DELANAYE, Pierre ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > Département de médecine interne > Service de néphrologie
SCHEEN, André ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > Département de médecine interne > Service de diabétologie, nutrition, maladies métaboliques
Language :
English
Title :
Preventing and treating kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes
Tuttle KR, Bakris GL, Bilous RW, et al. Diabetic kidney disease: a report from an ADA consensus conference. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64:510–533
Muskiet MH, Tonneijck L, Smits MM, et al. Pleiotropic effects of type 2 diabetes management strategies on renal risk factors. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:367–381
Anders HJ, Huber TB, Isermann B, et al. CKD in diabetes: diabetic kidney disease versus nondiabetic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018;14:361–377
Xie Y, Bowe B, Mokdad AH, et al. Analysis of the global burden of disease study highlights the global, regional, and national trends of chronic kidney disease epidemiology from 1990 to 2016. Kidney Int. 2018;94:567–581
Koye DN, Shaw JE, Reid CM, et al. Incidence of chronic kidney disease among people with diabetes: a systematic review of observational studies. Diabet Med. 2017;34:887–901
Thomas MC, Cooper ME, Zimmet P., Changing epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12:73–81
Koye DN, Magliano DJ, Nelson RG, et al. The global epidemiology of diabetes and kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018;25:121–132
Alicic RZ, Rooney MT, Tuttle KR., Diabetic kidney disease: challenges, progress, and possibilities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12:2032–2045
American Diabetes Association. 10. Microvascular complications and foot care: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:S105–S18
MacIsaac RJ, Jerums G, Ekinci EI. Glycemic control as primary prevention for diabetic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018;25:141–148
Ruospo M, Saglimbene VM, Palmer SC, et al. Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6:CD010137
Scheen AJ. Pharmacokinetic considerations for the treatment of diabetes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2013;9:529–550
Neumiller JJ, Alicic RZ, Tuttle KR. Therapeutic considerations for antihyperglycemic agents in diabetic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:2263–2274
de Galan BE, Perkovic V, Ninomiya T, et al. Lowering blood pressure reduces renal events in type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:883–892
Zoungas S, de Galan BE, Ninomiya T, et al. Combined effects of routine blood pressure lowering and intensive glucose control on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: new results from the ADVANCE trial. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:2068–2074
Patney V, Chaudhary K, Whaley-Connell A. Treatment of diabetic kidney disease with hypertension control and renin angiotensin system inhibition. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018;25:158–165
Palmer SC, Mavridis D, Navarese E, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of blood pressure-lowering agents in adults with diabetes and kidney disease: a network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2015;385:2047–2056
Fioretto P, Zambon A, Rossato M, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors and the diabetic kidney. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(Suppl 2):S165–71
Nespoux J, Vallon V. SGLT2 inhibition and kidney protection. Clin Sci (Lond). 2018;132:1329–1339
Alicic RZ, Johnson EJ, Tuttle KR. SGLT2 inhibition for the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease: a review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;72:267–277
Heerspink HJL, Kosiborod M, Inzucchi SE, et al. Renoprotective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Kidney Int. 2018;94:26–39
Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:323–334
Perkovic V, Zeeuw D, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: results from the CANVAS Program randomised clinical trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:691–704
Mann JFE, Orsted DD, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377(839–48)
Thomas MC. The potential and pitfalls of GLP-1 receptor agonists for renal protection in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2017;43(Suppl 1):2S20–2S27
Davies M, Chatterjee S, Khunti K. The treatment of type 2 diabetes in the presence of renal impairment: what we should know about newer therapies. Clin Pharmacol. 2016;8:61–81
Goldenberg RM, Berall M, Chan CTM, et al. Managing the course of diabetic kidney disease: from the old to the new. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42:325–334
Pickering RJ, Rosado CJ, Sharma A, et al. Recent novel approaches to limit oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic complications. Clin Transl Immunology. 2018;7:e1016
Magee C, Grieve DJ, Watson CJ, et al. Diabetic nephropathy: a tangled web to unweave. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2017;31:579–592
Emdin CA, Rahimi K, Neal B, et al. Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313:603–615
Brunstrom M, Carlberg B. Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2016;352:i717
Kidney Disease: improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012;2:337–414
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/pcna guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71:e13–e115
Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood-pressure-lowering treatment on outcome incidence in hypertension: 10 - should blood pressure management differ in hypertensive patients with and without diabetes mellitus? Overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2017;35:922–944
Guideline development group. Clinical practice guideline on management of patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease stage 3b or higher (eGFR <45 mL/min). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30(Suppl 2):ii1–142
Lamprea-Montealegre JA, de Boer IH. Reevaluating the evidence for blood pressure targets in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:1132–1133
Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:851–860
Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:861–869
Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet. 2000;355:253–259
Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:829–840
Anderson S, Brenner BM. Intraglomerular hypertension: implications and drug treatment. Annu Rev Med. 1988;39:243–253
Roscioni SS, Heerspink HJ, de Zeeuw D. The effect of RAAS blockade on the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:77–87
Ruiz-Ortega M, Ruperez M, Esteban V, et al. Angiotensin II: a key factor in the inflammatory and fibrotic response in kidney diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:16–20
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. BMJ. 1998;317:713–720
Rahman M, Pressel S, Davis BR, et al. Renal outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or a calcium channel blocker vs a diuretic: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:936–946
Rahman M, Ford CE, Cutler JA, et al. Long-term renal and cardiovascular outcomes in Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) participants by baseline estimated GFR. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:989–1002
Scheen AJ. Type 2 diabetes and thiazide diuretics. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18:6
Marre M, Lievre M, Chatellier G, et al. Effects of low dose ramipril on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and raised excretion of urinary albumin: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial (the DIABHYCAR study). BMJ. 2004;328:495
Daly CA, Fox KM, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of perindopril on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the EUROPA study: results from the PERSUADE substudy. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1369–1378
Catala-Lopez F, Macias Saint-Gerons D, Gonzalez-Bermejo D, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes of renin-angiotensin system blockade in adult patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with network meta-analyses. PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1001971
Vejakama P, Thakkinstian A, Lertrattananon D, et al. Reno-protective effects of renin-angiotensin system blockade in type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2012;55:566–578
Wu HY, Huang JW, Lin HJ, et al. Comparative effectiveness of renin-angiotensin system blockers and other antihypertensive drugs in patients with diabetes: systematic review and bayesian network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;347:f6008
Persson F, Lindhardt M, Rossing P, et al. Prevention of microalbuminuria using early intervention with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2016;17(3). pii: 1470320316652047
Haller H, Ito S, Izzo JL, Jr., et al. Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:907–917
Nakao K, Hirata M, Oba K, et al. Role of diabetes and obesity in outcomes of the candesartan antihypertensive survival evaluation in Japan (CASE-J) trial. Hypertens Res. 2010;33:600–606
Barnett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P, et al. Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1952–1961
Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, et al. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:547–553
Strippoli GF, Craig M, Deeks JJ, et al. Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists on mortality and renal outcomes in diabetic nephropathy: systematic review. BMJ. 2004;329:828
Kunz R, Friedrich C, Wolbers M, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of monotherapy and combination therapy with inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system on proteinuria in renal disease. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:30–48
van der Sande NG, Dorresteijn JA, Visseren FL, et al. Individualized prediction of the effect of angiotensin receptor blockade on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18:1120–1127
Imai E, Chan JC, Ito S, et al. Effects of olmesartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes with overt nephropathy: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Diabetologia. 2011;54:2978–2986
Fried LF, Emanuele N, Zhang JH, et al. Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1892–1903
Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2204–2213
Bomback AS, Kshirsagar AV, Amamoo MA, et al. Change in proteinuria after adding aldosterone blockers to ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in CKD: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51:199–211
Bolignano D, Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, et al. Aldosterone antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;4:CD007004
Currie G, Taylor AH, Fujita T, et al. Effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists on proteinuria and progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol. 2016;17:127
Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Chan JC, et al. Effect of finerenone on albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314:884–894
Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the randomized aldactone evaluation study. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:543–551
Dojki FK, Bakris G. Nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid antagonists in diabetic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2017;26:368–374
Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH, et al. Progression of chronic kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a patient-level meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:244–252
Bakris GL. Slowing nephropathy progression: focus on proteinuria reduction. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(Suppl 1):S3–10
Palmer BF. Supratherapeutic doses of angiotensin receptor blockers to decrease proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol. 2008;28:381–390
O’Hare AM, Hotchkiss JR, Kurella Tamura M, et al. Interpreting treatment effects from clinical trials in the context of real-world risk information: end-stage renal disease prevention in older adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:391–397
Palmer BF. Managing hyperkalemia caused by inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:585–592
Rastogi A, Arman F, Alipourfetrati S. New agents in treatment of hyperkalemia: an opportunity to optimize use of RAAS inhibitors for blood pressure control and organ protection in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016;18:55
Appel GB, Radhakrishnan J, Avram MM, et al. Analysis of metabolic parameters as predictors of risk in the RENAAL study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1402–1407
Weir MR, Bakris GL, Bushinsky DA, et al. Patiromer in patients with kidney disease and hyperkalemia receiving RAAS inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:211–221
Goncalves AR, Khwaja A, Ahmed AK, et al. Stopping renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in chronic kidney disease: predictors of response. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;119:c348–54
Roussel R, Lorraine J, Rodriguez A, et al. Overview of data concerning the safe use of antihyperglycemic medications in type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Adv Ther. 2015;32:1029–1064
Sanchez-Rangel E, Inzucchi SE. Metformin: clinical use in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2017;60:1586–1593
Gudmundsdottir H, Aksnes H, Heldal K, et al. Metformin and antihypertensive therapy with drugs blocking the renin angiotensin system, a cause of concern? Clin Nephrol. 2006;66:380–385
Coca SG, Ismail-Beigi F, Haq N, et al. Role of intensive glucose control in development of renal end points in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:761–769
Scheen AJ. Effects of glucose-lowering agents on renal surrogate endpoints and hard clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2018. In press
Tong L, Adler S. Glycemic control of type 2 diabetes mellitus across stages of renal impairment: information for primary care providers. Postgrad Med. 2018;130:381–393
Scheen AJ. Pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2015;75:33–59
Heerspink HJ, Perkins BA, Fitchett DH, et al. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in the treatment of diabetes: cardiovascular and kidney effects. Potential mechanisms and clinical applications. Circulation. 2016;134:752–772
van Bommel EJ, Muskiet MH, Tonneijck L, et al. SGLT2 inhibition in the diabetic kidney-from mechanisms to clinical outcome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12:700–710
Mima A. Renal protection by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and its underlying mechanisms in diabetic kidney disease. J Diabetes Complications. 2018;32:720–725
Skrtic M, Cherney DZ. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition and the potential for renal protection in diabetic nephropathy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2015;24:96–103
Mende CW. Diabetes and kidney disease: the role of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) and SGLT-2 inhibitors in modifying disease outcomes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2017;33:541–551
Bonnet F, Scheen AJ. Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on systemic and tissue low-grade inflammation: potential contribution for diabetic complications and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Metab. 2018;44:457–464
Scheen AJ. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015;54:691–708
Barnett AH, Mithal A, Manassie J, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin added to existing antidiabetes treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:369–384
Cherney DZI, Cooper ME, Tikkanen I, et al. Pooled analysis of phase III trials indicate contrasting influences of renal function on blood pressure, body weight, and HbA1c reductions with empagliflozin. Kidney Int. 2018;93:231–244
Dekkers CCJ, Wheeler DC, Sjostrom CD, et al. Effects of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and Stages 3b-4 chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018;33:1280
Wanner C, Lachin JM, Inzucchi SE, et al. Empagliflozin and clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, established cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. Circulation. 2018;137:119–129
Neuen BL, Ohkuma T, Neal B, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with canagliflozin according to baseline kidney function: data from the CANVAS program. Circulation. 2018;138:1537–1550
Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Gao HK, et al. Effect of sodium-glucose cotransport-2 inhibitors on blood pressure in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 randomized control trials with 22 528 patients. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 May 25;6(6):e004007
Scheen AJ, Delanaye P. Effects of reducing blood pressure on renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: focus on SGLT2 inhibitors and EMPA-REG OUTCOME. Diabetes Metab. 2017;43:99–109
Cherney DZI, Zinman B, Inzucchi SE, et al. Effects of empagliflozin on the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease: an exploratory analysis from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:610–621
Mahaffey KW, Neal B, Perkovic V, et al. Canagliflozin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events: results from the CANVAS program (canagliflozin cardiovascular assessment study). Circulation. 2018;137:323–334
Raz I, Mosenzon O, Bonaca MP, et al. DECLARE-TIMI 58: participants’ baseline characteristics. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:1102–1110
Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2018. published on line;doi:Nov 10, 2018. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1812389
Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2018 Nov 9; S0140-6736(18)32590-X DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32590-X [Epub ahead of print]
Jardine MJ, Mahaffey KW, Neal B, et al. The Canagliflozin and Renal Endpoints in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) study rationale, design, and baseline characteristics. Am J Nephrol. 2017;46:462–472
Szalat A, Perlman A, Muszkat M, et al. Can SGLT2 inhibitors cause acute renal failure? Plausible role for altered glomerular hemodynamics and medullary hypoxia. Drug Saf. 2018;41:239–252
Scheen AJ. SGLT2 inhibitors: benefit/risk balance. Curr Diab Rep. 2016;16:92
Wanner C. EMPA-REG OUTCOME: the nephrologist’s point of view. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120:S59–S67
Perlman A, Heyman SN, Matok I, et al. Acute renal failure with sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2 inhibitors: analysis of the FDA adverse event report system database. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27:1108–1113
Saly DL, Perazella MA. Harnessing basic and clinic tools to evaluate SGLT2 inhibitor nephrotoxicity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2017;313:F951–F54
Radholm K, Wu JH, Wong MG, et al. Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiovascular disease, death and safety outcomes in type 2 diabetes - A systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;140:118–128
Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:644–657
Scheen AJ. Does lower-limb amputation concern all SGLT-2 inhibitors? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14:326–328
Franz D, Zheng Y, Leeper NJ, et al. Trends in rates of lower extremity amputation among patients with end-stage renal disease who receive dialysis. JAMA Int Med. 2018;178:1025–1032
Muskiet MHA, Tonneijck L, Smits MM, et al. GLP-1 and the kidney: from physiology to pharmacology and outcomes in diabetes. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017;13:605–628
Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1834–1844
Holman RR, Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, et al. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1228–1239
Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, et al. Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2247–2257
Hernandez AF, Green JB, Janmohamed S, et al. Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (harmony outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018. published on line. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32261-X
Tuttle KR, Dwight McKinney T, Davidson JA, et al. Effects of once weekly dulaglutide on kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes in phase II and III clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19:436–441
Tuttle KR, Lakshmanan MC, Rayner B, et al. Dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (AWARD-7): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:605–617
Cherney DZI, Verma S, Parker JD. Dulaglutide and renal protection in type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:588–590
Dicembrini I, Nreu B, Scatena A, et al. Microvascular effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Diabetol. 2017;54:933–941
Gargiulo P, Savarese G, D’Amore C, et al. Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists on macrovascular and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27:1081–1088
Avgerinos I, Karagiannis T, Malandris K, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018. published on line. DOI:10.1111/dom.13484
Perez-Gomez MV, Sanchez-Nino MD, Sanz AB, et al. Horizon 2020 in diabetic kidney disease: the clinical trial pipeline for add-on therapies on top of renin angiotensin system blockade. J Clin Med. 2015;4:1325–1347
Fernandez-Fernandez B, Ortiz A, Gomez-Guerrero C, et al. Therapeutic approaches to diabetic nephropathy–beyond the RAS. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:325–346
Breyer MD, Kretzler M. Novel avenues for drug discovery in diabetic kidney disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2018;13:65–74
Lacava V, Pellicano V, Ferrajolo C, et al. Novel avenues for treating diabetic nephropathy: new investigational drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2017;26:445–462
Cherney DZI, Bakris GL. Novel therapies for diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2018;8:18–25
de Zeeuw D, Akizawa T, Audhya P, et al. Bardoxolone methyl in type 2 diabetes and stage 4 chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2492–2503
Heerspink HJL, Andress DL, Bakris G, et al. Baseline characteristics and enrichment results from the SONAR trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:1829–1835
Becker GJ, Hewitson TD. Animal models of chronic kidney disease: useful but not perfect. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:2432–2438
Samuels J. Use of surrogate outcomes in nephrology research. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2016;23:363–366
Norris KC, Smoyer KE, Rolland C, et al. Albuminuria, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate as predictors of cardio-renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and kidney disease: a systematic literature review. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19:36
National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for diabetes and CKD: 2012 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60:850–886
Nistor I, Bolignano D, Haller MC, et al. Why creating standardized core outcome sets for chronic kidney disease will improve clinical practice. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32:1268–1273
Coresh J, Turin TC, Matsushita K, et al. Decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate and subsequent risk of end-stage renal disease and mortality. JAMA. 2014;311:2518–2531
Levey AS, Inker LA, Matsushita K, et al. GFR decline as an end point for clinical trials in CKD: a scientific workshop sponsored by the national kidney foundation and the us food and drug administration. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64:821–835
Yamanouchi M, Skupien J, Niewczas MA, et al. Improved clinical trial enrollment criterion to identify patients with diabetes at risk of end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 2017;92:258–266
Zou H, Zhou B, Xu G. SGLT2 inhibitors: a novel choice for the combination therapy in diabetic kidney disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16:65
Kalra S, Singh V, Nagrale D. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition and the glomerulus: A review. Adv Ther. 2016;33:1502–1518
Shin SJ, Chung S, Kim SJ, et al. Effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin, on renal renin-angiotensin system in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0165703
Heerspink HJ, Johnsson E, Gause-Nilsson I, et al. Dapagliflozin reduces albuminuria in patients with diabetes and hypertension receiving renin-angiotensin blockers. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18:590–597
Petrykiv S, Laverman GD, de Zeeuw D, et al. Does SGLT2 inhibition with dapagliflozin overcome individual therapy resistance to RAAS inhibition?. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:224–227
Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2117–2128
Tang H, Li D, Zhang J, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and risk of adverse renal outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes: A network and cumulative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19:1106–1115
Scheen AJ. Cardiovascular outcome studies in type 2 diabetes: comparison between SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;143:88–100
Davies MJ, D’Alessio DA, Fradkin J, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2018;61:2461–2498
Vupputuri S, Kimes TM, Calloway MO, et al. The economic burden of progressive chronic kidney disease among patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2014;28:10–16