P. I. A. Kinnell, Raindrop-impact-induced erosion processes and prediction: A review, Hydrol. Process. 19, 2815 (2005). 0885-6087 10.1002/hyp.5788
Y. S. Joung and C. R. Buie, Aerosol generation by raindrop impact on soil, Nat. Commun. 6, 6083 (2015). 2041-1723 10.1038/ncomms7083
B. Blocken, D. Derome, and J. Carmeliet, Rainwater runoff from building facades: A review, Build. Environ. 60, 339 (2013). 0360-1323 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.10.008
G. J. Amador, Y. Yamada, M. McCurley, and D. L. Hu, Splash-cup plants accelerate raindrops to disperse seeds, J. R. Soc. Interface 10, 20120880 (2012). 1742-5689 10.1098/rsif.2012.0880
D. J. Furbish, K. K. Hamner, M. Schmeeckle, M. N. Borosund, and S. M. Mudd, Rain splash of dry sand revealed by high-speed imaging and sticky paper splash targets, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 112, F1 (2007). 10.1029/2006JF000498
B. D. L. Fitt, H. A. McCartney, and P. J. Walklate, The role of rain in dispersal of pathogen inoculum, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 27, 241 (1989). APPYAG 0066-4286 10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.001325
T. Gilet and L. Bourouiba, Fluid fragmentation shapes rain-induced foliar disease transmission, J. R. Soc. Interface 12, 20141092 (2015). 1742-5689 10.1098/rsif.2014.1092
E.-C. Oerke, Crop losses to pests, J. Agric. Sci. 144, 31 (2006). JASIAB 0021-8596 10.1017/S0021859605005708
A. Calonnec, J.-B. Burie, M. Langlais, S. Guyader, S. Saint-Jean, I. Sache, and B. Tivoli, Impacts of plant growth and architecture on pathogen processes and their consequences for epidemic behaviour, Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 135, 479 (2013). 0929-1873 10.1007/s10658-012-0111-5
C. Gigot, C. De Vallavieille-Pope, L. Huber, and S. Saint-Jean, Using virtual 3-D plant architecture to assess fungal pathogen splash dispersal in heterogeneous canopies: A case study with cultivar mixtures and a nonspecialized disease causal agent, Ann. Bot. London 114, 863 (2014). ANBOA4 0305-7364 10.1093/aob/mcu098
T. Vidal, P. Lusley, M. Leconte, C. De Vallavieille-Pope, L. Huber, and S. Saint-Jean, Cultivar architecture modulates spore dispersal by rain splash: A new perspective to reduce disease progression in cultivar mixtures, PLoS One 12, e0187788 (2017). 1932-6203 10.1371/journal.pone.0187788
I. Pertot, T. Caffi, V. Rossi, L. Mugnai, C. Hoffmann, M. S. Grando, C. Gary, D. Lafond, C. Duso, D. Thiery, V. Mazzoni, and G. Anfora, A critical review of plant protection tools for reducing pesticide use on grapevine and new perspectives for the implementation of IPM in viticulture, Crop Prot. 97, 70 (2017). CRPTD6 0261-2194 10.1016/j.cropro.2016.11.025
T. Gilet and L. Bourouiba, Rain-induced ejection of pathogens from leaves: Revisiting the hypothesis of splash-on-film using high-speed visualization, Integr. Comp. Biol. 54, 974 (2014). 1540-7063 10.1093/icb/icu116
Y. Wang and L. Bourouiba, Non-isolated drop impact on surfaces, J. Fluid Mech. 835, 24 (2018). JFLSA7 0022-1120 10.1017/jfm.2017.755
See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.4.053601 for the corresponding movies.
S. Lejeune, T. Gilet, and L. Bourouiba, Edge effect: Liquid sheet and droplets formed by drop impact close to an edge, Phys. Rev. Fluids 3, 083601 (2018). 2469-990X 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.083601
A. Rozhkov, B. Prunet-Foch, and M. Vignes-Adler, Impact of water drops on small targets, Phys. Fluids 14, 3485 (2002). PHFLE6 1070-6631 10.1063/1.1502663
A. Rozhkov, B. Prunet-Foch, and M. Vignes-Adler, Dynamics of a liquid lamella resulting from the impact of a water drop on a small target, Proc. R. Soc. A 460, 2681 (2004). 1471-2946 10.1098/rspa.2004.1293
E. Villermaux and B. Bossa, Drop fragmentation on impact, J. Fluid Mech. 668, 412 (2011). JFLSA7 0022-1120 10.1017/S002211201000474X
C. Vernay, L. Ramos, and C. Ligoure, Free radially expanding liquid sheet in air: Time-and space-resolved measurement of the thickness field, J. Fluid Mech. 764, 428 (2015). JFLSA7 0022-1120 10.1017/jfm.2014.714
S. Arora, C. Ligoure, and L. Ramos, Interplay between viscosity and elasticity in freely expanding liquid sheets, Phys. Rev. Fluids 1, 083302 (2016). 2469-990X 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.1.083302
Y. Wang and L. Bourouiba, Drop impact on small surfaces: Thickness and velocity profiles of the expanding sheet in the air, J. Fluid Mech. 814, 510 (2017). JFLSA7 0022-1120 10.1017/jfm.2017.18
Y. Wang and L. Bourouiba, Unsteady sheet fragmentation: Droplet sizes, J. Fluid Mech. 848, 946 (2018). JFLSA7 0022-1120 10.1017/jfm.2018.359
G. Liang, Y. Guo, Y. Yang, and S. Shen, Liquid sheet behaviors during a drop impact on wetted cylindrical surfaces, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 54, 67 (2014). IHMTDL 0735-1933 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2014.03.010
Y. Liu, M. Andrew, J. Li, J. M. Yeomans, and Z. Wang, Symmetry breaking in drop bouncing on curved surfaces, Nat. Commun. 6, 10034 (2015). 2041-1723 10.1038/ncomms10034
M. Arogeti, D. Sher, and E. Sher, Drop impact on a small target with an inclined plane, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 99, 140 (2018). ETFSEO 0894-1777 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.07.020
Y. Wang, R. Dandekar, N. Bustos, S. Poulain, and L. Bourouiba, Universal Rim Thickness in Unsteady Sheet Fragmentation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 204503 (2018). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.204503
X. Zou, M. Mõttus, P. Tammeorg, C. L. Torres, T. Takala, J. Pisek, P. Mäkelä, F. L. Stoddard, and P. Pellikka, Photographic measurement of leaf angles in field crops, Agricultural Forest Meteorology 184, 137 (2014). 0168-1923 10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.09.010
L. Tadrist, M. Saudreau, and E. de Langre, Wind and gravity mechanical effects on leaf inclination angles, J. Theor. Biol. 341, 9 (2014). JTBIAP 0022-5193 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.09.025
L. Tadrist, K. Julio, M. Saudreau, and E. de Langre, Leaf flutter by torsional galloping: Experiments and model, J. Fluids Struct. 56, 1 (2015). 0889-9746 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2015.04.001
D. Soto, A. B. De Larivière, X. Boutillon, C. Clanet, and D. Quéré, The force of impacting rain, Soft Matter 10, 4929 (2014). 1744-683X 10.1039/C4SM00513A
S. Gart, J. E. Mates, C. M. Megaridis, and S. Jung, Droplet Impacting a Cantilever: A Leaf-Raindrop System, Phys. Rev. Appl. 3, 044019 (2015). 2331-7019 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.3.044019
Š. Šikalo, C. Tropea, and E. N. Ganié, Impact of droplets onto inclined surfaces, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 286, 661 (2005). JCISA5 0021-9797 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.01.050
T. Gilet and J. W. M. Bush, Droplets bouncing on a wet, inclined surface, Phys. Fluids 24, 122103 (2012). PHFLE6 1070-6631 10.1063/1.4771605
C. Antonini, F. Villa, and M. Marengo, Oblique impacts of water drops onto hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces: Outcomes, timing, and rebound maps, Exp. Fluids 55, 1713 (2014). EXFLDU 0723-4864 10.1007/s00348-014-1713-9
Y. H. Yeong, J. Burton, E. Loth, and I. S. Bayer, Drop impact and rebound dynamics on an inclined superhydrophobic surface, Langmuir 30, 12027 (2014). LANGD5 0743-7463 10.1021/la502500z
D. H. Kwon, H. K. Huh, and S. J. Lee, Wettability and impact dynamics of water droplets on rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves, Exp. Fluids 55, 1691 (2014). EXFLDU 0723-4864 10.1007/s00348-014-1691-y
R. Zhang, P. Hao, and F. He, Drop impact on oblique superhydrophobic surfaces with two-tier roughness, Langmuir 33, 3556 (2017). LANGD5 0743-7463 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00569
J. C. Bird, S. H. Tsai, and H. A. Stone, Inclined to splash: Triggering and inhibiting a splash with tangential velocity, New J. Phys. 11, 063017 (2009). NJOPFM 1367-2630 10.1088/1367-2630/11/6/063017
N. Laan, K. G. de Bruin, D. Bartolo, C. Josserand, and D. Bonn, Maximum Diameter of Impacting Liquid Droplets, Phys. Rev. Appl. 2, 044018 (2014). 2331-7019 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.044018
H. Almohammadi and A. Amirfazli, Asymmetric spreading of a drop upon impact onto a surface, Langmuir 33, 5957 (2017). LANGD5 0743-7463 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00704
F. Blanchette and T. P. Bigioni, Partial coalescence of drops at liquid interfaces, Nat. Phys. 2, 254 (2006). 1745-2473 10.1038/nphys268
T. Gilet, K. Mulleners, J.-P. Lecomte, N. Vandewalle, and S. Dorbolo, Critical parameters for the partial coalescence of a droplet, Phys. Rev. E 75, 036303 (2007). PLEEE8 1539-3755 10.1103/PhysRevE.75.036303
J. W. M. Bush and A. E. Hasha, On the collision of laminar jets: Fluid chains and fishbones, J. Fluid Mech. 511, 285 (2004). JFLSA7 0022-1120 10.1017/S002211200400967X
N. Bremond and E. Villermaux, Atomization by jet impact, J. Fluid Mech. 549, 273 (2006). JFLSA7 0022-1120 10.1017/S0022112005007962
C. Adam, Fundamental studies of bloodstain formation and characteristics, Forensic Sci. Int. 219, 76 (2012). FSINDR 0379-0738 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.12.002
S. Chandra and C. T. Avedisian, On the collision of a droplet with a solid surface, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 432, 13 (1991). 1364-5021 10.1098/rspa.1991.0002
S. Thoroddsen, T. G. Etoh, K. Takehara, N. Ootsuka, and Y. Hatsuki, The air bubble entrapped under a drop impacting on a solid surface, J. Fluid Mech. 545, 203 (2005). JFLSA7 0022-1120 10.1017/S0022112005006919
C. W. Kang and H. W. Ng, Splat morphology and spreading behavior due to oblique impact of droplets onto substrates in plasma spray coating process, Surf. Coat. Tech. 200, 5462 (2006). SCTEEJ 0257-8972 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.07.067
C. Clanet, C. Beguin, D. Richard, and D. Quéré, Maximal deformation of an impacting drop, J. Fluid Mech. 517, 199 (2004). JFLSA7 0022-1120 10.1017/S0022112004000904
I. V. Roisman, E. Berberović, and C. Tropea, Inertia dominated drop collisions. I. On the universal flow in the lamella, Phys. Fluids 21, 052103 (2009). PHFLE6 1070-6631 10.1063/1.3129282
J. Eggers, M. A. Fontelos, C. Josserand, and S. Zaleski, Drop dynamics after impact on a solid wall: Theory and simulations, Phys. Fluids 22, 062101 (2010). PHFLE6 1070-6631 10.1063/1.3432498
J. M. Gordillo, G. Riboux, and E. S. Quintero, A theory on the spreading of impacting droplets, J. Fluid Mech. 866, 298 (2019). JFLSA7 0022-1120 10.1017/jfm.2019.117
P. Marmottant and E. Villermaux, Fragmentation of stretched liquid ligaments, Phys. Fluids 16, 2732 (2004). PHFLE6 1070-6631 10.1063/1.1756030
J. M. Gordillo and S. Gekle, Generation and breakup of Worthington jets after cavity collapse. Part 2. Tip breakup of stretched jets, J. Fluid Mech. 663, 331 (2010). JFLSA7 0022-1120 10.1017/S0022112010003538
C. Cohen, B. Darbois-Texier, G. Dupeux, E. Brunel, D. Quéré, and C. Clanet, The aerodynamic wall, Proc. R. Soc. A 470, 20130497 (2013). 1364-5021 10.1098/rspa.2013.0497
S. Saint-Jean, M. Chelle, and L. Huber, Modelling water transfer by rain-splash in a 3D canopy using Monte Carlo integration, Agr. Forest Meteorol. 121, 183 (2004). 0168-1923 10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.08.034
