google.si/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=1andcad=rjaanduact=8andved=0ahUKEwj6veqIhYjbAhWFhiwKHUncB10QFggoMAAandurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgrt.gov.si%2Ffileadmin%2Fmgrt.gov.si%2Fpageuploads%2Fzakonodaja%2FZGD-1_PREVOD__13-12-12.pdfandusg=AOvVaw0oZcsV_MG5fCw1mEVc8lAr.
Conen, W., J. Schippers and K. Schulze Buschoff (2016), Self-Employed without Personnel between Freedom and Insecurity, Study n° 5, August, Berlin: WSI—Institute of Economic and Social Research.
CPB (2014), The Dutch Labour Market during the Great Recession, CPB Background Document, June, Den Haag: Centraal Planbureau.
CPB (2015), Position Paper t.b.v. ‘IBO Zelfstandigen Zonder Personeel’, CPB Notitie, Den Haag: Centraal Planbureau.
Crawford, R., S. Keynes and G. Tetlow (2013), A Single-Tier Pension: What Does It Really Mean?, IFS Report R82, London: Institute for Fiscal Studies, accessed at https://www.ifs.org.uk/comms/r82.pdf.
D’Amours, M. (2010), ‘Les logiques d’action collective d’associations regroupant des travailleurs indépendants’, Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations, 65 (2), 257–80.
Dautzenberg, K. and A. Steinbrück (2013), Gründerinnen Und Unternehmerinnen in Deutschland I—Quantitative Daten Und Fakten, N° 33, Stuttgart: bundesweite gründerinnenagentur (Bga).
Dekker, F. (2010), ‘Self-Employed without Employees: Managing Risks in Modern Capitalism’, Politics and Policy, 38 (4), 765–88.
Dekker, F. (2016), ‘Flexibilisering: geen tijd te verliezen’, Socialisme and Democratie, 73 (4), 20–24.
Dellot, B. (2014), Salvation in a Start-up? The Origins and Nature of the Self-Employment Boom, RSA report, London, May, accessed at https://www.thersa.org/globalassets/reports/226768356-salvation-in-a-start-up-the-origins-and-nature-of-the-self-employment-boom1.pdf.
Dellot, B. and H. Reed (2015), Boosting the Living Standards of the Self-Employed, RSA Report, accessed at https://www.thersa.org/globalassets/pdfs/reports/boosting-the-living-standards-of-the-self-employed-.pdf.
DIHK (2014), Pioniergründer bringen frische Brise. Zahlen und Einschätzungen der IHK-Organisation zum Gründungsgeschehen in Deutschland, DIHKGründerreport, Berlin: Deutscher Industrie- und Handelskammertag (DIHK).
Employment Relationships Act (2013), ZDR-1, accessed at http://www.mddsz.gov.si/fileadmin/mddsz.gov.si/pageuploads/dokumenti__pdf/word/zakonodaja/zdr1_en.doc.
ESPN (2017), Synthesis Report on ‘Access to Social Protection for People Working on Non-Standard Contracts and as Self-Employed in Europe’. A study of national policies, accessed at http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=enandcatId=1135 andnewsId=2798andfurtherNews==yes.
Eurofound (2015), Germany: Working Life Country Profile, Eurofound, 25 November, accessed at http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_national_contribution/field_ef_documents/germany.pdf.
European Commission (2010), Self-Employment in Europe, European Employment Observatory Review, Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union.
Faniel, J. and K. Vandaele (2012), Implantation syndicale et taux de syndicalisation (2000–2010), N° 2146–2147, Courrier hebdomadaire du CRISP.
Feltrin, P. (ed.) (2012), Trasformazioni delle professioni e regolazione in Europa: Una comparazione dei mutamenti nei sistemi professionali in Francia, Germania, Italia e Regno Unito, I Quaderni di Confprofessioni.
France stratégie (2016), L’avenir du travail: Quelles redéfinitions de l’emploi, des statuts et des protections?, Document de travail N° 2016-04, March, Paris.
France stratégie (2017), Salarié ou indépendant: Une question de métiers?, Note d’analyse N° 60, September, Paris.
Fritsch, M., A. Kritikos and A. Rusakova (2012), Who Starts a Business and Who is Self-Employed in Germany?, Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin N° 1184, Berlin: DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
Fulton, L. (2015), Worker Representation in Europe, Labour Research Department and ETUI, accessed 4 October 2016 at http://www.worker-participation.eu/National-Industrial-Relations/Countries/Netherlands/Trade-Unions.
Hernández Nieto, J. A. (2010), ‘La desnaturalización del trabajador autónomo: el autónomo dependiente’, Revista universitaria de ciencias del trabajo, 11, 177–94.
IBO (2015), IBO Zelfstandigen Zonder Personeel, Ministerie van Financiën, Inspectie der Rijksfinanciën/Bureau Strategische Analyse.
InSEE (2015), Emploi et Revenus Des Indépendants, Paris: Insee. Inserm (ed.) (2011), Stress au travail et santé: Situation chez les indépendants, Rapport, Paris: Les éditions Inserm.
Inspektionen för arbetslöshetsförsäkringen (2016), Uppdragstagare I Arbetslöshetsförsäkringen: Kartläggning Initierad Av IAF [Assignment Taker in the Unemployment Insurance: Overview Initiated by IAF], accessed at https://www.iaf.se/globalassets/dokument/rapporter/2015-2016/2016-3-uppdragstagarei-arbetsloshetsforsakringen.pdf.
Jessoula, M., E. Pavolini and F. Strati (2017), ESPN Thematic Report on Access to Social Protection of People Working as Self-Employed or on Non-Standard Contracts. Italy, European Union, accessed at http://ec.europa.eu/social/key Documents.jsp?pager.offset=10andlangId=enandmode=advancedSubmitandyear=0andcountry=0andtype=0andadvSearchKeyy=ESPNsensw.
Josten, E., J. D. Vlasblom and C. Vrooman (2014), Bevrijd of Beklemd? Werk, Inhuur, Inkomen En Welbevinden van Zzp’ers, November, The Hague: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.
Karlsson, N., Malm Lindberg, H., Larsson, AS., Stern, L., Lundqvist, T. (2014), Lönebildning iverkligheten: kollektivavtalens effekter på företagens lönesättning och utvecklingskraft/Salaries in reality: the effects of collective agreements on companies’ salary setting and development, Studentlitteratur: Lund.
Kenney, M. and J. Zysman (2016), ‘The Rise of the Platform Economy’, Issues in Science and Technology, 32 (3), 61–69.
Kitching, J. (2015), ‘Tracking UK Freelance Workforce Trends 1992–2014’, International Review of Entrepreneurship, 13 (1), 21–34.
Kitching, J. and D. Smallbone (2008), Defining and Estimating the Size of the UK Freelance Workforce, A Report for the Professional Contractors Group, October, Kingston Hill: Kingston University, accessed at http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/3880/1/Kitching-J-3880.pdf.
Koene, B. and H. van Driel (2011), ‘The Rhetoric of Restraint: The Struggle for Legitimacy of the Dutch Temporary Work Agency Industry, 1961–1996’, Enterprise and Society, 12 (3), 562–600.
Koene, B., N. Galais and C. Garsten (2014), ‘Management and Organization of Temporary Work’, in B. Koene, N. Galais, and C. Garsten (eds), Management and Organization of Temporary Agency Work, London: Routledge, pp.1–20.
Koene, B. and M. Stanic (2018), Country Case Study: Netherlands, I-WIRE Project.
Leighton, P. and D. Brown (2013), Future Working: The Rise of Europe’s Independent Professionals (IPROs), European Forum of Independent Professionals.
Léonard, E. and F. Pichault (2016), ‘Belgique: l’adaptation d’un “modèle” de concertation sociale’, in Syndicats et dialogue social: Les modèles Occidentaux àl’épreuve, Brussels: Peter Lang, pp. 55–75.
Lorquet, N., J.-F. Orianne and F. Pichault (2017), ‘Who Takes Care of Non-Standard Career Paths? The Role of Labour Market Intermediaries’, European Journal of Industrial Relations, available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0959 68 0117740425.
Mai, C.-M. and K. Marder-Puch (2013), ‘Selbstständigkeit in Deutschland’, Statistisches Bundesamt, 482–97, available at https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/WirtschaftStatistik/Arbeitsmarkt/SelbststaendigkeitDeutschland_72013.pdf?__blob=publicationFile.
Maida, B. L. (2009), Proletari della borghesia. I piccoli commercianti dall’Unità a oggi, Rome: Carocci.
Metzger, G. (2014), KfW-Gründungsmonitor 2014: Gründungstätigkeit Wiederbelebt—Impuls Aus Dem Nebenerwerb, KFW Economic Research, Frankfurt am Main:KFW.
MISSOC (2016a), Mutual Information System on Social Protection, accessed at https://www.missoc.org/missoc-database/comparative-tables.
MISSOC (2016b), Social Protection of the Self-Employed, accessed 16 January 2017 at www.missoc.org.
Molina, O. and P. López-Roldán (2015), ‘Occupational Growth and Non-StandardEmployment in the Spanish Service Sector: From Upgrading to Polarisation’, in W. Eichorst and P. Marx (eds), Non-Standard Employment in Post-Industrial Labour Markets: An Occupational Perspective, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 110–49.
OECD (1999), Competition in Professional Services, policy roundtables, accessed at http://www.oecd.org/regreform/sectors/1920231.pdf.
OECD (2014), Employment Outlook 2014, OECD Publishing.
Office for National Statistics (2016), UK Business; Activity, Size and Location: 2016, statistical bulletin, accessed at https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/activitysizeandlocation/bulletins/ukbusinessactivitysizeandlocation/2016.
O’Mahony, S. and B. A. Bechky (2006), ‘Stretchwork: Managing the Career Progression Paradox in External Labor Markets’, Academy of Management Journal, 49 (5), 918–41.
Ortlieb, R. and S. Weiss (2015), Business Start-Ups and Youth Self-Employment in Germany: A Policy Literature Review, STYLE Working Papers, WP7.1/DE.CROME, Brighton: University of Brighton.
Pallini, M. (2006), Il lavoro a progetto in Italia e in Europa, Bologna: Il Mulino.
Pedersini, R. and D. Coletto (2010), Self-Employed Workers: Industrial Relations and Working Conditions, Dublin: Eurofound.
Ranci, C. (ed.) (2012), Partite iva. Il lavoro autonomo nella crisi Italiana, Bologna: Il Mulino.
Rapelli, S. (2012), European I-Pros: A Study, London: Professional Contractors Group Ltd.
Ribó, J. (2013), Perspectiva sindical del trabajo autónomo en España, Madrid: CCOO.
Riesco-Sanz, A. (2016), ‘Trabajo, independencia y subordinación. La regulación del trabajo autónomo en España’, Revista Internacional de Sociología, 74 (1), e026.
Rocha Sánchez, F. (2017), ‘El trabajo autónomo económicamente dependiente en España. Diagnóstico y propuestas de actuación’, Revista de Derecho de la Seguridad Social, Laborum, 10, 301–26.
Schmidt, F. A. (2017), Digital Labour Markets in the Platform Economy: Mapping the Political Challenges of Crowd Work and Gig Work, Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert- Stiftung.
Schulze Buschoff, K. and C. Schmidt (2009), ‘Adapting Labour Law and Social Security to the Needs of the “New Self-Employed”—Comparing the UK, Germany and the Netherlands’, Journal of European Social Policy, 19 (2), 147–59.
Semenza, R. (2000), ‘Le nuove forme del lavoro indipendente’, Stato e Mercato, 1, 143–68.
Semenza, R., A. Mori and P. Borghi (2017), ‘Alla ricerca di cittadinanza: il lavoro autonomo professionale in Italia, Germania e Regno Unito’, Quaderni di rassegna Sindacale, 18 (1), 41–59.
SFS (1976), Employment (Co-Determination in the Workplace) Act [Lag Om Medbestämmande i Arbetslivet] (SFS 1976:580), available at https://www.government.se/government-policy/labour-law-and-work-environment/1976580-employment-co-determination-in-the-workplace-act-lag-om-medbestammandei-arbetslivet/.
SFS (1982), Employment Protection Act [Lag Om Anställningsskydd] (SFS1982:80), available at https://www.government.se/government-policy/labourlaw-and-work-environment/198280-employment-protection-act-lag-om-anstallningsskydd/.
Social Security Advisory Committee (2014), Social Security Protection and the Self-Employed, Occasional Paper No. 13, September, London: SSAC.
Ståhlberg, A.-C. (2014), Socialförsäkringarna i Sverige [Social Insurance in Sweden], Lund: Studentlitteratur.
Stanojević, M. and Ž. Broder (2012), ‘Trade Unions in Slovenia: Historical Development and the Current Situation’, SEER: Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe, 15 (3), 303–13.
Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (2016), Kazalniki Dohodka in Revščine, Slovenija, 2015, accessed 14 June 2016 at http://www.stat.si/statweb/prikazi-novico?id=6070andidp=10andheaderbar=8.
Supiot, A. (1999), Au-delà de l’emploi: Transformations du travail et devenir du droit du travail en Europe, Paris: Flammarion.
Sylos Labini, P. (1974), Saggio Sulle Classi Sociali, Rome: Laterza.
Thörnquist, A. (2013), Falskt Egenföretagande—Ett Fenomen i Arbetsmarknadens Gråzon [Bogus Self-Employment—a Phenomenon in the Grey Zone of the Labour Market], 3–4, 37–42.
Thullberg, P. and K. Östberg (eds) (1994), Den svenska modellen [The Swedish Model], Lund: Studentlitteratur.
UPTA (2010), El trabajo autónomo en el modelo social Europeo y en el reordenamiento jurídico de la UE en la estrategia de Lisboa después de 2010, Madrid: UPTA.
UPTA (2014), Eurostat: Análisis de los trabajadores autónomos de la UE, Madrid: UPTA.
Vendrig, J. P., P. J. M. Vroonhof, M. Folkeringa and M. J. Overweel (2007), Evaluatie Wet Uitbreiding Rechtsgevolgen Verklaring ArbeidsRelatie, Zoetermeer: EIM.
Volkmann, C. K., K. O. Tokarski and M. Grünhagen (2010), Entrepreneurship in a European Perspective: Concepts for the Creation and Growth of New Ventures, Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag.
Zufiaur, J. M. (2010), Dictamen tendencias en materia de trabajo autónomo, SOC/244, 8 March, Brussels.
