Akkermans T, Thiery W, Van Lipzig NPM (2014) The regional climate impact of a realistic future deforestation scenario in the Congo basin. J Clim 27:2714–2734. 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00361.1
Alcántara-Ayala I (2002) Geomorphology, natural hazards, vulnerability and prevention of natural disasters in developing countries. Geomorphology 47:107–124. 10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00083-1
Blahut J, van Westen CJ, Sterlacchini S (2010) Analysis of landslide inventories for accurate prediction of debris-flow source areas. Geomorphology 119:36–51. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.02.017
Broeckx J, Vanmaercke M, Balteanu D et al (2016) Linking landslide susceptibility to sediment yield at regional scale: application to Romania. Geomorphology 268:222–232. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.06.012
Broeckx J, Vanmaercke M, Duchateau R, Poesen J (2018) A data-based landslide susceptibility map of Africa. Earth Sci Rev 185:102–121. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.05.002
Bursac Z, Gauss CH, Williams DK, Hosmer DW (2008) Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code Biol Med 3:1–8. 10.1186/1751-0473-3-17
Claessens L, Schoorl JM, Veldkamp a (2007) Modelling the location of shallow landslides and their effects on landscape dynamics in large watersheds: an application for northern New Zealand. Geomorphology 87:16–27. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.039
Corominas J, van Westen C, Frattini P, Cascini L, Malet JP, Fotopoulou S, Catani F, van den Eeckhaut M, Mavrouli O, Agliardi F, Pitilakis K, Winter MG, Pastor M, Ferlisi S, Tofani V, Hervás J, Smith JT (2014) Recommendations for the quantitative analysis of landslide risk. Bull Eng Geol Environ 73:209–263. 10.1007/s10064-013-0538-8
Duman TY, Can T, Gokceoglu C, Nefeslioglu HA, Sonmez H (2006) Application of logistic regression for landslide susceptibility zoning of Cekmece area, Istanbul, Turkey. Environ Geol 51:241–256. 10.1007/s00254-006-0322-1
Frattini P, Crosta GB (2013) The role of material properties and landscape morphology on landslide size distributions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 361:310–319. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.10.029
Froude MJ, Petley DN (2018) Global fatal landslide occurrence from 2004 to 2016. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 18:2161–2181. 10.5194/nhess-18-2161-2018
Gariano SL, Guzzetti F (2016) Landslides in a changing climate. Earth Sci Rev 162:227–252. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.08.011
Goetz JN, Guthrie RH, Brenning A (2011) Integrating physical and empirical landslide susceptibility models using generalized additive models. Geomorphology 129:376–386. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.03.001
Guns M, Vanacker V (2013) Forest cover change trajectories and their impact on landslide occurrence in the tropical Andes. Environ Earth Sci 70:2941–2952. 10.1007/s12665-013-2352-9
Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P, Ardizzone F, Cardinali M, Galli M (2006) Estimating the quality of landslide susceptibility models. Geomorphology 81:166–184. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.04.007
Guzzetti F, Mondini AC, Cardinali M, Fiorucci F, Santangelo M, Chang KT (2012) Landslide inventory maps: new tools for an old problem. Earth Sci Rev 112:42–66. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.02.001
Jacobs L, Dewitte O, Poesen J, Delvaux D, Thiery W, Kervyn M (2016a) The Rwenzori Mountains, a landslide-prone region? Landslides 13:519–536. 10.1007/s10346-015-0582-5
Jacobs L, Maes J, Mertens K, Sekajugo J, Thiery W, van Lipzig N, Poesen J, Kervyn M, Dewitte O (2016b) Reconstruction of a flash flood event through a multi-hazard approach: focus on the Rwenzori Mountains, Uganda. Nat Hazards 84:851–876. 10.1007/s11069-016-2458-y
Jacobs L, Dewitte O, Poesen J, Maes J, Mertens K, Sekajugo J, Kervyn M (2017) Landslide characteristics and spatial distribution in the Rwenzori Mountains, Uganda. J Afr Earth Sci 134:917–930. 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.05.013
Jacobs L, Dewitte O, Poesen J, Sekajugo J, Nobile A, Rossi M, Thiery W, Kervyn M (2018) Field-based landslide susceptibility assessment in a data-scarce environment: the populated areas of the Rwenzori Mountains. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 18:105–124. 10.5194/nhess-18-105-2018
King G, Zeng L (2001) Logistic regression in rare events data. Polit Anal 9:137–163. 10.1162/00208180152507597
King BC, Le Bas MJ, Sutherland DS (1972) The history of the alkaline volcanoes and intrusive complexes of eastern Uganda and western Kenya. J Geol Soc Lond 128:173–205
Kirschbaum D, Stanley T, Zhou Y (2015) Spatial and temporal analysis of a global landslide catalog. Geomorphology 249:4–15. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.03.016
Kitutu MG, Muwanga A, Poesen J, Deckers JA (2009) Influence of soil properties on landslide occurrences in Bududa district, eastern Uganda. Afr J Agric Res 4:611–620. 10.5897/AJAR09.158
Kleinbaum DG, Klein M (2010) Logistic regression: a self-learning text, 3rd edn. Springer-Verlag, New York
Knapen A, Kitutu MG, Poesen J, Breugelmans W, Deckers J, Muwanga A (2006) Landslides in a densely populated county at the footslopes of Mount Elgon (Uganda): characteristics and causal factors. Geomorphology 73:149–165. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.07.004
Larsen IJ, Montgomery DR, Korup O (2010) Landslide erosion controlled by hillslope material. Nat Geosci 3:247–251. 10.1038/ngeo776
Maes J, Kervyn M, de Hontheim A, Dewitte O, Jacobs L, Mertens K, Vanmaercke M, Vranken L, Poesen J (2017) Landslide risk reduction measures: a review of practices and challenges for the tropics. Prog Phys Geogr 41:191–221. 10.1177/0309133316689344
Malamud BD, Turcotte DL, Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P (2004) Landslides, earthquakes, and erosion. Earth Planet Sci Lett 229:45–59. 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.10.018
Mertens K, Jacobs L, Maes J, Kabaseke C, Maertens M, Poesen J, Kervyn M, Vranken L (2016) The direct impact of landslides on household income in tropical regions: a case study from the Rwenzori Mountains in Uganda. Sci Total Environ 550:1032–1043. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.171
Messenzehl K, Meyer H, Otto JC, Hoffmann T, Dikau R (2017) Regional-scale controls on the spatial activity of rockfalls (Turtmann Valley, Swiss Alps) — a multivariate modeling approach. Geomorphology 287:29–45. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.01.008
Mugagga F, Kakembo V, Buyinza M (2012a) A characterisation of the physical properties of soil and the implications for landslide occurrence on the slopes of Mount Elgon, eastern Uganda. Nat Hazards 60:1113–1131. 10.1007/s11069-011-9896-3
Mugagga F, Kakembo V, Buyinza M (2012b) Land use changes on the slopes of Mount Elgon and the implications for the occurrence of landslides. Catena 90:39–46. 10.1016/j.catena.2011.11.004
Oleson KW, Niu GY, Yang ZL, Lawrence DM, Thornton PE, Lawrence PJ, Stöckli R, Dickinson RE, Bonan GB, Levis S, Dai A, Qian T (2008) Improvements to the community land model and their impact on the hydrological cycle. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 113. 10.1029/2007JG000563
Petley D (2012) Global patterns of loss of life from landslides. Geology 40:927–930. 10.1130/G33217.1
Petschko H, Brenning A, Bell R, Goetz J, Glade T (2014) Assessing the quality of landslide susceptibility maps - case study Lower Austria. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 14:95–118. 10.5194/nhess-14-95-2014
Poesen J, Lavee H (1994) Rock fragments in top soils: significance and processes. Catena 23:1–28. 10.1016/0341-8162(94)90050-7
Pourghasemi HR, Rossi M (2017) Landslide susceptibility modeling in a landslide prone area in Mazandarn Province, north of Iran: a comparison between GLM, GAM, MARS, and M-AHP methods. Theor Appl Climatol 130:1–25. 10.1007/s00704-016-1919-2
Reichenbach P, Rossi M, Malamud B et al (2018) A review of statistically-based landslide susceptibility models. Earth Sci Rev 180:60–91. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.001
Sassen M, Sheil D, Giller KE, ter Braak CJF (2013) Complex contexts and dynamic drivers: understanding four decades of forest loss and recovery in an east African protected area. Biol Conserv 159:257–268. 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.12.003
Schwingshackl C, Hirschi M, Seneviratne SI (2017) Quantifying spatiotemporal variations of soil moisture control on surface energy balance and near-surface air temperature. J Clim 30:7105–7124. 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0727.1
Scott P, IUCN FCP, IUCN RO for EA (1998) From conflict to collaboration: people and forests at Mount Elgon, Uganda. IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland
Sidle RC, Bogaard TA (2016) Dynamic earth system and ecological controls of rainfall-initiated landslides. Earth Sci Rev 159:275–291. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.05.013
Simonetti A, Bell K (1995) Nd, Pb and Sr isotopic data from the Mount Elgon volcano, eastern Uganda-western Kenya: implications for the origin and evolution of nephelinite lavas. Lithos 36:141–153. 10.1016/0024-4937(95)00011-4
Stanley T, Kirschbaum DB (2017) A heuristic approach to global landslide susceptibility mapping. Nat Hazards 87:145–164. 10.1007/s11069-017-2757-y
Steger S, Glade T (2017) The challenge of “trivial areas” in statistical landslide susceptibility modelling. In: Mikos M, Tiwari B, Yin Y, Sassa K (eds) Advancing culture of living with landslides. WLF 2017. Springer, Cham, p 1148
Swets JA (1988) Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science 240:1285–1293. 10.1126/science.3287615
Thiery W, Davin EL, Panitz H-J, Demuzere M, Lhermitte S, van Lipzig N (2015) The impact of the African Great Lakes on the regional climate. J Clim 28:4061–4085. 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00565.1
Thiery W, Davin EL, Seneviratne SI, Bedka K, Lhermitte S, van Lipzig NPM (2016) Hazardous thunderstorm intensification over Lake Victoria. Nat Commun 7(12786):1–15. 10.1038/ncomms12786
UBOS (2017) The population of the regions and districts of Uganda according to census results. Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). http://citypopulation.de/php/uganda-admin.php. Accessed 26 Feb 2018
Van Den Eeckhaut M, Vanwalleghem T, Poesen J et al (2006) Prediction of landslide susceptibility using rare events logistic regression: a case-study in the Flemish Ardennes (Belgium). Geomorphology 76:392–410. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.12.003
Van Den Eeckhaut M, Poesen J, Govers G et al (2007) Characteristics of the size distribution of recent and historical landslides in a populated hilly region. Earth Planet Sci Lett 256:588–603. 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.040
Van Den Eeckhaut M, Hervás J, Jaedicke C et al (2012) Statistical modelling of Europe-wide landslide susceptibility using limited landslide inventory data. Landslides 9:357–369. 10.1007/s10346-011-0299-z
Van Eynde E, Dondeyne S, Isabirye M et al (2017) Impact of landslides on soil characteristics: implications for estimating their age. Catena 157:173–179. 10.1016/j.catena.2017.05.003
Vanmaercke M, Poesen J, Broeckx J, Nyssen J (2014) Sediment yield in Africa. Earth Sci Rev 136:350–368. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.06.004
Vannoppen W, Poesen J, Peeters P, de Baets S, Vandevoorde B (2016) Root properties of vegetation communities and their impact on the erosion resistance of river dikes. Earth Surf Process Landf 41:2038–2046. 10.1002/esp.3970
Vlaeminck P, Maertens M, Isabirye M, Vanderhoydonks F, Poesen J, Deckers S, Vranken L (2016) Coping with landslide risk through preventive resettlement. Designing optimal strategies through choice experiments for the Mount Elgon region, Uganda. Land Use Policy 51:301–311. 10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.11.023
Westerhof ABP, Härmä P, Isabirye E et al (2014) Geology and geodynamic development of Uganda with Explanation of the 1:1,000,000 -Scale Geological Map. Geol Surv Finland, Spec Pap 55
