Paper published in a book (Scientific congresses and symposiums)
Review of high-contrast imaging systems for current and future ground- and space-based telescopes I: coronagraph design methods and optical performance metrics
Ruane, G.; Riggs, A.; Mazoyer, J.et al.
2018 • In Lystrup, M.; MacEwen, H.; Fazio, G.et al. (Eds.) Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2018: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave
Copyright 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.
High contrast imaging; instrumentation; exoplanets; direct detection; coronagraphs
Abstract :
[en] The Optimal Optical Coronagraph (OOC) Workshop at the Lorentz Center in September 2017 in Leiden, the Netherlands gathered a diverse group of 25 researchers working on exoplanet instrumentation to stimulate the emergence and sharing of new ideas. In this first installment of a series of three papers summarizing the outcomes of the OOC workshop, we present an overview of design methods and optical performance metrics developed for coronagraph instruments. The design and optimization of coronagraphs for future telescopes has progressed rapidly over the past several years in the context of space mission studies for Exo-C, WFIRST, HabEx, and LUVOIR as well as ground-based telescopes. Design tools have been developed at several institutions to optimize a variety of coronagraph mask types. We aim to give a broad overview of the approaches used, examples of their utility, and provide the optimization tools to the community. Though it is clear that the basic function of coronagraphs is to suppress starlight while maintaining light from off-axis sources, our community lacks a general set of standard performance metrics that apply to both detecting and characterizing exoplanets. The attendees of the OOC workshop agreed that it would benefit our community to clearly define quantities for comparing the performance of coronagraph designs and systems. Therefore, we also present a set of metrics that may be applied to theoretical designs, testbeds, and deployed instruments. We show how these quantities may be used to easily relate the basic properties of the optical instrument to the detection significance of the given point source in the presence of realistic noise.
Research Center/Unit :
STAR - Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research - ULiège
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Ruane, G.; Caltech (United States)
Riggs, A.; Jet Propulsion Lab. (United States)
Mazoyer, J.; Johns Hopkins Univ. (United States)
Por, E. H.; Leiden Observatory (Netherlands)
N'Diaye, M.; Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (France)
Huby, E.; Observatoire de Paris (France)
Baudoz, P.; Observatoire de Paris (France)
Galicher, R.; Observatoire de Paris (France)
Douglas, E.; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (United States)
Knight, J.; The Univ. of Arizona (United States)
Carlomagno, Brunella ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > PSILab
Fogarty, K.; Space Telescope Science Institute (United States)
Pueyo, L.; Space Telescope Science Institute (United States)
Zimmerman, N.; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (United States)
Absil, Olivier ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > PSILab
Beaulieu, M.; Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (France)
Cady, E.; Jet Propulsion Lab. (United States)
Carlotti, A.; Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (France)
Doelman, D.; Leiden Observatory (Netherlands)
Guyon, O.; Astrobiology Ctr., National Institutes of Natural Sciences (Japan)
Haffert, S.; Leiden Observatory (Netherlands)
Jewell, J.; Jet Propulsion Lab. (United States)
Jovanovic, N.; Caltech (United States)
Keller, C.; Leiden Observatory (Netherlands)
Kenworthy, M. A.; Leiden Observatory (Netherlands)
Kuhn, J.; ETH Zurich (Switzerland)
Miller, K.; The Univ. of Arizona (United States)
Sirbu, D.; NASA Ames Research Ctr. (United States)
Snik, F.; Leiden Observatory (Netherlands)
Wallace, J. Kent; Jet Propulsion Lab. (United States)
Review of high-contrast imaging systems for current and future ground- and space-based telescopes I: coronagraph design methods and optical performance metrics
Lyot, B., "The study of the solar corona and prominences without eclipses, " Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 99, 580-594 (1939).
Bonneau, D., Josse, M., and Labyrie, A., "Lock-In Image Subtraction Detectability of Circumstellar Planets with the Large Space Telescope, " in [Image Processing Techniques in Astronomy], de Jager, C. and Nieuwenhuijzen, H., eds., Astrophysics and Space Science Library 54, 403 (1975).
Smith, B. A. and Terrile, R. J., "A circumstellar disk around Beta Pictoris, " Science 226, 1421-1424 (1984).
Golimowski, D. A., Durrance, S. T., and Clampin, M., "Coronagraphic imaging of the Beta Pictoris circumstellar disk-Evidence of changing disk structure within 100 AU, " Astrophys. J. Lett. 411, L41-L44 (1993).
Kalas, P. and Jewitt, D., "Asymmetries in the Beta Pictoris Dust Disk, " Astron. J. 110, 794 (1995).
Mouillet, D., Larwood, J. D., Papaloizou, J. C. B., and Lagrange, A. M., "A planet on an inclined orbit as an explanation of the warp in the Beta Pictoris disc, " Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 292, 896 (1997).
Babcock, H. W., "The possibility of compensating astronomical seeing, " Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 65 (386), 229 (1953).
Beckers, J. M., "Adaptive optics for astronomy: Principles, performance, and applications, " Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 31 (1), 13-62 (1993).
Troy, M., Dekany, R. G., Brack, G. L., Oppenheimer, B. R., Bloemhof, E. E., Trinh, T., Dekens, F. G., Shi, F., Hayward, T. L., and Brandl, B. R., "Palomar adaptive optics project: status and performance, " Proc. SPIE 4007 (2000).
Oppenheimer, B. R., Golimowski, D. A., Kulkarni, S. R., Matthews, K., Nakajima, T., Creech-Eakman, M., and Durrance, S. T., "A Coronagraphic Survey for Companions of Stars within 8 Parsecs, " Astron. J. 121, 2189-2211 (2001).
Campbell, B., Walker, G. A. H., and Yang, S., "A search for substellar companions to solar-type stars, " Astrophys. J. 331, 902-921 (1988).
Wolszczan, A. and Frail, D. A., "A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257+12, " Nature 355, 145-147 (1992).
Mayor, M. and Queloz, D., "A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star, " Nature 378, 355-359 (1995).
Nakajima, T., Oppenheimer, B. R., Kulkarni, S. R., Golimowski, D. A., Matthews, K., and Durrance, S. T., "Discovery of a cool brown dwarf, " Nature 378, 463-465 (1995).
Marois, C., Macintosh, B., Barman, T., Zuckerman, B., Song, I., Patience, J., Lafrenire, D., and Doyon, R., "Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799, " Science 322 (5906), 1348-1352 (2008).
Lagrange, A.-M., Gratadour, D., Chauvin, G., Fusco, T., Ehrenreich, D., Mouillet, D., Rousset, G., Rouan, D., Allard, F., Gendron, E., Charton, J., Mugnier, L., Rabou, P., Montri, J., and Lacombe, F., "A probable giant planet imaged in the Pictoris disk, " Astron. Astrophys. 493 (2), L21-L25 (2009).
Macintosh, B., Graham, J. R., Barman, T., De Rosa, R. J., Konopacky, Q., and et al., "Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager, " Science 350 (6256), 64-67 (2015).
Davies, D., "Direct imaging of planetary systems around nearby stars, " Icarus 42 (1), 145-148 (1980).
Trauger, J. T. and Traub, W. A., "A laboratory demonstration of the capability to image an Earth-like extrasolar planet, " Nature 446, 771-773 (2007).
Fusco, T., Rousset, G., Sauvage, J.-F., Petit, C., Beuzit, J.-L., Dohlen, K., Mouillet, D., Charton, J., Nicolle, M., Kasper, M., Baudoz, P., and Puget, P., "High-order adaptive optics requirements for direct detection of extrasolar planets: Application to the SPHERE instrument, " Opt. Express 14 (17), 7515-7534 (2006).
Guyon, O., "Limits of adaptive optics for high-contrast imaging, " Astrophys. J. 629 (1), 592 (2005).
Males, J. R. and Guyon, O., "Ground-based adaptive optics coronagraphic performance under closed-loop predictive control, " J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 4 (1), 019001 (2018).
Guyon, O., Pluzhnik, E. A., Galicher, R., Martinache, F., Ridgway, S. T., and Woodru, R. A., "Exoplanet Imaging with a Phase-induced Amplitude Apodization Coronagraph. I. Principle, " Astrophys. J. 622, 744-758 (2005).
Krist, J. E., Nemati, B., and Mennesson, B. P., "Numerical modeling of the proposed WFIRST-AFTA coronagraphs and their predicted performances, " J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 2, 011003 (2015).
Nemati, B., Krist, J. E., and Mennesson, B., "Sensitivity of the WFIRST coronagraph performance to key instrument parameters, " Proc. SPIE 10400, 1040007 (2017).
Jensen-Clem, R., Mawet, D., Gomez Gonzalez, C. A., Absil, O., Belikov, R., Currie, T., Kenworthy, M. A., Marois, C., Mazoyer, J., Ruane, G., Tanner, A., and Cantalloube, F., "A new standard for assessing the performance of high contrast imaging systems, " Astron. J. 155 (1), 19 (2018).
Racine, R., Walker, G. A. H., Nadeau, D., Doyon, R., and Marois, C., "Speckle noise and the detection of faint companions, " Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 111 (759), 587 (1999).
Bloemhof, E. E., Dekany, R. G., Troy, M., and Oppenheimer, B. R., "Behavior of remnant speckles in an adaptively corrected imaging system, " Astrophys. J. Lett. 558 (1), L71 (2001).
Sivaramakrishnan, A., Lloyd, J. P., Hodge, P. E., and Macintosh, B. A., "Speckle Decorrelation and Dynamic Range in Speckle Noise-limited Imaging, " Astrophys. J. Lett. 581 (1), L59 (2002).
Perrin, M. D., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Makidon, R. B., Oppenheimer, B. R., and Graham, J. R., "The Structure of High Strehl Ratio Point-Spread Functions, " Astrophys. J. 596 (1), 702 (2003).
Aime, C. and Soummer, R., "The usefulness and limits of coronagraphy in the presence of pinned speckles, " Astrophys. J. Lett. 612 (1), L85 (2004).
Soummer, R., Ferrari, A., Aime, C., and Jolissaint, L., "Speckle noise and dynamic range in coronagraphic images, " Astrophys. J. 669 (1), 642 (2007).
Marois, C., Lafreniere, D., Doyon, R., Macintosh, B., and Nadeau, D., "Angular differential Imaging: A Powerful High-Contrast Imaging Technique, " Astrophys. J. 641, 556-564 (2006).
Malbet, F., Yu, J. W., and Shao, M., "High-dynamic-range imaging using a deformable mirror for space coronography, " Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 107 (710), 386 (1995).
Ruane, G., Mawet, D., Mennesson, B., Jewell, J., and Shaklan, S., "Vortex coronagraphs for the Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission (HabEx) concept: Theoretical performance and telescope requirements, " J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 4 (1), 015004 (2018).
Sparks, W. B. and Ford, H. C., "Imaging spectroscopy for extrasolar planet detection, " Astrophys. J. 578 (1), 543 (2002).
Riaud, P. and Schneider, J., "Improving Earth-like planets' detection with an ELT: The differential radial velocity experiment, " Astron. Astrophys. 469, 355-361 (2007).
Snellen, I., de Kok, R., Birkby, J. L., Brandl, B., Brogi, M., Keller, C., Kenworthy, M., Schwarz, H., and Stuik, R., "Combining high-dispersion spectroscopy with high contrast imaging: Probing rocky planets around our nearest neighbors, " Astron. Astrophys. 576, A59 (2015).
Wang, J., Mawet, D., Ruane, G., Hu, R., and Benneke, B., "Observing Exoplanets with High Dispersion Coronagraphy. I. The Scientific Potential of Current and Next-generation Large Ground and Space Telescopes, " Astron. J. 153 (4), 183 (2017).
Mawet, D., Ruane, G., Xuan, W., Echeverri, D., Klimovich, N., Randolph, M., Fucik, J., Wallace, J. K., Wang, J., Vasisht, G., Dekany, R., Mennesson, B., Choquet, E., Delorme, J.-R., and Serabyn, E., "Observing Exoplanets with High-dispersion Coronagraphy. II. Demonstration of an Active Single-mode Fiber Injection Unit, " Astrophys. J. 838 (2), 92 (2017).
Lovis, C., Snellen, I., Mouillet, D., Pepe, F., Wildi, F., Astudillo-Defru, N., Beuzit, J.-L., Bonls, X., Cheetham, A., Conod, U., Delfosse, X., Ehrenreich, D., Figueira, P., Forveille, T., Martins, J. H. C., Quanz, S. P., Santos, N. C., Schmid, H.-M., Sgransan, D., and Udry, S., "Atmospheric characterization of Proxima b by coupling the SPHERE high-contrast imager to the ESPRESSO spectrograph, " Astron. Astrophys. 599, A16 (2017).
Stark, C. C., Roberge, A., Mandell, A., Clampin, M., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., McElwain, M. W., and Stapelfeldt, K. R., "Lower limits on aperture size for an exoearth detecting coronagraphic mission, " Astrophys. J. 808 (2), 149 (2015).
Stark, C. C., Shaklan, S., Lisman, D., Cady, E., Savransky, D., Roberge, A., and Mandell, A. M., "Maximized exoEarth candidate yields for starshades, " J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 2, 041204 (2016).
Hinkley, S., Oppenheimer, B. R., Zimmerman, N., Brenner, D., Parry, I. R., Crepp, J. R., Vasisht, G., Ligon, E., King, D., Soummer, R., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Beichman, C., Shao, M., Jr., L. C. R., Bouchez, A., Dekany, R., Pueyo, L., Roberts, J. E., Lockhart, T., Zhai, C., Shelton, C., and Burruss, R., "A New High Contrast Imaging Program at Palomar Observatory, " Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 123 (899), 74 (2011).
Macintosh, B., Troy, M., Doyon, R., Graham, J., Baker, K., Bauman, B., Marois, C., Palmer, D., Phillion, D., Poyneer, L., Cross field, I., Dumont, P., Levine, B. M., Shao, M., Serabyn, G., Shelton, C., Vasisht, G., Wallace, J. K., Lavigne, J.-F., Valee, P., Rowlands, N., Tam, K., and Hackett, D., "Extreme adaptive optics for the Thirty Meter Telescope, " Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720N (2006).
Beuzit, J.-L., Feldt, M., Dohlen, K., Mouillet, D., Puget, P., and et al., "SPHERE: A 'Planet Finder' instrument for the VLT, " Proc. SPIE 7014, 701418 (2008).
Mouroulis, P. and Shaklan, S. B., "Optical design of the Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph starlight suppression system, " Proc. SPIE 5874, 58740J (2005).
Mendillo, C. B., Hicks, B. A., Cook, T. A., Bifano, T. G., Content, D. A., Lane, B. F., Levine, B. M., Rabin, D., Rao, S. R., Samuele, R., Schmidtlin, E., Shao, M., Wallace, J. K., and Chakrabarti, S., "PICTURE: A sounding rocket experiment for direct imaging of an extrasolar planetary environment, " Proc. SPIE 8442, 84420E (2012).
Douglas, E. S., Hewawasam, K., Mendillo, C. B., Cahoy, K. L., Cook, T. A., Finn, S. C., Howe, G. A., Kuchner, M. J., Lewis, N. K., Marinan, A. D., Mawet, D., and Chakrabarti, S., "End-to-end simulation of high-contrast imaging systems: methods and results for the picture mission family, " Proc. SPIE 9605, 96051A (2015).
Stapelfeldt, K., "Exo-C STDT Final Report. " https://exep. jpl. nasa. gov/stdt/Exo-C-Final-Report-for- Unlimited-Release-150323. pdf (2015). Document CL#15-1197.
Noecker, M. C., Zhao, F., Demers, R., Trauger, J., Guyon, O., and Kasdin, N. J., "Coronagraph instrument for WFIRST-AFTA, " J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 2 (1), 011001 (2016).
Mennesson, B., Gaudi, S., Seager, S., Cahoy, K., Domagal-Goldman, S., Feinberg, L., Guyon, O., Kasdin, J., Marois, C., Mawet, D., Tamura, M., Mouillet, D., Prusti, T., Quirrenbach, A., Robinson, T., Rogers, L., Scowen, P., Somerville, R., Stapelfeldt, K., Stern, D., Still, M., Turnbull, M., Booth, J., Kiessling, A., Kuan, G., andWar field, K., " The Habitable Exoplanet (HabEx) Imaging Mission: preliminary science drivers and technical requirements, " Proc. SPIE 9904, 99040L (2016).
Pueyo, L., Zimmerman, N., Bolcar, M., Gro, T., Stark, C., Ruane, G., Jewell, J., Soummer, R., Laurent, K. S., Wang, J., Redding, D., Mazoyer, J., Fogarty, K., Juanola-Parramon, R., Domagal-Goldman, S., Roberge, A., Guyon, O., and Mandell, A., "The LUVOIR architecture "A" coronagraph instrument, " Proc. SPIE 10398, 103980F (2017).
Jacquinot, P. and Roizen-Dossier, B., "Apodisation, " Progress in Optics 3, 29-186 (1964).
Breckinridge, J. B., Kuper, T. G., and Shack, R. V., "Space Telescope Low Scattered Light Camera-A Model, " Proc. SPIE 0331 (1982).
Watson, S. M., Mills, J. P., Gaiser, S. L., and Diner, D. J., "Direct imaging of nonsolar planets with infrared telescopes using apodized coronagraphs, " Appl. Opt. 30 (22), 3253-3262 (1991).
Nisenson, P. and Papaliolios, C., "Detection of Earth-like Planets Using Apodized Telescopes, " Astrophys. J. Lett. 548 (2), L201 (2001).
Slepian, D., "Analytic solution of two apodization problems, " J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55 (9), 1110-1115 (1965).
Soummer, R., Aime, C., and Falloon, P. E., "Stellar coronagraphy with prolate apodized circular apertures, " Astron. Astrophys. 397, 1161-1172 (2003).
Soummer, R., "Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs for Arbitrary Telescope Apertures, " Astrophys. J. Lett. 618 (2), L161 (2005).
Soummer, R., Pueyo, L., Ferrari, A., Aime, C., Sivaramakrishnan, A., and Yaitskova, N., "Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs for Arbitrary Apertures. II. Theoretical Properties and Application to Extremely Large Telescopes, " Astrophys. J. 695 (1), 695 (2009).
Soummer, R., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Pueyo, L., Macintosh, B., and Oppenheimer, B. R., "Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs for Arbitrary Apertures. III. Quasi-achromatic Solutions, " Astrophys. J. 729 (2), 144 (2011).
N'Diaye, M., Pueyo, L., and Soummer, R., "Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs for Arbitrary Apertures. IV. Reduced Inner Working Angle and Increased Robustness to Low-order Aberrations, " Astrophys. J. 799 (2), 225 (2015).
Dorrer, C. and Zuegel, J. D., "Design and analysis of binary beam shapers using error Diffusion, " J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24 (6), 1268-1275 (2007).
Guerri, G., Robbe-Dubois, S., Daban, J.-B., Abe, L., Douet, R., Bendjoya, P., Vakili, F., Carbillet, M., Beuzit, J.-L., Puget, P., Dohlen, K., and Mouillet, D., "Apodized Lyot coronagraph for VLT-SPHERE: laboratory tests and performances of a first prototype in the visible, " Proc. SPIE 7014, 70143J (2008).
Martinez, P., Dorrer, C., Aller Carpentier, E., Kasper, M., Boccaletti, A., Dohlen, K., and Yaitskova, N., "Design, analysis, and testing of a microdot apodizer for the Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraph, " Astron. Astrophys. 495 (1), 363-370 (2009).
Martinez, P., Dorrer, C., Kasper, M., Boccaletti, A., and Dohlen, K., "Design, analysis, and testing of a microdot apodizer for the apodized pupil Lyot coronagraph-II. Impact of the dot size, " Astron. Astrophys. 500 (3), 1281-1285 (2009).
Sivaramakrishnan, A., Soummer, R., Carr, G. L., Dorrer, C., Bolognesi, A., Zimmerman, N., Oppenheimer, B., Roberts, R., and Greenbaum, A., "Calibrating IR optical densities for the Gemini Planet Imager extreme adaptive optics coronagraph apodizers, " Proc. SPIE 7440, 74401C (2009).
Sivaramakrishnan, A., Soummer, R., Oppenheimer, B. R., Carr, G. L., Mey, J. L., Brenner, D., Mandeville, C. W., Zimmerman, N., Macintosh, B. A., Graham, J. R., Saddlemyer, L., Bauman, B., Carlotti, A., Pueyo, L., Tuthill, P. G., Dorrer, C., Roberts, R., and Greenbaum, A., "Gemini Planet Imager coronagraph testbed results, " Proc. SPIE 7735, 773586 (2010).
Thomas, S. J., Soummer, R., Dillon, D., Macintosh, B., Gavel, D., and Sivaramakrishnan, A., "Testing the Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraph on the Laboratory for Adaptive Optics Extreme Adaptive Optics Testbed, " Astron. J. 142 (4), 119 (2011).
Mawet, D., Shelton, C., Wallace, J. K., Bottom, M., Kuhn, J., Mennesson, B., Burruss, R., Bartos, R., Pueyo, L., Carlotti, A., and Serabyn, E., "Demonstration of vortex coronagraph concepts for on-axis telescopes on the Palomar Stellar Double Coronagraph, " Proc. SPIE 9143, 91432T (2014).
Zhang, M., Ruane, G., Delorme, J.-R., Mawet, D., Jovanavic, N., Jewell, J., Shaklan, S., and Wallace, J. K., "Characterization of microdot apodizers for imaging exoplanets with next-generation space telescopes, " Proc. SPIE 10698, 106985X (2018).
Floyd, R. W. and Steinberg, L., "An adaptive algorithm for spatial grey scale, " Proc. Soc. Inf. Disp. 17, 75-77 (1976).
Ulichney, R. A., "Dithering with blue noise, " Proc. IEEE 76 (1), 56-79 (1988).
Kasdin, N. J., Vanderbei, R. J., Spergel, D. N., and Littman, M. G., "Extrasolar planetfinding via optimal apodized-pupil and shaped-pupil coronagraphs, " Astrophys. J. 582 (2), 1147 (2003).
Carlotti, A., Vanderbei, R., and Kasdin, N. J., "Optimal pupil apodizations of arbitrary apertures for high-contrast imaging, " Opt. Express 19, 26796 (2011).
Zimmerman, N. T., Eldorado Riggs, A. J., Kasdin, N. J., Carlotti, A., and Vanderbei, R. J., "Shaped pupil Lyot coronagraphs: high-contrast solutions for restricted focal planes, " J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 2 (1), 011012 (2016).
N'Diaye, M., Soummer, R., Pueyo, L., Carlotti, A., Stark, C. C., and Perrin, M. D., "Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs for Arbitrary Apertures. V. Hybrid Shaped Pupil Designs for Imaging Earth-like planets with Future Space Observatories, " Astrophys. J. 818 (2), 163 (2016).
Codona, J. L. and Angel, R., "Imaging extrasolar planets by stellar halo suppression in separately corrected color bands, " Astrophys. J. 604 (2), L117 (2004).
Kenworthy, M. A., Codona, J. L., Hinz, P. M., Angel, J. R. P., Heinze, A., and Sivanandam, S., "First on-sky high-contrast imaging with an apodizing phase plate, " Astrophys. J. 660 (1), 762 (2007).
Por, E. H., "Optimal design of apodizing phase plate coronagraphs, " Proc. SPIE 10400, 104000V (2017).
Miskiewicz, M. N. and Escuti, M. J., "Direct-writing of complex liquid crystal patterns, " Opt. Express 22 (10), 12691-12706 (2014).
Komanduri, R. K., Lawler, K. F., and Escuti, M. J., "Multi-twist retarders: broadband retardation control using self-aligning reactive liquid crystal layers, " Opt. Express 21 (1), 404-420 (2013).
Snik, F., Otten, G., Kenworthy, M., Miskiewicz, M., Escuti, M., Packham, C., and Codona, J., "The Vector-APP: A Broadband Apodizing Phase Plate that yields Complementary PSFs, " Proc. SPIE 8450, 84500M (2012).
Otten, G. P. P. L., Snik, F., Kenworthy, M. A., Keller, C. U., Males, J. R., Morzinski, K. M., Close, L. M., Codona, J. L., Hinz, P. M., Hornburg, K. J., Brickson, L. L., and Escuti, M. J., "On-sky Performance Analysis of the Vector Apodizing Phase Plate Coronagraph on MagAO/Clio2, " Astrophys. J. 834 (2), 175 (2017).
Carlotti, A., "Apodized phase mask coronagraphs for arbitrary apertures, " Astron. Astrophys. 551, A10 (2013).
Carlotti, A., Pueyo, L., and Mawet, D., "Apodized phase mask coronagraphs for arbitrary apertures. II. Comprehensive review of solutions for the vortex coronagraph, " Astron. Astrophys. 566, A31 (2014).
Mawet, D., Pueyo, L., Carlotti, A., Mennesson, B., Serabyn, E., and Wallace, J. K., "Ring-apodized Vortex Coronagraphs for Obscured Telescopes. I. Transmissive Ring Apodizers, " Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 209, 7 (2013).
Fogarty, K., Pueyo, L., Mazoyer, J., and N'Diaye, M., "Polynomial apodizers for centrally obscured vortex coronagraphs, " Astron. J. 154 (6), 240 (2017).
Jewell, J., Ruane, G., Shaklan, S., Mawet, D., and Redding, D., "Optimization of coronagraph design for segmented aperture telescopes, " Proc. SPIE 10400, 104000H (2017).
Ruane, G., Jewell, J., Mawet, D., Pueyo, L., and Shaklan, S., "Apodized vortex coronagraph designs for segmented aperture telescopes, " Proc. SPIE 9912, 99122L (2016).
Kuchner, M. J. and Traub, W. A., "A Coronagraph with a Band-limited Mask for Finding Terrestrial Planets, " Astrophys. J. 570, 900-908 (2002).
Crepp, J. R., Heuvel, A. D. V., and Ge, J., "Comparative Lyot Coronagraphy with Extreme Adaptive Optics Systems, " Astrophys. J. 661 (2), 1323 (2007).
Roddier, F. and Roddier, C., "Stellar Coronograph with Phase Mask, " Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 109, 815-820 (1997).
Soummer, R., Dohlen, K., and Aime, C., "Achromatic dual-zone phase mask stellar coronagraph, " Astron. Astro-phys. 403, 369-381 (2003).
Rouan, D., Riaud, P., Boccaletti, A., Clenet, Y., and Labeyrie, A., "The Four-Quadrant Phase-Mask Coronagraph. I. Principle, " Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 112, 1479-1486 (2000).
Riaud, P., Boccaletti, A., Rouan, D., Lemarquis, F., and Labeyrie, A., "The Four-Quadrant Phase-Mask Coronagraph. II. Simulations, " Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 113 (787), 1145 (2001).
Lloyd, J. P., Gavel, D. T., Graham, J. R., Hodge, P. E., Sivaramakrishnan, A., and Voit, G. M., "Four-quadrant phase mask: Analytical calculation and pupil geometry, " Proc. SPIE 4860 (2003).
Murakami, N., Uemura, R., Baba, N., Nishikawa, J., Tamura, M., Hashimoto, N., and Abe, L., "An Eight-Octant Phase-Mask Coronagraph, " Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 120, 1112 (2008).
Murakami, N., Nishikawa, J., Traub, W. A., Mawet, D., Moody, D. C., Kern, B. D., Trauger, J. T., Serabyn, E., Hamaguchi, S., Oshiyama, F., Sakamoto, M., Ise, A., Oka, K., Baba, N., Murakami, H., and Tamura, M., "Coronagraph focal-plane phase masks based on photonic crystal technology: recent progress and observational strategy, " Proc. SPIE 8442, 5 (2012).
Mawet, D., Riaud, P., Absil, O., and Surdej, J., "Annular Groove Phase Mask Coronagraph, " Astrophys. J. 633, 1191-1200 (2005).
Foo, G., Palacios, D. M., and Swartzlander, G. A., "Optical vortex coronagraph, " Opt. Lett. 30, 3308-3310 (2005).
Jenkins, C., "Optical vortex coronagraphs on ground-based telescopes, " Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 384, 515-524 (2008).
Swartzlander, G. A., Ford, E. L., Abdul-Malik, R. S., Close, L. M., Peters, M. A., Palacios, D. M., and Wilson, D. W., "Astronomical demonstration of an optical vortex coronagraph, " Opt. Express 16, 10200 (2008).
Mawet, D., Serabyn, E., Liewer, K., Hanot, C., McEldowney, S., Shemo, D., and O'Brien, N., "Optical Vectorial Vortex Coronagraphs using Liquid Crystal Polymers: Theory, manufacturing and laboratory demonstration, " Opt. Express 17, 1902-1918 (2009).
Murakami, N., Hamaguchi, S., Sakamoto, M., Fukumoto, R., Ise, A., Oka, K., Baba, N., and Tamura, M., "Design and laboratory demonstration of an achromatic vector vortex coronagraph, " Opt. Express 21, 7400-7410 (2013).
Guyon, O., Martinache, F., Belikov, R., and Soummer, R., "High Performance PIAA Coronagraphy with Complex Amplitude Focal Plane Masks, " Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 190, 220-232 (2010).
Guyon, O., Hinz, P. M., Cady, E., Belikov, R., and Martinache, F., "High Performance Lyot and PIAA Coronagraphy for Arbitrarily Shaped Telescope Apertures, " Astrophys. J. 780, 171 (2014).
Newman, K., Guyon, O., Balasubramanian, K., Belikov, R., Jovanovic, N., Martinache, F., and Wilson, D., "An Achromatic Focal Plane Mask for High-Performance Broadband Coronagraphy, " Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 127, 437-444 (2015).
Newman, K., Conway, J., Belikov, R., and Guyon, O., "Focal Plane Phase Masks for PIAA: Design and Manufacturing, " Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 128 (963), 055003 (2016).
Knight, J. M., Brewer, J., Hamilton, R., Ward, K., Milster, T. D., and Guyon, O., "Design, fabrication, and testing of stellar coronagraphs for exoplanet imaging, " Proc. SPIE 10400, 104000N (2017).
Ruane, G., Absil, O., Huby, E., Mawet, D., Delacroix, C., Carlomagno, B., Piron, P., and Swartzlander, G. A., "Optimized focal and pupil plane masks for vortex coronagraphs on telescopes with obstructed apertures, " Proc. SPIE 9605, 96051I (2015).
Trauger, J., Moody, D., Krist, J., and Gordon, B., "Hybrid Lyot coronagraph for WFIRST-AFTA: coronagraph design and performance metrics, " J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 2 (1), 011013 (2016).
N'Diaye, M., Fogarty, K., Soummer, R., Carlotti, A., Kjetil, D., Mazoyer, J., Pueyo, L., Laurent, K. E. S., and Zimmerman, N., "Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs with arbitrary aperture telescopes: novel designs using hybrid focal plane masks, " Proc. SPIE 10698 (2018).
Lozi, J., Martinache, F., and Guyon, O., "Phase-Induced Amplitude Apodization on Centrally Obscured Pupils: Design and First Laboratory Demonstration for the Subaru Telescope Pupil, " Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 121, 1232 (2009).
Jovanovic, N., Martinache, F., Guyon, O., Clergeon, C., Singh, G., and et al., "The Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics System: Enabling High-Contrast Imaging on Solar-System Scales, " Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 127 (955), 890 (2015).
Kern, B., Guyon, O., Belikov, R., Wilson, D., Muller, R., Sidick, E., Balasubramanian, B., Krist, J., Poberezhskiy, I., and Tang, H., "Phase-induced amplitude apodization complex mask coronagraph mask fabrication, characterization, and modeling for WFIRST-AFTA, " J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 2 (1), 011014 (2016).
Borde, P. J. and Traub, W. A., "High-Contrast Imaging from Space: Speckle Nulling in a Low-Aberration Regime, " Astrophys. J. 638, 488-498 (2006).
Give'on, A., Kern, B. D., and Shaklan, S., "Pair-wise, deformable mirror, image plane-based diversity electric field estimation for high contrast coronagraphy, " Proc. SPIE 8151, 815110 (2011).
Mazoyer, J., Baudoz, P., Galicher, R., and Rousset, G., "High-contrast imaging in polychromatic light with the self-coherent camera, " Astron. Astrophys. 564, L1 (2014).
Paul, B., Sauvage, J.-F., and Mugnier, L. M., "Coronagraphic phase diversity: performance study and laboratory demonstration, " Astron. Astrophys. 552, A48 (2013).
Give'on, A., Kern, B., Shaklan, S., Moody, D. C., and Pueyo, L., "Broadband wavefront correction algorithm for high-contrast imaging systems, " Proc. SPIE 6691, 66910A (2007).
Pueyo, L., Kay, J., Kasdin, N. J., Gro, T., McElwain, M., Give'on, A., and Belikov, R., "Optimal dark hole generation via two deformable mirrors with stroke minimization, " Appl. Opt. 48, 6296 (2009).
Riggs, A. J. E., Kasdin, N. J., and Gro, T. D., "Recursive starlight and bias estimation for high-contrast imaging with an extended Kalman filter, " J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 2 (1), 011017 (2016).
Pueyo, L. and Norman, C., "High-contrast Imaging with an Arbitrary Aperture: Active Compensation of Aperture Discontinuities, " Astrophys. J. 769, 102 (2013).
Mazoyer, J., Pueyo, L., Norman, C., N'Diaye, M., van der Marel, R. P., and Soummer, R., "Active compensation of aperture discontinuities for WFIRST-AFTA: Analytical and numerical comparison of propagation methods and preliminary results with a WFIRST-AFTA-like pupil, " J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 2, 011008 (2016).
Mazoyer, J., Pueyo, L., N'Diaye, M., Fogarty, K., Zimmerman, N., Leboulleux, L., Laurent, K. E. S., Soummer, R., Shaklan, S., and Norman, C., "Active Correction of Aperture Discontinuities-Optimized Stroke Minimization. I. A New Adaptive Interaction Matrix Algorithm, " Astron. J. 155 (1), 7 (2018).
Riggs, A. J. E., Ruane, G., Coker, C. T., Sidick, E., Shaklan, S. B., and Kern, B. D., "Fast linearized coronagraph optimizer (FALCO) I: A software toolbox for rapid coronagraphic design and wavefront correction, " Proc. SPIE 10698 (2018).
Mazoyer, J., Pueyo, L., N'Diaye, M., Fogarty, K., Leboulleux, L., Egron, S., and Norman, C., "Capabilities of ACAD-OSM, an active method for the correction of aperture discontinuities, " Proc. SPIE 10400, 104000G (2017).
Beaulieu, M., Abe, L., Martinez, P., Baudoz, P., Gouvret, C., and Vakili, F., "High-contrast imaging at small separations: impact of the optical configuration of two deformable mirrors on dark holes, " Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 469, 218-230 (2017).
Mazoyer, J., Pueyo, L., N'Diaye, M., Fogarty, K., Zimmerman, N., Soummer, R., Shaklan, S., and Norman, C., "Active Correction of Aperture Discontinuities-Optimized Stroke Minimization. II. Optimization for Future Missions, " Astron. J. 155 (1), 8 (2018).
Ruane, G., Huby, E., Absil, O., Mawet, D., Delacroix, C., Carlomagno, B., and Swartzlander, G. A., "Lyot-plane phase masks for improved high-contrast imaging with a vortex coronagraph, " Astron. Astrophys. 583, A81 (2015).
Kau, H.-U., Kasper, M., Arsenault, R., Jakob, G., Leveratto, S., Zins, G., Fuenteseca, E., Riquelme, M., Siebenmorgen, R., Sterzik, M., Ageorges, N., Gutruf, S., Kampf, D., Reutlinger, A., Absil, O., Carlomagno, B., Guyon, O., Klupar, P., Mawet, D., Ruane, G., Karlsson, M., Pantin, E., and Dohlen, K., "NEAR: New Earths in the Alpha Cen Region (bringing VISIR as a "visiting instrument" to ESO-VLT-UT4), " Proc. SPIE 10702, 107020D (2018).
Krist, J. E., "PROPER: An optical propagation library for IDL, " Proc. SPIE 6675, 66750P (2007).
Krist, J., "Assessing the performance limits of internal coronagraphs through end-to-end modeling. " https://exoplanets. nasa. gov/exep/files/exep/krist-TDEM-milestone2-report-revised. pdf (2012). JPL Document D-74426.
Perrin, M. D., Soummer, R., Elliott, E. M., Lallo, M. D., and Sivaramakrishnan, A., "Simulating point spread functions for the James Webb Space Telescope with WebbPSF, " Proc. SPIE 8442, 84423D (2012).
The Astropy Collaboration, Robitaille, T. P., Tollerud, E. J., Green field, P., Droettboom, M., Bray, E., and et al., "Astropy: A community Python package for astronomy, " Astron. Astrophys. 558, A33 (2013).
Douglas, E. S. and Perrin, M. D., "Accelerated Modeling of Near and Far-Field diffraction for Coronagraphic Optical Systems, " Proc. SPIE 10698, 106982U (2018).
Lawrence, G. N., "Optical Modeling, " in [Applied Optics and Optical Engineering.], Shannon, R. R. and Wyant., J. C., eds., XI, Academic Press, New York (1992).
Lumbres, J., Males, J., Douglas, E., Close, L., Guyon, O., Cahoy, K., Carlton, A., Clark, J., Doelman, D., Feinberg, L., Knight, J., Marlow, W., Miller, K., Morzinski, K., Por, E., Rodack, A., Schatz, L., Snik, F., Gorkom, K. V., and Wilby, M., "Modeling Coronagraphic Extreme Wavefront Control Systems for High Contrast Imaging in Ground and Space Telescope Missions, " Proc. SPIE 10703 (2018).
Por, E. H., Haert, S. Y., Radhakrishnan, V. M., Doelman, D. S., Van Kooten, M., and Bos, S. P., "High contrast imaging for Python (HCIPy): An open-source adaptive optics and coronagraph simulator, " Proc. SPIE 10703 (2018).
Zimmerman, N. T., N'Diaye, M., St. Laurent, K. E., Soummer, R., Pueyo, L., Stark, C. C., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Perrin, M., Vanderbei, R. J., Kasdin, N. J., Shaklan, S., and Carlotti, A., "Lyot coronagraph design study for large, segmented space telescope apertures, " Proc. SPIE 9904, 99041Y (2016).
Fourer, R., Gay, D. M., and Kernighan, B. W., "A modeling language for mathematical programming, " Management Science 36 (5), 519-554 (1990).
Fogarty, K., Mazoyer, J., St. Laurent, K., N'Diaye, M., and Pueyo, L., "Optimal deformable mirror and pupil apodization combinations for coronagraphs with obstructed pupils, " Proc. SPIE 10698, 106981J (2018).
