Printable QR code paper microfluidic colorimetric assay for screening volatile biomarkers

Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry; Mobile Health; Paper Microfluidics; Sepsis; Volatile Organic Compounds; Biomarkers; Codes (symbols); Color; Colorimetry; Drug products; Escherichia coli; Mass spectrometry; Microfluidics; Mobile telecommunication systems; Paper; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Bloodstream infections; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; Headspace solid phase microextraction; Microfluidic platforms; Real-time diagnostics; Time of flight mass spectrometry; Two dimensional gas chromatography; Gas chromatography

Abstract :

[en] We present a QR code paper microfluidic colorimetric assay that can exploit the hardware and software on mobile devices, and circumvent sample preparation by directly targeting volatile biomarkers. Our platform is a printable microarray of well-defined reaction regions, which outputs an instant diagnosis by directing the user to a URL containing their test result, while simultaneously storing epidemiological data for remote access and bioinformatics. To assist in the rapid identification of Escherichia coli in bloodstream infections, we employed an existing colorimetric reagent (p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde) and adapted its use to detect volatile indole, a biomarker produced by E. coli. Our assay was able to quantitatively detect indole in the headspace of E. coli culture after 12 h of growth (27.0 ± 3.1 ppm), assisting in species-level identification hours earlier than existing methods. Results were confirmed with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToFMS), which estimated indole concentration in E. coli culture to average 32.3 ± 5.2 ppm after 12 h of growth. This QR paper microfluidic platform represents a novel development in both telemedicine and diagnostics using volatile biomarkers. We envision that our QR code platform can be extended to other colorimetric assays for real-time diagnostics in low-resource environments. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Disciplines :

Life sciences: Multidisciplinary, general & others

Author, co-author :

Burklund, A.; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States

Saturley-Hall, H. K.; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States

Franchina, Flavio ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de chimie (sciences) > Chimie analytique, organique et biologique

Hill, J. E.; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States

Zhang, J. X. J.; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States

Language :

English

Title :

Printable QR code paper microfluidic colorimetric assay for screening volatile biomarkers

Publication date :

2019

Journal title :

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

ISSN :

0956-5663

eISSN :

1873-4235

Publisher :

Elsevier Ltd

Volume :

128

Pages :

97-103

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 07 March 2019

Statistics

Number of views

82 (8 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

2 (2 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Bartos, J., Pesez, M., Colorimetric and flourimetric determination of aldehydes and ketones. Pure Appl. Chem. 51 (1979), 1803–1814.
Bean, H.D., Dimandja, J.M.D., Hill, J.E., Bacterial volatile discovery using solid phase microextraction and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 901 (2012), 41–46.
Beekmann, S.E., Diekema, D.J., Chapin, K.C., Doern, G.V., Effects of rapid detection of bloodstream infections on length of hospitalization and hospital charges. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (2003), 3119–3125.
Carrilho, E., Martinez, A.W., Whitesides, G.M., Understanding wax printing: a simple micropatterning process for paper-bases microfluidics. Anal. Chem. 81 (2009), 7091–7095.
Crunaire, S., et al. Discriminating bacteria with optical sensors based on functionalized nanoporous xerogels. Chemosensors 2 (2014), 171–181.
Falas, T., Kashani, H., 2007. - Proceedings of the Fifth Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops. PerCom Workshops 2007, pp. 597–600.
Fang, X., Wei, S., Kong, J., Paper-based microfluidics with high resolution, cut on a glass fiber membrane for bioassays. Lab Chip 14 (2014), 911–915.
Gao, Z., Hou, L., Xu, M., Tang, D., Enhanced colorimetric immunoassay accompanying with enzyme cascade amplification strategy for ultrasensitive detection of low-abundance protein. Sci. Rep., 4, 2014, 3966.
Gracias, K.S., McKillip, J.L., A review of conventional detection and enumeration methods for pathogenic bacteria in food. Can. J. Microbiol. 50 (2004), 883–890.
Haeberle, S., Mark, D., Von Stetten, F., Zengerle, R., Microfluidic platforms for lab-on-a-chip applications. Microsyst. Nanotechnol. 9783642182 (2007), 853–895.
Hall, M.M., Ilstrup, D.M., Washington, J.A. II, Comparison of three blood culture media with tryptic soy broth. J. Clin. Microbiol. 8 (1978), 299–301.
Hosokawa, K., Fujiiand, T., Endo, I., Handling of picoliter liquid samples in a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidic device. Anal. Chem. 71 (1999), 4781–4785.
Isenberg, H.D., Sundheim, L.H., Indole reactions in bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 75 (1958), 682–690.
ISO, 2000. ISO Standards, 2000,p. 122.
King, E.J., Garner, R.J., The colorimetric determination of glucose. J. Clin. Pathol. 1 (1947), 30–33.
Kreger, B.E., Craven, D.E., Carling, P.C., McCabe, W.R., Gram-negative bacteremia. III. Reassessment of etiology, epidemiology and ecology in 612 patients. Am. J. Med. 68 (1980), 332–343.
Kwon, H., Park, J., An, Y., Sim, J., Park, S., A smartphone metabolomics platform and its application to the assessment of cisplastin-induced kidney toxicity. Anal. Chim. Acta 845 (2014), 15–22.
Leber, A.L., Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook. 4th Ed., 2016, American Society for Microbiology.
Lee, D.S., Jeon, B.G., Ihm, C., Park, J.K., Jung, M.Y., A simple and smart telemedicine device for developing regions: a pocket-sized colorimetric reader. Lab Chip 11 (2011), 120–126.
Lee, J.H., Lee, J., Indole as an intercellular signal in microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 34 (2010), 426–444.
Leibovici, L., Shraga, I., Drucker, M., Konigsberger, H., Samra, Z., Pitlik, S.D., The benefit of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment in patients with bloodstream infection. J. Intern. Med. 244 (1998), 379–386.
Lever, A., Mackenzie, I., Sepsis: definition, epidemiology, and diagnosis. Br. Med. J. 335 (2007), 879–883.
Li, G., Young, K.D., Indole production by the trytophanse TnA in Escherichia coli is determined by the amount of exogenous tryptophan. Microbiology 159 (2013), 402–410.
Liesenfeld, O., Lehman, L., Hunfeld, K.P., Kost, G., Molecular diagnosis of sepsis: new aspects and recent developments. Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol. 4 (2014), 1–25.
Lowrance, B.L., Reich, P., Traub, W.H., Evaluation of two spot indole reagents. Appl. Microbiol. 17 (1969), 923–924.
Mahon, C.R., Lehman, D.C., Manuselis, G., Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 5th Ed., 2014, Elsevier.
Mariella, R. Jr., Sample preparation: the weak link in microfluidics-based biodetection. Biomed. Micro., 10, 2008, 777.
Mateos, F., De Benito, I., Time-to-positivity in patients with Escherichia coli bacteremia. Clin. Microbiol. And. Infect. 13 (2007), 1077–1082.
Mayr, F.B., Yende, S., Angus, D.C., Epidemiology of severe sepsis. Virulence 5 (2014), 4–11.
Miller, J.M., Wright, J.W., Spot indole test: evaluation of four reagents. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15 (1982), 589–592.
Murray, P.R., Masur, H., Current approaches to the diagnosis of bacterial and fungal bloodstream infections for the ICU. Crit. Care Med. 40 (2014), 3277–3282.
Osborn, J.L., Lutz, B., Fu, E., Kauffman, P., Stevens, D.Y., Yager, P., Microfluidics without pumps: reinventing the T-sensor and H-filter in paper networks. Lab Chip 10 (2010), 2659–2665.
Owen, S. ZXing. 〈 https://github.com/zxing/zxing〉.
Sapan, C.V., Lundblad, R.L., Price, N.C., Colorimetric protein assay techniques. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 29 (1999), 99–108.
Thom, N.K., Lewis, G.G., Yeung, K., Phillips, S.T., Quantitative fluorescence assays using a self-powered paper-based microfluidic device and a camera-equipped cellular phone. RSC Adv. 4 (2014), 1334–1340.
Tranchida, P.Q., Franchina, F.A., Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: recent evolution and current trends. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 35 (2016), 524–534.
Turner, J.M., A new reagent for the assay of indole in the trytophanase reaction. J. Biochem. 78 (1961), 790–792.
Washburn, E.W., The dynamics of capillary flow. Phys. Rev., 17, 1921, 273.
Wilson, M.L., Gaido, L., Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections in adult patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38 (2004), 1150–1158.
Yager, P., et al. Microfluidic diagnostic technologies for global public health. Nature 442 (2006), 412–418.
Yagupsky, P., Nolte, F.S., Quantitative aspects of septicemia. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 3 (1990), 269–279.
Zhou, W.H., Zhu, C.L., Lu, C.H., Guo, X., Chen, F., Yang, H.H., Wang, X., Amplified detection of protein cancer biomarkers using DNAzyme functionalized nanoprobes. Chem. Commun. 0 (2009), 6845–6847.