Heusschen, R.; Muller, J.; Duray, E.; Withofs, N.; Bolomsky, A.; Baron, F.; Beguin, Y.; Menu, E.; Ludwig, H.; Caers, J. Molecular mechanisms, current management and next generation therapy in myeloma bone disease. Leuk. Lymphoma 2018, 59, 14–28. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Storti, P.; Marchica, V.; Airoldi, I.; Donofrio, G.; Fiorini, E.; Ferri, V.; Guasco, D.; Todoerti, K.; Silbermann, R.; Anderson, J.L.; et al. Galectin-1 suppression delineates a new strategy to inhibit myeloma-induced angiogenesis and tumoral growth in vivo. Leukemia 2016, 30, 2351–2363. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Glavey, S.V.; Naba, A.; Manier, S.; Clauser, K.; Tahri, S.; Park, J.; Reagan, M.R.; Moschetta, M.; Mishima, Y.; Gambella, M.; et al. Proteomic characterization of human multiple myeloma bone marrow extracellular matrix. Leukemia 2017, 31, 2426–2434. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Camby, I.; Le Mercier, M.; Lefranc, F.; Kiss, R. Galectin-1: A small protein with major functions. Glycobiology 2006, 16, 137R–157R. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Schulkens, I.A.; Heusschen, R.; Van Den Boogaart, V.; Van Suylen, R.J.; Dingemans, A.M.C.; Griffioen, A.W.; Thijssen, V.L. Galectin expression profiling identifies galectin-1 and galectin-9∆5 as prognostic factors in stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS ONE 2014, 9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Cousin, J.M.; Cloninger, M.J. The role of galectin-1 in cancer progression, and synthetic multivalent systems for the study of Galectin-1. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1566. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Thijssen, V.L.; Heusschen, R.; Caers, J.; Griffioen, A.W. Galectin expression in cancer diagnosis and prognosis: A systematic review. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer 2015, 1855, 235–247. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Hanahan, D.; Weinberg, R.A. Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell 2011, 144, 646–674. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Danguy, A.; Camby, I.; Kiss, R. Galectins and cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 2002, 1572, 285–293. [CrossRef]
Balan, V.; Nangia-Makker, P.; Raz, A. Galectins as cancer biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2010, 2, 592–610. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Giordano, M.; Croci, D.O.; Rabinovich, G.A. Galectins in hematological malignancies. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 2013, 20, 327–335. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Glatt, V.; Canalis, E.; Stadmeyer, L.; Bouxsein, M.L. Age-related changes in trabecular architecture differ in female and male C57BL/6J mice. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2007, 22, 1197–1207. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Callewaert, F.; Venken, K.; Kopchick, J.J.; Torcasio, A.; Van Lenthe, G.H.; Boonen, S.; Vanderschueren, D. Sexual dimorphism in cortical bone size and strength but not density is determined by independent and time-specific actions of sex steroids and IGF-1: Evidence from pubertal mouse models. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2010, 25, 617–626. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Dwek, R.A. Glycobiology: Toward Understanding the Function of Sugars. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 683–720. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ohtsubo, K.; Marth, J.D. Glycosylation in Cellular Mechanisms of Health and Disease. Cell 2006, 126, 855–867. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Pinho, S.S.; Reis, C.A. Glycosylation in cancer: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2015, 15, 540–555. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Simon, D.; Derer, A.; Andes, F.T.; Lezuo, P.; Bozec, A.; Schett, G.; Herrmann, M.; Harre, U. Galectin-3 as a novel regulator of osteoblast-osteoclast interaction and bone homeostasis. Bone 2017, 105, 35–41. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Iacobini, C.; Fantauzzi, C.B.; Pugliese, G.; Menini, S. Role of galectin-3 in bone cell differentiation, bone pathophysiology and vascular osteogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2481. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
An, G.; Acharya, C.; Feng, X.; Wen, K.; Zhong, M.; Zhang, L.; Munshi, N.C.; Qiu, L.; Tai, Y.T.; Anderson, K.C. Osteoclasts promote immune suppressive microenvironment in multiple myeloma: Therapeutic implication. Blood 2016, 128, 1590–1603. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Fischer, I.; Weber, M.; Kuhn, C.; Fitzgerald, J.S.; Schulze, S.; Friese, K.; Walzel, H.; Markert, U.R.; Jeschke, U. Is galectin-1 a trigger for trophoblast cell fusion?: The MAP-kinase pathway and syncytium formation in trophoblast tumour cells BeWo. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2011, 17, 747–757. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Hutter, S.; Morales-Prieto, D.M.; Andergassen, U.; Tschakert, L.; Kuhn, C.; Hofmann, S.; Markert, U.R.; Jeschke, U. Gal-1 silenced trophoblast tumor cells (BeWo) show decreased syncytium formation and different miRNA production compared to non-target silenced BeWo cells. Cell Adhes. Migr. 2016, 10, 28–38. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Georgiadis, V.; Stewart, H.J.S.; Pollard, H.J.; Tavsanoglu, Y.; Prasad, R.; Horwood, J.; Deltour, L.; Goldring, K.; Poirier, F.; Lawrence-Watt, D.J. Lack of galectin-1 results in defects in myoblast fusion and muscle regeneration. Dev. Dyn. 2007, 236, 1014–1024. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Grossi, A.; Lametsch, R.; Karlsson, A.H.; Lawson, M.A. Mechanical stimuli on C2C12 myoblasts affect myoblast differentiation, focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation and galectin-1 expression: a proteomic approach. Cell Biol. Int. 2011, 35, 579–586. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Bojić-Trbojević, Z.; Jovanović Krivokuća, M.; Stefanoska, I.; Kolundzić, N.; Vilotić, A.; Kadoya, T.; Vićovac, L. Integrin β1 is bound to galectin-1 in human trophoblast. J. Biochem. 2018, 163, 39–50. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Poirier, F.; Robertson, E.J. Normal development of mice carrying a null mutation in the gene encoding the L14 S-type lectin. Development 1993, 119, 1229–1236. [PubMed]
Orr, S.L.; Le, D.; Long, J.M.; Sobieszczuk, P.; Ma, B.; Tian, H.; Fang, X.; Paulson, J.C.; Marth, J.D.; Varki, N. A phenotype survey of 36 mutant mouse strains with gene-targeted defects in glycosyltransferases or glycan-binding proteins. Glycobiology 2013, 23, 363–380. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Freitag, N.; Tirado-Gonzalez, I.; Barrientos, G.; Herse, F.; Thijssen, V.L.J.L.; Weedon-Fekjaer, S.M.; Schulz, H.; Wallukat, G.; Klapp, B.F.; Nevers, T.; et al. Interfering with Gal-1-mediated angiogenesis contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 11451–11456. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Caraux, A.; Vincent, L.; Bouhya, S.; Quittet, P.; Moreaux, J.; Requirand, G.; Veyrune, J.-L.; Olivier, G.; Cartron, G.; Rossi, J.-F.; et al. Residual malignant and normal plasma cells shortly after high dose melphalan and stem cell transplantation. Highlight of a putative therapeutic window in Multiple Myeloma? Oncotarget 2012, 3. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Wright, L.E.; Buijs, J.T.; Kim, H.S.; Coats, L.E.; Scheidler, A.M.; John, S.K.; She, Y.; Murthy, S.; Ma, N.; Chin-Sinex, H.J.; et al. Single-Limb Irradiation Induces Local and Systemic Bone Loss in a Murine Model. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2015, 30, 1268–1279. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Lwin, S.T.; Fowler, J.A.; Drake, M.T.; Edwards, J.R.; Lynch, C.C.; Edwards, C.M. A loss of host-derived MMP-7 promotes myeloma growth and osteolytic bone disease in vivo. Mol. Cancer 2017, 16, 49. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Soung, D.Y.; Kalinowski, J.; Baniwal, S.K.; Jacome-Galarza, C.E.; Frenkel, B.; Lorenzo, J.; Drissi, H. Runx1-Mediated Regulation of Osteoclast Differentiation and Function. Mol. Endocrinol. 2014, 28, 546–553. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Dallas, S.L.; Garrett, I.R.; Oyajobi, B.O.; Dallas, M.R.; Boyce, B.F.; Bauss, F.; Radl, J.; Mundy, G.R. Ibandronate reduces osteolytic lesions but not tumor burden in a murine model of myeloma bone disease. Blood 1999, 93, 1697–1706. [PubMed]
Ersek, A.; Xu, K.; Antonopoulos, A.; Butters, T.D.; Santo, A.E.; Vattakuzhi, Y.; Williams, L.M.; Goudevenou, K.; Danks, L.; Freidin, A.; et al. Glycosphingolipid synthesis inhibition limits osteoclast activation and myeloma bone disease. J. Clin. Investig. 2015, 125, 2279–2292. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Abe, M.; Hiura, K.; Wilde, J.; Shioyasono, A.; Moriyama, K.; Hashimoto, T.; Kido, S.; Oshima, T.; Shibata, H.; Ozaki, S.; et al. Osteoclasts enhance myeloma cell growth and survival via cell-cell contact: A vicious cycle between bone destruction and myeloma expansion. Blood 2004, 104, 2484–2491. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Edgar, R. Gene Expression Omnibus: NCBI gene expression and hybridization array data repository. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002, 30, 207–210. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
An, D.; Kim, K.; Lu, W. Defective entry into mitosis 1 (Dim1) negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting the expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 1 (NFATc1). J. Biol. Chem. 2014, 289, 24366–24373. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Subrammanian, A.; Tamayo, P.; Mootha, V.K.; Mukherjee, S.; Ebert, B.L.; Gillette, M.A. Gene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Heusschen, R.; Muller, J.; Binsfeld, M.; Marty, C.; Plougonven, E.; Dubois, S.; Mahli, N.; Moermans, K.; Carmeliet, G.; Léonard, A.; et al. SRC kinase inhibition with saracatinib limits the development of osteolytic bone disease in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2016, 7, 30712–30729. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Stephens, A.S.; Stephens, S.R.; Morrison, N.A. Internal control genes for quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis in mouse osteoblasts, osteoclasts and macrophages. BMC Res. Notes 2011, 4, 410. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
