Chemical diversity; Cluster analysis; Essential oil; GC/FID; GC/MS; Mentha spp.
Abstract :
[en] Mints are perennial herbs that are cultivated for medicinal and aromatic purposes. They are highly polymorphic and their taxonomy is difficult. Sixty mint accessions, representing seven Mentha species (M. aquatica L., M. longifolia L., M. piperita L., M. pulegium., M. rotundifolia L., M. spicata L. and M. spicata var. crispa 'moroccan'), were collected at full flowering from 51 Tunisian localities. Essential oil yields were found to vary from 0.45 to 2.5%, (w/w). Analyses of these oils by GC/FID and GC/MS and their subsequent classification by statistical analysis resulted in six clusters with significant variations in their terpenoid compositions: i) ulegone/isomenthone/ menthone; ii) isomenthone/pulegone; iii) menthone/pulegone ; iv) piperitenone oxide; v) linalool/ linalyl acetate/1,8 cineol/myrcene; and vi) carvone/limonene/1.8 cineol. M. pulegium accessions grouped two chemotypes: one rich in pulegone and the second rich in isomenthone. M. longifolia grouped one chemotype rich in pulegone and a second rich in menthone. M. spicata grouped one chemotypes characterized by a moderate to high carvone content and the second pulegone-rich. M. rotoundifolia accessions were piperitone oxide-rich. M.
aquatica and M. piperita have linalool and linalyl acetate as major compounds. These results clearly indicate that there were a large biochemical diversity among the investigated Tunisian Mentha spp. accessions. Genetic and ecological diversities may explain this chemical diversity.
Adam, K., Sivropoulou, A., Kokkini, S., Lanaras, T., Arsenakis, M., Antifungal activities of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Mentha spicata, Lavandula angustifolia, and Salvia fruticosa essential oils against human pathogenic fungi. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46 (1998), 1739–1745.
Adams, R.P., Identification of Essential Oils Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy. 2001, Allured, Carol Stream, USA 456 pp.
Agnihotri, V.K., Agarwal, S.G., Dhar, P.L., Thappa Baleshwar, R.K., Kapahi, B.K., Saxena, R.K., Qazi, G.N., Essential oil composition of Mentha pulegium L. growing wild in the north-western Himalayas India. Flavour Frag. J. 20 (2005), 607–610.
Ait-Ouazzou, A., Loran, S., Arakrak, A., Laglaoui, A., Rota, C., Herrera, A., Pagan, R., Conchello, P., Evaluation of the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Mentha pulegium, Juniperus phoenicea, and Cyperus longus essential oils from Morocco. Food Res. Int. 45 (2012), 313–319.
Al-Bayati, F.A., Isolation and identification of antimicrobial compound from Mentha longifolia L. leaves grown wild in Iraq. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., 8, 2009, 20, 10.1186/1476-0711-8-20).
Bahl, J.R., Bansal, R.P., Garg, S.N., Naqvi, A.A., Luthra, R., Kukreja, A.K., Kumar, S., Quality evaluation of the essential oils of the prevalent cultivars of commercial mint species Mentha arvensis, spicata, cardiaca, citrata and viridis cultivated in Indo-Gangetic plains. J. Med. Aromat. Plant Sci. 22 (2000), 787–797.
Baser, K.H.C., Kurkcuglu, M., Tarimcila, G., Kaynak, G., Essential oils of Mentha species from northern Turkey. J. Essent. Oil Res. 11 (1999), 579–588.
Beghidja, N., Bouslimani, N., Benayache, F., Benayache, S., Chalchat, J.C., Composition of the oils from Mentha pulegium grown in different areas of the east of Algeria. Chem. Nat. Compd. 43 (2007), 481–483.
Bekhechi, C., Analyse des huiles essentielles de quelques espèces aromatiques de la région de Tlemcen par CPG, CPG-SM et RMN 13 C et étude de leur pouvoir antibactérien. 2008, Thèse Doctorat. Univ. Tlemcen 205 p.
Benayad, N., Utilisation des huiles essentielles extraites des plantes médicinales marocaines comme insecticides pour lutter contre les ravageurs des denrées alimentaires stockées (blé maïs, riz,..). Projet de recherche. 2004, Rapport d'activité. Faculté des Sciences-Rabat, Maroc.
Boachon, B., Buell, C.R., Crisovan, E., Dudareva, N., Garcia, N., Godden, G., Henry, L., Kamileen, M.O., Kates, H.R., Kilgore, M.B., Lichman, B.R., Mavrodiev, E.V., Newton, L., Rodriguez-Lopez, C., O'Connor, S.E., Soltis, D., Soltis, P., Vaillancourt, B., Wiegert-Rininger, K., Zhao, D., Phylogenomic mining of the mints reveals multiple mechanisms contributing to the evolution of chemical diversity in Lamiaceae. Mol. Plant 11 (2018), 1084–1096.
Boukhebti, H., Chaker, A.N., Belhadj, H., Sahli, F., Ramdhani, M., Laouer, H., Harzallah, D., Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Mentha pulegium L. and Mentha spicata L. essential oils. Der Pharmacia Lett. 3 (2011), 267–275.
Bozin, B., Mimica-Dukic, N., Simin, N., Anackov, G., Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some Lamiaceae species and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 (2006), 1822–1828.
Brada, M., Bezzina, M., Marlier, M., Carlier, A., Lognay, G., Variabilité de la composition chimique des huiles essentielles de Mentha rotundifolia du Nord de lʼAlgérie. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 11 (2007), 3–7.
Brahmi, F., Adjaoud, A., Marongiu, B., Falconieri, D., Yalaoui-Guellal, D., Madani, K., Chibane, M., Chemical and biological profiles of essential oils from Mentha spicata L. leaf from Bejaia in Algeria. J. Essent. Oil Res. 28 (2016), 211–220.
Catherine, M.C., Eleni, M., Stella, K., Thomas, L., Differences between the inflorescence, leaf and stem essential oils of wild Mentha pulegium plants from. Zakynthos, Greece. J. Essent. Oil Res. 19 (2007), 239–243.
Chambers, H., Mentha: genetic resources and the collection at USDA-ARSNCGR Corvallis. Lam Newsl. 1 (1992), 3–4.
Chauhan, R.S., Kaul, M.K., Shahi, A.K., Kumar, A., Ram, G., Tawa, A., Chemical composition of essential oils in Mentha spicata L. accession [IIIM(J)26] from North-West Himalayan region, India. Ind. Crops Prod. 29 (2009), 654–656.
Cherrat, L., Espina, L., Bakkali, M., Pagán, R., Laglaoui, A., Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Mentha pulegium, Lavandula stoechas and Satureja calamintha Scheele essential oils and an evaluation of their bactericidal effect in combined processes. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 22 (2014), 221–229.
Cook, C., Maloupa, E., Kokkini, S., Lanaras, T., Differences between the inflorescence, leaf and stem essential oils of wild Mentha pulegium plants from Zakynthos, Greece. J. Essent. Oil Res. 19 (2007), 239–243.
Cullen, J., Alexander, J.C.M., Brickell, C.D., Edmondson, J.R., Green, P.S., Heywood, V.H., Jorgensen, P., M, Jury, S.L, Knees, S.G, Haxwell, H.S, Miller, M.D, Robson, Robson, N.K.B., Walters, S.M., Yeo, P.F., (eds.) The European Garden Flora, Vol. I –V, 2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge The European Garden Flora, vol. VI. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Denslow, M.W., Poindexter, D.B., Mentha suaveolens and M. × rotundifolia in North Carolina: a clarification of distribution and taxonomic identity. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 3 (2009), 383–389.
Díaz-Maroto, M.C., Castillo, N., Castro-Vázquez, L., González-Vinas, M.Á., Pérez- Coello, M.S., Volatile composition and olfactory profile of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) plants. Flavour Frag. J. 22 (2007), 114–118.
El Arch, M., Satrani, B., Farah, A., Bennani, L., Boriky, D., Fechtal, M., Blaghen, M., Talbi, M., Chemical composition, antimicrobial and insecticide activities of Mentha rotundifolia essential oil from Morocco. Acta Bot. Gall. 150 (2003), 267–274.
El-Ghorab, A.H., The chemical composition of Mentha pulegium L. essential oil from Egypt and its antioxidant activity. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plant 9 (2006), 183–195.
Fahlen, A., Walander, M., Wennersten, R., Effect of light-temperature regime on growth and essential oil yield of selected aromatic plants. J. Sci. Food Agric. 73 (1997), 111–119.
Farahani, H.A., Valadabadi, S.A., Daneshian, J., Khalvati, M.A., Evaluation changing of essential oil of blam (Melissa officinalis L.) under water deficit stress conditions. J. Med. Plant Res. 3 (2009), 329–333.
Fleisher, A., Fleisher, Z., The essential oils from Mentha longifolia growing in Sinai and Israel. Aromatic plants of the Holy Land and the Sinai part IV. J. Essent. Oil Res. 3 (1991), 57–58.
Fleisher, Z., Fleisher, A., Volatile extracts of Mentha longifoliagrowing in Israel. Aromatic plants of the Holy Land and Sinai. Part XIII. J. Essent. Oil Res. 10 (1998), 647–648.
Garlet, T.M.B., Paulus, D., Flores, R., Production and chemical composition of Mentha x piperita var. Citrata (Ehrh.) Briq. essential oil regarding to different potassium concentrations in the hydroponic solution. J.-Biotechnol. 4 (2013), 200–206.
Ghasemi, P.A., Izadi, A., Malek, P.F., Hamedi, B., Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils from Ferulago angulata. Pharm. Biol. 54 (2016), 2515–2520.
Ghoulami, S., Idrissi, A., Fkih-Tetouani, S., Phytochemical study of Mentha longifolia of Morocco. Fitoterapia 72 (2000), 596–598.
Gobert, V., Moja, S., Colson, M., Taberlet, P., Hybridization in the section Mentha (Lamiaceae) inferred from AFLP markers. Am. J. Bot. 89 (2002), 2017–2023.
Gracindo, L.A.M.B., Grisi, M.C.M., Silva, D.B., Alves, R.B.N., Bizzo, H.R., Vieira, R.F., Chemical characterization of mint (Mentha spp.) germplasm at Federal District, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Pl. Med. 8 (2006), 5–9.
Gulluce, M., Sahin, F., Sokmen, M., Ozer, H., Daferera, D., Sokmen, A., Polissiou, M., Adiguzel, A., Ozkan, H., Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oils and methanol extract from Mentha longifolia L. Ssp. Longifolia. Food Chem. 103 (2007), 1449–1456.
Gupta, A.K., Mishra, R., Singh, A.K., Srivastava, A., Lal, R.K., Genetic variability and correlations of essential oil yield with agro-economic traits in Mentha species and identification of promising cultivars. Ind. Crop. Prod. 95 (2017), 71–96.
Hajlaoui, H., Snoussi, M., Ben Jannet, H., Mighri, Z., Bakhrouf, A., Comparison of chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of Mentha longifolia L. ssp. Longifolia essential oil from two Tunisian localities (Gabes and Sidi Bouzid). Ann. Microbiol. 58 (2008), 513–520.
Hajlaoui, H., Trabelsi, N., Noumi, E., Snoussi, M., Fallah, H., Ksouri, R., Bakhrouf, A., Biological activities of the essential oils and methanol extract of tow cultivated mint species (Mentha longifolia and Mentha pulegium) used in the Tunisian folkloric medicine. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25 (2009), 2227–2238.
Hajlaoui, H., Ben Abdallah, F., Snoussi, M., Noumi, E., Bakhrouf, A., Effect of Mentha longifolia L. ssp longifolia essential oil on the morphology of four pathogenic bacteria visualized by atomic force microscopy. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 4 (2010), 1122–1127.
Harley, R.M., Brighton, C.A., Chromosome numbers in the genus Mentha L. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 74 (1977), 71–96.
Hassanpouraghdam, M.B., Akhgari, A.B., Aazami, M.A., Emarat-Pardaz, J., New menthone type of Mentha pulegium L. volatile oil from Northwest Iran. Czech J. Food Sci. 29 (2011), 285–290.
Hefendehl, F.W., Murray, M.J., Change in monoterpene composition in Mentha aquatica produced by gene substitution. Phytochem 11 (1972), 189–195.
Heywood, V.H., The conservation of genetic and chemical diversity in medicinal and aromatic plants. Sener, B., (eds.) Biodiversity: Bimolecular Aspects of Biodiversity and Innovative Utilization, 2002, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 13–22.
Hua, Ch.X., Wang, G.R., Lei, Y., Evaluation of essential oil composition and DNA diversity of mint resources from China. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10 (2011), 16740–16745.
Hussain, A.I., Characterization and Biological Activities of Essential Oils of Some Species of Lamiaceae. Ph.D. Thesis. 2009, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, 68–78.
Hussain, A.I., Anwar, F., Nigam, P.S., Ashrafd, M., Gilanif, A.H., Seasonal variation in content, chemical composition and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from four Mentha species. J. Sci. Food Agric. 90 (2010), 1827–1836.
Jabeen, A., Guo, B., Abbasi, B.H., Shinwari, Z.K., Mahmood, T., Phylogenetics of selected Mentha species on the basis of rps8, rps11 and rps14 chloroplast genes. J. Med. Plants Res. 6 (2012), 30–36.
Jedrzejczyk, I., Rewers, M., Genome size and ISSR markers for Mentha L. (Lamiaceae) genetic diversity assessment and species identification. Ind. Crop. Prod. 120 (2018), 171–179.
Karousou, R., Lanaras, T., Kokkini, S., Piperitone oxide-rich essential oils from Mentha longifoliasubsp.petiolata and M. villoso-nervata grown wild on the island of Crete (S. Greece). J. Essent. Oil Res. 10 (1998), 375–379.
Karousou, R., Balta, M., Hanlidou, E., Kokkini, S., Mints, smells and traditional uses in Thessaloniki (Greece) and other Mediterranean countries. J. Ethnopharmacol. 109 (2007), 248–257.
Karray-Bouraoui, N., Rabhi, M., Neffati, M., Baldan, B., Ranieri, A., Marzouk, B., Lachaâl, M., Smaoui, A., Salt effect on yield and composition of shootessential oil and trichome morphology and density on leaves of Mentha pulegium. Ind. Crop. Prod. 30 (2009), 338–343.
Kofidis, G., Bosabalidis, A., Kokkini, S., Seasonal variation of essential oils in a linalool-rich chemotype of Mentha spicata grown wild in Greece. J. Essent. Oil Res. 16 (2004), 469–472.
Kokkini, S., Harley, R.M., Reynolds, T., (eds.) Advances in Labiatae Science., 1992, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 325–344.
Kokkini, S., Papageorgiou, V.P., Constituents of essential oils from Mentha longifolia growing wild in Greece. Planta Med. 54 (1988), 59–60.
Kokkini, S., Vokou, D., Carvacrol-rich plants in Greece. Fav. Frag. J. 4 (1989), 1–7.
Kokkini, S., Karousou, R., Lanaras, T., Essential oils of spearmint (carvone-rich) plants from the island of Crete (Greece). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 23 (1995), 425–430.
Kokkini, S., Hanlidou, E., Karousou, R., Clinal Variation of Mentha pulegium essential oils along the climatic gradient of Greece. J. Essent. Oil Res. 16 (2004), 588–593.
Kumar, B., Kumar, U., Kumar Yadav, H., Identification of EST-SSRs and molecular diversity analysis in Mentha piperita. Crop J. 3 (2015), 335–342.
Lawrence, B.M., A Study of the Monoterpene Interrelationships in the Genus Mentha with Special Reference to the Origin of Pulegone and Menthofuran. Ph.D. Thesis. 1978, State University, Groningen, Netherlands.
Lawrence, B.M., From the sensation to the synthesis. Swift, K., (eds.) Advances in Flavours and Fragrances (Special Publication 277), 2002, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 57–837.
Lawrence, B.M., Mint: the Genus Mentha. 2006, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Lawrence, B.M., Oil Composition of Other Mentha Species and Hybrids. In: Mint. The Genus Mentha. Medical and Aromatic Plants-Industrial Profiles, Vol. 44, 2007, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Roton, London, New York, 325–346 2007.
Lorenzi, H., Matos, F.J.A., Plantas Medicinais no Brasil: Nativas e Exóticas Cultivadas. 2002, Instituto Plantarum, Nova Odessa, SP, 246–251.
Maffei, M., A chemtotype of Mentha longlfolia (L) Hudson particularly rich in piperitenone oxide. Flavour Fragr. J. 3 (1988), 23–26.
Maffei, M., Scannerini, S., Photomorphogenic and chemical responses to blue light in Mentha piperita. J. Essent. Oil Res. 11 (1999), 730–738.
Maffei, M., Chialva, F., Sacco, T., Glandular trichomes and essential oils in developing peppermint leaves. I. Variation of peltate trichome number and terpene distribution within leaves. New Phytol. 111 (1989), 707–716.
Mahmoud, S.S., Croteau, R.B., Metabolic engineering of essential oil yield and composition in mint by altering expression of deoxyxylulose phosphate reductoisomerase and menthofuran syntheses. Proc. Natl. Acad. of Sci. U. S. A. 98 (2001), 8915–8920.
Malingré T.M., Maarse, H., Composition of the essential oil of Mentha aquatica. Phytochem 13 (1974), 1531–1535.
Marotti, M., Piccaglia, R., Giovanelli, E., Deans, S.G., Eaglesha, M.E., Effects of planting time and mineral fertilization on peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) essential oil composition and its biological activity. Flavour Frag. J. 9 (1994), 125–129.
Mastelic, J., Jerkovic, I., Free and glycosidically bound volatiles of Mentha longifolia growing in Croatia. Chem. Nat. Comp. 38 (2002), 561–564.
Mata, A.T., Proenca, C., Ferreira, A.R., Serralheiro, M.L.M., Nougueira, J.M.F., Arujo, E.M., Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of five plants used as Portuguese food species. Food Chem. 103 (2007), 778–786.
Mimica-Dukić N., Gasić O., Kite, G., Fellow, L., Jancić R., A study of the essential oil of Mentha longifolia growing in Yugoslavia. Planta Med. 57 (1991), 83–84.
Mimica-Dukić N., Bozin, B., Soković M., Mihajlović B., Matavulj, M., Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three Mentha species essential oils. Planta Med. 69 (2003), 413–419.
Miyazawa, M., Watanabe, H., Umemoto, K., Kameoka, H., Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase activity by essential oils of Mentha species. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46 (1998), 3431–3434.
Mkaddem, M., Bousaid, M., Ben Fadhel, N., Variability of volatiles in Tunisian Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiaceae). J. Essent. Oil Res. 19 (2007), 211–215.
Mkaddem, M., Bouajila, J., Ennajar, M., Lebrihi, A., Mathieu, F., Romdhane, M., Chemical composition and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Mentha (longifolia L. and viridis) essential oils. J. Food Sci. 74 (2009), 358–363.
Monfared, A., Nabid, M.R., Roustaeian, A.A.H., Composition of a carvone chemotype of Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. from Iran. J. Essent. Oil Res. 14 (2002), 51–52.
Mrlianova, M., Tekel'ova, D., Felklova, M., Reinohl, V., Toth, J., The influence of the harvest cut height on the quality of the herbal drugs Melissa folium and Melissa herba. Planta Med. 68 (2001), 178–180.
Orav, A., Raal, A., Arak, E., Comparative chemical composition of the essential oil of Mentha piperita L. from various geographical sources. Proc. Est. Acad. Sci. Chem. 53 (2004), 174–181.
Oyedeji, A.O., Afolayan, A.J., Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil isolated from South African Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Subsp. Capensis (Thunb.). Briq. J. Essent. Oil Res. 18 (2006), 57–59.
Patel, R.P., Singh, R., Saikia, S.K., Roa, B.R.R., Sastry, K.P., Zaim, M., Lal, R.K., Phenotypic characterization and stability analysis for biomass and essential oil yields of fifteen genotypes of five Ocimum species. Ind. Crop. Prod. 77 (2015), 21–29.
Patora, J., Majda, T., Gora, J., Klimek, B., Variability in the content and composition of essential oil from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) cultivated in Poland. Acta Pol. Pharm. 60 (2003), 395–400.
Pavela, R., Kaffkova, K., Kumsta, M., Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oils from different Mentha L. and Pulegium species againt Culex quinquefasciatus say (Diptera: Culicidae), Plant Prot. Sci. 50 (2014), 36–42.
Pottier-Alapetite, G., Flore de la Tunisie Angiospermes dicotylédones. Gamopétales. Pub SciTun(no 1), 1981, 1–654.
Rasooli, I., Rezaei, M.B., Bioactivity and chemical properties of essential oils from Zataria multiflora Boiss and Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. J. Essent. Oil Res. 14 (2002), 141–146.
Rezaei, M.B., Jaymand, K., Jamzad, Z., Chemical constituents of Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson var. Chlorodictya Rech. F. from three different localities. Pajouhesh-va Sazandegi 13 (2000), 60–63.
Riahi, L., Chograni, H., Elferchichi, M., Zaouali, Y., Zoghlami, N., Mliki, A., Variations in Tunisian wormwood essential oil profiles and phenolic contents between leaves and flowers and their effects on antioxidant activities. Ind. Crops Prod. 46 (2013), 290–296.
Rodrigues, L., Póvoab, O., Teixeirac, G., Figueiredod, A.C., Moldãoa, M., Monteiroa, A., Trichomes micromorphology and essential oil variation at different developmental stages of cultivated and wild growing Mentha pulegium L. Populations from Portugal. Ind. Crop. Prod. 43 (2013), 692–700.
Sangwan, N.S., Farooqi, A.H.A., Shabih, F., Sangwan, R.S., Regulation of essential oil production in plants. Plant Growth Regul. 34 (2001), 3–21.
Šarić-Kundalić B., Fialová S., Dobeš C., Ölzant, S., Tekeľová D., Grančai, D., Reznicek, G., Saukel, J., Multivariate numerical taxonomy of Mentha species, hybrids, varieties and cultivars. Sci. Pharm. 77 (2009), 851–876.
Simões C., Spitzer, V., 2001. Óleos Voláteis. In: Simões, C.M.O. et al. (Eds.), Farmacognosia: Da Planta Ao Medicamento, 3rd Edition, UFRGS/UFSC, Porto Alegre/Florianópolis, 397–425.
Sivropoulou, A., Kokkini, S., Lanaras, T., Arsenakis, M., Antimicrobial activity of mint essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43 (1995), 2384–2388.
Smolik, M., Rzepka-Plevneś D., Jadczak, D., Sękowska, A., Morphological and genetic variability of chosen Mentha species. Herba Pol. 53 (2007), 90–97.
Telci, I., Sahbaz, N., Yılmaz, G., Tugay, M.E., Agronomical and chemical characterization of spearmınt (Mentha spıcata L.) originating in Turkey. Econ. Bot. 58 (2004), 721–728.
Telci, I., Demirtas, I., Bayram, E., Arabaci, O., Kacar, O., Environmental variation on aroma components of pulegone/piperitone rich spearmint (Mentha spicata L.). Ind. Crops Prod. 3 (2010), 588–592.
Topalov, V., Dimitrov, S., Studies on the content and quality of essential oil from some peppermint species from Bulgarian Flora. Plant Sci. 6 (1969), 77–83.
Tucker, A.O., Genetics and breeding of the genus Mentha: a model for other polyploid species with secondary constituents. J. Med. Active Plants. 1 (2012), 19–29.
Tucker, A.O., Chambers, H.E., Mentha canadensis L. (Lamiaceae): a relict amphidiploid from the lower tertiary. Taxon 51 (2002), 703–718.
Tucker, A.O., Naczi, R.F.C., Mentha: an overview of its classification and relationships. Lawrance, B.M., (eds.) Mint: the Genus Mentha, 2006, Taylor and Francis Group, CRC, Boca Raton, 1–39.
Tyagi, B.R., Cytomixis in pollen mother cells of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.). Cytologia 68 (2003), 67–73.
Upov, Descriptors for Mentha×piperita l. Guidelines for the Conduct of Tests for Distictness, Uniformity and Stability. TG/229/1. 2007.
Van den Dool, H., Kratz, P., A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas–liquid partition chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 11 (1963), 463–471.
Venskutonis, R., A chemotype of Mentha longifolia L from Lithuania rich in piperitenone oxide. J. Essent. Oil Res. 8 (1996), 91–95.
Vidal, J.P., Noleau, I., Bertholon, G., Lamy, J., Richard, H., Constituants volatils des huiles essentielles de Menthes sylvestres de la Drôme. Parf. Cosm. Aromes. 64 (1985), 83–87.
Viljoen, A.M., Petkar, S., van Vuuren, S.F., Cristina Figueiredo, A., Pedro, L.G., Barroso, J.G., The chemo-geographical variation in essential oil composition and the antimicrobial properties of wild mint: Mentha longifolia subsp. polyadena (Lamiaceae) in Southern Africa. J. Essent. Oil Res. 18 (2006), 60–65.
Voirin, B., Brun, N., Bayet, C., Effects of day length on the monoterpene composition of Mentha x piperita. Phytochemistry. Phytochemistry 29 (1990), 749–755.
Voirin, B., Bayet, C., Faure, O., Jullien, F., Free flavonoid aglycones as markers of parentage in Mentha aquatica, M. citrata, M. spicata and M.×Piperita. Phytochemistry 50 (1999), 1189–1193.
Younis, Y.M.H., Beshir, S.M., Carvonerich essential oils from Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. ssp. Schimperi Briq. and Mentha spicata L. grown in Sudan. J. Essent. Oil Res. 16 (2004), 539–554.
Zeinali, H., Arzani, A., Razmjo, K., Morphological and essential oil content diversity of Iranian mints. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. 28 (2004), 1–9.
Zhao, D., Xu, Y.W., Yang, G.L., Husaini, A.M., Wu, W., Variation of essential oil of Mentha haplocalyx Briq. and Mentha spicata L. from China. Ind. Crop. Prod. 42 (2013), 251–260.
