[en] Surface melting over the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) may impact the stability of ice shelves and thus the rate at which grounded ice is discharged into the ocean. Energy and mass balance models are needed to understand how climatic change and atmospheric circulation variability drive current and future melting. In this study, we evaluate the regional climate model MAR over the AP at a 10km spatial resolution between 1999 and 2009, a period when active microwave data from the QuikSCAT mission is available. This model has been validated extensively over Greenland, has is applied here to the AP at a high resolution and for a relatively long time period (full outputs are available to 2014). We find that melting in the northeastern AP, the focus area of this study, can be initiated both by sporadic westerly föhn flow over the AP mountains and by northerly winds advecting warm air from lower latitudes. A comparison of MAR with satellite and automatic weather station (AWS) data reveals that satellite estimates show greater melt frequency, a larger melt extent, and a quicker expansion to peak melt extent than MAR in the centre and east of the Larsen C ice shelf. These differences are reduced in the north and west of the ice shelf, where the comparison with satellite data suggests that MAR is accurately capturing melt produced by warm westerly winds. MAR shows an overall warm bias and a cool bias at temperatures above 0°C as well as fewer warm, strong westerly winds than reported by AWS stations located on the eastern edge of the Larsen C ice shelf, suggesting that the underestimation of melt in this region may be the product of limited eastward flow. At higher resolutions (5km), MAR shows a further increase in wind biases and a decrease in meltwater production. We conclude that non-hydrostatic models at spatial resolutions better than 5km are needed to better-resolve the effects of föhn winds on the eastern edges of the Larsen C ice shelf.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Datta, R.T.
Tedesco, M.
Agosta, Cécile ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géographie > Climatologie et Topoclimatologie
Fettweis, Xavier ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géographie > Climatologie et Topoclimatologie
Kuipers Munneke, P.
van den Broeke, M.
Language :
English
Title :
Melting over the northeast Antarctic Peninsula (1999–2009): evaluation of a high-resolution regional climate model
Publication date :
10 September 2018
Journal title :
The Cryosphere
ISSN :
1994-0416
eISSN :
1994-0424
Publisher :
Copernicus Group, Germany
Volume :
12
Pages :
2901-2922
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Tags :
CÉCI : Consortium des Équipements de Calcul Intensif
Abdalati, W. and Steffen, K.: Passive Microwave-Derived Snow Melt Regions on the Greenland Ice Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 787-790, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL00433, 1995.
Agosta, C., Amory, C., Kittel, C., Orsi, A., Favier, V., Gall?e, H., van den Broeke, M. R., Lenaerts, J. T. M., van Wessem, J. M., and Fettweis, X.: Estimation of the Antarctic surface mass balance using MAR (1979-2015) and identification of dominant processes, The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-76, in review, 2018.
Ashcraft, I. S. and Long, D. G.: SeaWinds Views Greenland, in: Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2000, Proceedings IGARSS 2000, IEEE 2000 International, 3, 1131-1133, 2000.
Ashcraft, I. S. and Long, D. G.: Comparison of Methods for Melt Detection over Greenland Using Active and Passive Microwave Measurements, Int. J. Remote Sens., 27, 2469-2488, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160500534465, 2006.
Barrand, N. E., Vaughan, D. G., Steiner, N., Tedesco, M., Kuipers-Munneke, P., Van den Broeke, M. R., and Hosking, J. S.: Trends in Antarctic Peninsula Surface Melting Conditions from Observations and Regional Climate Modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 315-330, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JF002559, 2013.
Bell, R. E., Chu, W., Kingslake, J., Das, I., Tedesco, M., Tinto, K. J., Zappa, C. J., Frezzotti, M., Boghosian, A., and Lee, W. S.: Antarctic Ice Shelf Potentially Stabilized by Export of Meltwater in Surface River, Nature, 544, 344-348, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22048, 2017.
Beran, D. W.: Large Amplitude Lee Waves and Chinook Winds, J. Appl. Meteorol., 6, 865-877, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1967)0062.0.CO;2, 1967.
Bozkurt, D., Rondanelli, R., Marin, J. C., and Garreaud, R.: Foehn Event Triggered by an Atmospheric River Underlies Record-Setting Temperature Along Continental
Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 3871-3892, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027796, 2018.
Braithwaite, R. J.: On Glacier Energy Balance, Ablation, and Air Temperature, J. Glaciol., 27, 381-91, 1981.
Brandt, R. E. and Warren, S. G.: Solar-Heating Rates and Temperature Profiles in Antarctic Snow and Ice, J. Glaciol., 39, 99-110, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000015756, 1993.
Brun, E.: Investigation on Wet-Snow Metamorphism in Respect of Liquid-Water Content, Ann. Glaciol., 13, 22-26, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500007576, 1989.
Brun, E., David, P., Sudul, M., and Brunot, G.: A Numerical Model to Simulate Snow-Cover Stratigraphy for Operational Avalanche Forecasting, J. Glaciol., 38, 13-22, 1992.
Cape, M. R., Vernet, M., Skvarca, P., Marinsek, S., Scambos, T., and Domack, E.: Foehn Winds Link Climate-Driven Warming to Ice Shelf Evolution in Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 11037-1105737, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023465, 2015.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S, Simmons, A, Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Alonso-Balmaseda, M., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J. R., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hersbach, H., H?lm, E. V., Isaksen, L., K?llberg, P. W., K?hler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J. J., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Th?paut, J. N., and Vitart, F., Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., and Andrae, U.: The ERA-Interim Reanalysis: Configuration and Performance of the Data Assimilation System, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
De Ridder, K. and Gall?e, H.: Land Surface-Induced Regional Climate Change in Southern Israel, J. Appl. Meteorol., 37, 1470-1485, 1998.
Drinkwater, M. R. and Liu, X.: Seasonal to Interannual Variability in Antarctic Sea-Ice Surface Melt, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 38, 1827-1842, https://doi.org/10.1109/36.851767, 2000.
Elvidge, A. D. and Renfrew, I. A.: The Causes of Foehn Warming in the Lee of Mountains, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 455-466, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00194.1, 2016.
Elvidge, A. D., Renfrew, I. A., King, J. C., Orr, A., Lachlan-Cope, T. A., Weeks, M., and Gray, S. L.: Foehn Jets over the Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 698-713, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2382, 2015.
Fettweis, X., Box, J. E., Agosta, C., Amory, C., Kittel, C., Lang, C., van As, D., Machguth, H., and Gall?e, H.: Reconstructions of the 1900-2015 Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate MAR model, The Cryosphere, 11, 1015-1033, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1015-2017, 2017.
Franco, B., Fettweis, X., Lang, C., and Erpicum, M.: Impact of spatial resolution on the modelling of the Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance between 1990-2010, using the regional climate model MAR, The Cryosphere, 6, 695-711, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-695-2012, 2012.
Fretwell, P., Pritchard, H. D., Vaughan, D. G., Bamber, J. L., Barrand, N. E., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Callens, D., Conway, H., Cook, A. J., Corr, H. F. J., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., Fujita, S., Gim, Y., Gogineni, P., Griggs, J. A., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Holmlund, P., Holt, J. W., Jacobel, R. W., Jenkins, A., Jokat, W., Jordan, T., King, E. C., Kohler, J., Krabill, W., Riger-Kusk, M., Langley, K. A., Leitchenkov, G., Leuschen, C., Luyendyk, B. P., Matsuoka, K., Mouginot, J., Nitsche, F. O., Nogi, Y., Nost, O. A., Popov, S. V., Rignot, E., Rippin, D. M., Rivera, A., Roberts, J., Ross, N., Siegert, M. J., Smith, A. M., Steinhage, D., Studinger, M., Sun, B., Tinto, B. K., Welch, B. C., Wilson, D., Young, D. A., Xiangbin, C., and Zirizzotti, A.: Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 7, 375-393, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-375-2013, 2013.
Gall?e, H. and Schayes, G.: Development of a Three-Dimensional Meso-Gamma Primitive Equation Model: Katabatic Winds Simulation in the Area of Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica, Belgian Science Policy Office, 1994. Glasser, N. F. and Scambos, T. A.: A Structural Glaciological Analysis of the 2002 Larsen B Ice-Shelf Collapse, J. Glaciol., 54, 3-16, 2008.
Greene, C. A., Gwyther, D. E., and Blankenship, D. D.: Antarctic Mapping Tools for Matlab, Comput. Geosci., 104, 151-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.08.003, 2017.
Grosvenor, D. P., King, J. C., Choularton, T.W., and Lachlan-Cope, T.: Downslope f?hn winds over the Antarctic Peninsula and their effect on the Larsen ice shelves, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9481-9509, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9481-2014, 2014.
Hock, R.: Glacier Melt: A Review of Processes and Their Modelling, Prog. Phys. Geog., 29, 362-91, https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp453ra, 2005.
Hogg, A. E. and Gudmundsson, G. H.: Impacts of the Larsen-C Ice Shelf Calving Event, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 540-542, 2017.
Holland, P. R., Brisbourne, A., Corr, H. F. J., McGrath, D., Purdon, K., Paden, J., Fricker, H. A., Paolo, F. S., and Fleming, A. H.: Oceanic and atmospheric forcing of Larsen C Ice-Shelf thinning, The Cryosphere, 9, 1005-1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1005-2015, 2015.
Holmgren, B.: Climate and Energy Exchange on a Sub-Polar Ice Cap in Summer: Arctic Institute of North America Devon Island Expedition 1961-1963, Acta Univ. Upsal. Abstracts of Uppsala Diss. from the Faculty of Science, pt. 3. Meteorologiska Institutionen Uppsala Universitet, 1971.
Holton, J.: The General Circulation, in: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 4th Edn., Elsevier Inc., 329-337, 2004.
King, J. C., Kirchgaessner, A., Bevan, S., Elvidge, A. D., Kuipers Munneke, P., Luckman, A., Orr, A., Renfrew, I. A., and van den Broeke, M. R.: The Impact of F?hn Winds on Surface Energy Balance During the 2010-2011 Melt Season Over Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica: F?hn Winds and Larsen C Ice Shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 12062-12076, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026809, 2017.
Kingslake, J., Ely, J. C., Das, I., and Bell, R. E.: Widespread Movement of Meltwater onto and across Antarctic Ice Shelves, Nature, 544, 349-352, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22049, 2017.
Koh, G. and Jordan, R.: Sub-Surface Melting in a Seasonal Snow Cover, J. Glaciol., 41, 474-482, https://doi.org/10.3189/S002214300003481X, 1995.
Kuipers Munneke, P., van den Broeke, M. R., King, J. C., Gray, T., and Reijmer, C. H.: Near-surface climate and surface energy budget of Larsen C ice shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, The Cryosphere, 6, 353-363, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-353-2012, 2012a.
Kuipers Munneke, P., Picard, G., van den Broeke, M. R., Lenaerts, J. T. M., and van Meijgaard, E.: Insignificant Change in Antarctic Snowmelt Volume since 1979: Antarctic Snowmelt Volume, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L01501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050207, 2012b.
Kuipers-Munneke, P., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Van Den Broeke, M. R., and Vaughan, D. G.: Firn Air Depletion as a Precursor of Antarctic Ice-Shelf Collapse, J. Glaciol., 60, 205-214, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J183, 2014.
Kunz, L. B. and Long, D. G.: Melt Detection in Antarctic Ice Shelves Using Scatterometers and Microwave Radiometers, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 44, 2461-2469, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.874138, 2006.
Lenaerts, J. T. M., Lhermitte, S., Drews, R., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Berger, S., Helm, V., Smeets, C. J. P. P., van den Broeke, M. R., van de Berg,W. J., van Meingaard, E., Eijkelboom, M., Eisen, O., and Pattyn, F.: Meltwater Produced by Wind-albedo Interaction Stored in an East Antarctic Ice Shelf, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 58-62, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3180, 2016.
Liston, G. E., Bruland, O., Winther, J., Elveh?y, H., and Sand, K.: Meltwater Production in Antarctic Blue-Ice Areas: Sensitivity to Changes in Atmospheric Forcing, Polar Res., 18, 283-290, https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v18i2.6586, 1999a.
Liston, G. E., Winther, J., Bruland, O., Elveh?y, H., and Sand, K.: Below-Surface Ice Melt on the Coastal Antarctic Ice Sheet, J. Glaciol., 45, 273-285, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000001775, 1999b.
Liu, H., Wang, L., and Jezek, K. C.: Spatiotemporal Variations of Snowmelt in Antarctica Derived from Satellite ScanningMultichannel Microwave Radiometer and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Data (1978-2004), J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 111, F01003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000318, 2006.
Long, D. G. and Hicks, B. R.: Standard BYU QuikSCAT/Seawinds land/Ice Image Products, revision 3.1, technical report, Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT, 2010.
MacAyeal, D. R. and Sergienko, O. V.: The Flexural Dynamics of Melting Ice Shelves, Ann. Glaciol., 54, 1-10, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG63A256, 2013.
Marshall, G. J.: Half-Century Seasonal Relationships between the Southern Annular Mode and Antarctic Temperatures, Int. J. Climate, 27, 373-83, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1407, 2007.
Marshall, G. J., Orr, A., Van Lipzig, N. P. M., and King, J. C.: The Impact of a Changing Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode on Antarctic Peninsula Summer Temperatures, J. Climate, 19, 5388-5404, 2006.
Morris, E. M. and Vaughan, D. G.: Spatial and Temporal Variation of Surface Temperature on the Antarctic Peninsula And The Limit of Viability of Ice Shelves, in: Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Paleoenvironmental Perspectives, American Geophysical Union, 61-68, https://doi.org/10.1029/AR079p0061, 2013.
Mote, T., Anderson, M. R., Kuivinen, K. C., and Rowe, M. C.: Passive Microwave-Derived Spatial and Temporal Variations of Summer Melt On the Greenland Ice Sheet, International Symposium On Remote Sensing of Snow and Ice, 17, 233-38, 1993.
Rott, H., Rack, W., Nagler, T., and Skvarca, P.: Climatically Induced Retreat and Collapse of Northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, Ann. Glaciol. 27, 86-92, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260305500017262, 1998.
Rott, H., Rack, W., Skvarca, P., and De Angelis, H.: Northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica: Further Retreat after Collapse, Ann. Glaciol., 34, 277-282, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817716, 2002.
Scambos, T. A.: Glacier Acceleration and Thinning after Ice Shelf Collapse in the Larsen B Embayment, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020670, 2004.
Scambos, T. A., Hulbe, C., Fahnestock, M., and Bohlander, J.: The Link between Climate Warming and Break-up of Ice Shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula, J. Glaciol., 46, 516-530, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833043, 2000.
Smith, L. C.: Melting of Small Arctic Ice Caps Observed from ERS Scatterometer Time Series, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2034, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017641, 2003.
Steiner, N. and Tedesco, M.: A wavelet melt detection algorithm applied to enhanced-resolution scatterometer data over Antarctica (2000-2009), The Cryosphere, 8, 25-40, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-25-2014, 2014.
Tedesco, M.: Snowmelt Detection over the Greenland Ice Sheet from SSM/I Brightness Temperature Daily Variations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02504, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl028466, 2007.
Tedesco, M.: Assessment and Development of Snowmelt Retrieval Algorithms over Antarctica from K-Band Spaceborne Brightness Temperature (1979-2008), Remote Sens. Environ., 113, 979-997, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.01.009, 2009.
Tedesco, M. and Monaghan, A. J.: An Updated Antarctic Melt Record through 2009 and Its Linkages to High-Latitude and Tropical Climate Variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L18502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039186, 2009.
Tedesco, M., Abdalati, W., and Zwally, H. J.: Persistent Surface Snowmelt over Antarctica (1987-2006) from 19.35 GHz Brightness Temperatures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18504, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031199, 2007.
Torinesi, O., Fily, M., and Genthon, C.: Variability and Trends of the Summer Melt Period of Antarctic Ice Margins since 1980 from Microwave Sensors, J. Climate, 16, 1047-1060, 2003.
Trusel, L. D., Frey, K. E., and Das, S. B.: Antarctic Surface Melting Dynamics: Enhanced Perspectives from Radar Scatterometer Data, J. Geophys. Res., 117, F02023,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002126, 2012.
Trusel, L. D., Frey, K. D., Das, S. B., Kuipers-Munneke, P., and Van den Broeke, M. R.: Satellite-Based Estimates of Antarctic Surface Meltwater Fluxes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 6148-6153, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058138, 2013.
Turner, J., Colwell, S. R., Marshall, G. J., Lachlan-Cope, T. A., Carleton, A. M., Jones, P. D., Lagun, V., Reid, P. A., and Iagovkina, S.: Antarctic Climate Change during the Last 50 Years, Int. J. Climate, 25, 279-294, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1130, 2005.
Turton, J. V., Kirchgaessner, A., Ross, A. N., and King, J. C.: Does High-Resolution Modelling Improve the Spatial Analysis of F?hn Flow over the Larsen C Ice Shelf?, Weather, 72, 192-196, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.3028, 2017.
Ulaby, F. T. and Stiles, W. H.: The Active and Passive Microwave Response to Snow Parameters: 2. Water Equivalent of Dry Snow, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 85, 1045-1049, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC085iC02p01045, 1980.
van der Veen, C. J.: Fracture Mechanics Approach to Penetration of Surface Crevasses on Glaciers, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 27, 31-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(97)00022-0, 1998.
Van Wessem, J. M., Reijmer, C. H., van de Berg, W. J., van den Broeke, M. R., Cook, A. J., van Ulft, L. H., and van Meijgaard, E.: Temperature and Wind Climate of the Antarctic Peninsula as Simulated by a High-Resolution Regional Atmospheric Climate
Model, J. Climate, 28, 7306-7326, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLID-15-0060.1, 2015.
van Wessem, J. M., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Reijmer, C. H., van de Berg, W. J., van den Broeke, M. R., Barrand, N. E., Thomas, E. R., Turner, J., Wuite, J., Scambos, T. A., and van Meijgaard, E.: The modelled surface mass balance of the Antarctic Peninsula at 5.5 km horizontal resolution, The Cryosphere, 10, 271-285, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-271-2016, 2016.
vanWessem, J. M., van de Berg,W. J., No?l, B. P. Y., van Meijgaard, E., Amory, C., Birnbaum, G., Jakobs, C. L., Kr?ger, K., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Lhermitte, S., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Medley, B., Reijmer, C. H., van Tricht, K., Trusel, L. D., van Ulft, L. H., Wouters, B., Wuite, J., and van den Broeke, M. R.: Modelling the climate and surface mass balance of polar ice sheets using RACMO2 -Part 2: Antarctica (1979-2016), The Cryosphere, 12, 1479-1498, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1479-2018, 2018.
Vaughan, D. G.: Recent Trends in Melting Conditions on the Antarctic Peninsula and Their Implications for Ice-Sheet Mass Balance and Sea Level, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 38, 147-152, 2006.
Vaughan, D. G.: West Antarctic Ice Sheet Collapse -the Fall and Rise of a Paradigm, Climatic Change, 91, 65-79, 2008. Vaughan, D. G. and Doake, C. S. M.: Recent AtmosphericWarming and Retreat of Ice Shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula, Nature, 379, 328-331, https://doi.org/10.1038/379328a0, 1996.
Wallace, J. M. and Hobbs, P. V.: Hypsometric Equation, in: Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey, Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 55-57, 1977.
Weertman, J.: Can a Water-Filled Crevasse Reach the Bottom Surface of a Glacier, IASH Publ., 95, 139-145, 1973.
Wiesenekker, J., Kuipers Munneke, P., van den Broeke, M., and Smeets, C.: A Multidecadal Analysis of F?hnWinds over Larsen C Ice Shelf from a Combination of Observations and Modeling, Atmosphere, 9, 172, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9050172, 2018.
Wilks, D. S.: Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences: An Introduction, International Geophysics, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1995.
Wismann, V.: Monitoring of Seasonal Snowmelt on Greenland with ERS Scatterometer Data, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 38, 1821-1826, https://doi.org/10.1109/36.851766, 2000.
Zwally, H. J. and Fiegles, S.: Extent and Duration of Antarctic Surface Melting, J. Glaciol., 40, 463-476, 1994.
Zwally, H. J., Abdalati, W., Herring T., Larson, K., Saba, J., and Steffen, K.: Surface Melt-Induced Acceleration of Greenland Ice-Sheet Flow, Science, 297, 218-222, 2002.
Zwally, H. J., Giovinetto, M. B., Beckley, M. A., and Saba, J. L.: Antarctic and Greenland Drainage Systems, GSFC CryosphericSciences Laboratory, 2012.
