Berardelli, A., Wenning, G.K., Antonini, A., Berg, D., Bloem, B.R., Bonifati, V., et al. EFNS/MDS-ES/ENS [corrected] recommendations for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 20 (2013), 16–34.
Bloem, B.R., Hausdorff, J.M., Visser, J.E., Giladi, N., Falls and freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: a review of two interconnected, episodic phenomena. Mov Disord 19 (2004), 871–884.
Bronstein, J.M., Tagliati, M., Alterman, R.L., Lozano, A.M., Volkmann, J., Stefani, A., et al. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 68 (2011), 165–171.
Chabardes, S., Fraix, V., Ardouin, C., Koudsie, A., Limousin, P.D., Ph, D., Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med, 1925–1935, 2003.
Crémers, J., Phan Ba, R., Delvaux, V., Garraux, G., Construction and validation of the Dynamic Parkinson Gait Scale (DYPAGS). Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18 (2012), 759–764.
Davis, M., Gendelman, D.S., Tischler, M.D., Gendelman, P.M., A primary acoustic startle circuit: lesion and stimulation studies. J Neurosci 2 (1982), 791–805.
Davis, M., Parisi, T., Gendelman, D.S., Tischler, M., Kehne, J.H., Habituation and sensitization of startle reflexes elicited electrically from the brainstem. Science 218 (1982), 688–690.
Delwaide, P.J., Pepin, J.L., Maertens de Noordhout, A., The audiospinal reaction in parkinsonian patients reflects functional changes in reticular nuclei. Ann Neurol 33 (1993), 63–69.
Delwaide, P.J., Schepens, B., Auditory startle (audio-spinal) reaction in normal man: EMG responses and H reflex changes in antagonistic lower limb muscles. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 97 (1995), 416–423.
Deuschl, G., Schade-Brittinger, C., Krack, P., Volkmann, J., Schäfer, H., Bötzel, K., et al. A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 355 (2006), 896–908.
Devos, D., Defebvre, L., Bordet, R., Dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic pharmacological hypotheses for gait disorders in Parkinson's disease. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 24 (2010), 407–421.
Espay, A.J., Fasano, A., van Nuenen, B.F.L., Payne, M.M., Snijders, A.H., Bloem, B.R., ‘On’ state freezing of gait in Parkinson disease: a paradoxical levodopa-induced complication. Neurology 78 (2012), 454–457.
Fahn, S., Elton, R., Members of the UPDRS Development Committee. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Fahn, S., Marsden, C., Goldstein, M., Calne, D., (eds.) Recent Developments in Parkinson's Disease, 1987, Macmillan Healthcare Information, Florham Park, NJ 153-163-304.
Fasano, A., Daniele, A., Albanese, A., Treatment of motor and non-motor features of Parkinson's disease with deep brain stimulation. Lancet Neurol 11 (2012), 429–442.
Fasano, A., Romito, L.M., Daniele, A., Piano, C., Zinno, M., Bentivoglio, A.R., et al. Motor and cognitive outcome in patients with Parkinson's disease 8 years after subthalamic implants. Brain 133 (2010), 2664–2676.
Ferraye, M.U., Debû B., Fraix, V., Xie-Brustolin, J., Chabardès, S., Krack, P., et al. Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation and levodopa on freezing of gait in Parkinson disease. Neurology 70 (2008), 1431–1437.
Fling, B.W., Cohen, R.G., Mancini, M., Carpenter, S.D., Fair, D.A., Nutt, J.G., et al. Functional reorganization of the locomotor network in parkinson patients with freezing of gait. PLoS One, 9, 2014.
Fling, B.W., Cohen, R.G., Mancini, M., Nutt, J.G., Fair, D.A., Horak, F.B., Asymmetric pedunculopontine network connectivity in parkinsonian patients with freezing of gait. Brain 136 (2013), 2405–2418.
Fraix, V., Bastin, J., David, O., Goetz, L., Ferraye, M., Benabid, A.L., et al. Pedunculopontine nucleus area oscillations during stance, stepping and freezing in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One, 8, 2013.
Giladi, N., Tal, J., Azulay, T., Rascol, O., Brooks, D.J., Melamed, E., et al. Validation of the freezing of gait questionnaire in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 24 (2009), 655–661.
Heremans, E., Nieuwboer, A., Vercruysse, S., Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: where are we now?. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 13, 2013, 350.
Hirsch, E.C., Graybiel, A.M., Duyckaerts, C., Javoy-Agid, F., Neuronal loss in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in Parkinson disease and in progressive supranuclear palsy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84 (1987), 5976–5980.
Homma, Y., Skinner, R.D., Garcia-Rill, E., Effects of pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) stimulation on caudal pontine reticular formation (PnC) neurons in vitro. J Neurophysiol 87 (2002), 3033–3047.
Hughes, A.J., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Daniel, S.E., Lees, A.J., What features improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathologic study. Neurology 42 (1992), 1142–1146.
Lau, B., Welter, M.-L., Belaid, H., Fernandez Vidal, S., Bardinet, E., Grabli, D., et al. The integrative role of the pedunculopontine nucleus in human gait. Brain, 2015, 1284–1296.
Leitner, D.S., Powers, A.S., Hoffman, H.S., The neural substrate of the startle response. Physiol Behav 25 (1980), 291–297.
Moreau, C., Defebvre, L., Destée, A., Bleuse, S., Clement, F., Blatt, J.L., et al. STN-DBS frequency effects on freezing of gait in advanced Parkinson disease. Neurology 71 (2008), 80–84.
Nantel, J., Bronte-Stewart, H., The effect of medication and the role of postural instability in different components of freezing of gait (FOG). Park Relat Disord 20 (2014), 447–451.
Nieuwboer, A., Giladi, N., Characterizing freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: models of an episodic phenomenon. Mov Disord 28 (2013), 1509–1519.
Nonnekes, J., Geurts, A.C.H., Oude Nijhuis, L.B., Van Geel, K., Snijders, A.H., Bloem, B.R., et al. Reduced StartReact effect and freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: two of a kind?. J Neurol 261 (2014), 943–950.
Nutt, J.G., Bloem, B.R., Giladi, N., Hallett, M., Horak, F.B., Nieuwboer, A., Freezing of gait: moving forward on a mysterious clinical phenomenon. Lancet Neurol 10 (2011), 734–744.
Pahapill, P.A., Lozano, A.M., The pedunculopontine nucleus and Parkinson's disease. Brain 123 (2000), 1767–1783.
Perez-Lloret, S., Negre-Pages, L., Damier, P., Delval, A., Derkinderen, P., Destée, A., et al. Prevalence, determinants, and effect on quality of life of freezing of gait in parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 71 (2014), 1–7.
Pötter, M., Herzog, J., Siebner, H.R., Kopper, F., Steigerwald, F., Deuschl, G., et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation modulates audiospinal reactions in Parkinson disease. Neurology 70 (2008), 1445–1451.
Ricchi, V., Zibetti, M., Angrisano, S., Merola, A., Arduino, N., Artusi, C.A., et al. Transient effects of 80 Hz stimulation on gait in STN DBS treated PD patients: a 15 months follow-up study. Brain Stimul 5 (2012), 388–392.
Rossignol, S., Jones, G.M., Audio-spinal influence in man studied by the H-reflex and its possible role on rhythmic movements synchronized to sound. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 41 (1976), 83–92.
Rudell, A.P., Eberle, L.P., Acoustic facilitation of the Hoffmann reflex. Exp Neurol 89 (1985), 592–602.
Schuepbach, W.M.M., Rau, J., Knudsen, K., Volkmann, J., Krack, P., Timmermann, L., et al. Neurostimulation for Parkinson's disease with early motor complications. N Engl J Med 368 (2013), 610–622.
Sidiropoulos, C., Walsh, R., Meaney, C., Poon, Y.Y., Fallis, M., Moro, E., Low-frequency subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for axial symptoms in advanced Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 260 (2013), 2306–2311.
Tattersall, T.L., Stratton, P.G., Coyne, T.J., Cook, R., Silberstein, P., Silburn, P.A., et al. Imagined gait modulates neuronal network dynamics in the human pedunculopontine nucleus. Nat Neurosci 17 (2014), 449–454.
Tomlinson, C.L., Stowe, R., Patel, S., Rick, C., Gray, R., Clarke, C.E., Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 25 (2010), 2649–2653.
Vercruysse, S., Vandenberghe, W., Münks, L., Nuttin, B., Devos, H., Nieuwboer, A., Effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: a prospective controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 85 (2014), 871–877.
Xie, T., Vigil, J., MacCracken, E., Gasparaitis, A., Young, J., Kang, W., et al. Low-frequency stimulation of STN-DBS reduces aspiration and freezing of gait in patients with PD. Neurology 84 (2015), 415–420.
